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ASTM D2233-86(1997)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Capacitors (Withdrawn 2003)

Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Capacitors (Withdrawn 2003)

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers synthetic nonflammable electrical insulating liquids of the chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon type known as askarels, which are used as an electrical insulating and cooling medium in capacitors. This specification includes liquids that were previously available and are still in use in apparatus.  
1.2 Insulation systems incorporating these askarels and cellulosic or other organic materials may, when arced, produce gaseous mixtures that are moderately flammable.  
1.3 Askarels covered by this specification are of four types as follows:  
1.3.1 Type A- Biphenyl that has been chlorinated to a content of 42 weight%.
1.3.2 Type B -Biphenyl that has been chlorinated to a chlorine content of 54 weight%.  
1.3.3 Type C- A mixture of approximately 75% Type D2233 B and 25% trichlorobenzene.  
1.3.4 Type D- The same as Type A, except that the higher boiling homologs have been removed to a maximum level of 0.4%.  Note 1-These statements are merely descriptions of the materials currently in common use and are not intended as part of this specification, which is based on the physical and chemical properties prescribed in Table 1. Note 2-Current governmental regulations prohibit the manufacture and sale of polychlorinated biphenyls (askarels). This method is being maintained for reference of those units that are still in service. Note 3-For information on PCB's in mineral oils, refer to Method D4059.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Apr-1997
Withdrawal Date
03-Nov-2003
ICS
29.040.10 - Insulating oils
Technical Committee
D27 - Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases
Drafting Committee
D27.02 - Gases and Non-Mineral Oil Liquids
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D2233-86(1997) - Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Capacitors (Withdrawn 2003)ASTM D2233-86(1997) - Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Capacitors (Withdrawn 2003)
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ASTM D2233-86(1997) - Standard Specification for Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for Capacitors (Withdrawn 2003)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2233 – 86 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Specification for
Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels) for
Capacitors
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2233; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope by Potentiometric Titration
D 877 Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of
1.1 This specification covers synthetic nonflammable elec-
Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
trical insulating liquids of the chlorinated aromatic hydrocar-
D 923 Test Method for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liq-
bon type known as askarels, which are used as an electrical
uids
insulating and cooling medium in capacitors. This specification
D 924 Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)
includes liquids that were previously available and are still in
and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electri-
use in apparatus.
cal Insulating Liquids
1.2 Insulation systems incorporating these askarels and
D 974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
cellulosic or other organic materials may, when arced, produce
Indicator Titration
gaseous mixtures that are moderately flammable.
D 1169 Test Method for Specific Resistance (Resistivity) of
1.3 Askarels covered by this specification are of four types
Electrical Insulating Liquids
as follows:
D 1218 Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
1.3.1 Type A—Biphenyl that has been chlorinated to a
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
content of 42 weight %.
D 1533 Test Methods for Water in Insulating Liquids (Karl
1.3.2 Type B—Biphenyl that has been chlorinated to a
Fischer Reaction Method)
chlorine content of 54 weight %.
D 1810 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Askarels
1.3.3 Type C—A mixture of approximately 75 % Type D
D 1820 Test Method for Hydrolyzable Chlorine Com-
2233 B and 25 % trichlorobenzene.
pounds in Chlorinated Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels)
1.3.4 Type D—The same as Type A, except that the higher
D 1821 Test Method for Inorganic Chlorides in Askarels
boiling homologs have been removed to a maximum level of
D 1903 Test Method for Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
0.4 %.
of Electrical Insulating Liquids of Petroleum Origin, and
NOTE 1—These statements are merely descriptions of the materials 4
Askarels
currently in common use and are not intended as part of this specification,
D 1936 Test Method for Thermal Stability of Chlorinated
which is based on the physical and chemical properties prescribed in Table
Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Askarels)
1.
D 2129 Test Method for Color of Water White Electrical
NOTE 2—Current governmental regulations prohibit the manufacture
and sale of polychlorinated biphenyls (askarels). This method is being Insulating Liquids
maintained for reference of those units that are still in service.
D 4059 Test Method for Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphe-
NOTE 3—For information on PCB’s in mineral oils, refer to Method
nyls in Insulating Liquids by Gas Chromatography
D 4059.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 Definitions:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1 askarel—a generic term for a group of synthetic,
D 88 Test Method for Saybolt Viscosity
fire-resistant, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons used as elec-
D 92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
trical insulating liquids. They have a property under arcing
Open Cup
conditions such that any gases produced will consist predomi-
D 97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
nantly of noncombustible hydrogen chloride with lesser
D 664 Test Method for Acid Number of Petroleum Products
amounts of combustible gases.
1 4. Detail Requirements
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-27 on
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gasesand is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
4.1 Askarels for use in capacitors shall conform to the
mittee D27.02on Gases and Synthetic Liquids.
Current edition approved Jan. 31, 1986. Published March 1986. Originall
...

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ASTM D1275-24(Test Method)
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3.1 In most of their uses, insulating liquids are continually in contact with metals that are subject to corrosion. The presence of elemental sulfur or corrosive sulfur compounds will result in deterioration of these metals and cause conductive or high resistive films to form. The extent of deterioration is dependent upon the quantity and type of corrosive agent and time and temperature factors. Detection of these undesirable impurities, even though not in terms of quantitative values, is a means for recognizing the hazard involved.  
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1.2 New and in-service insulating liquids may contain elemental sulfur or sulfur compounds, or both, that cause corrosion under certain conditions of use. This test method is designed to detect the presence of, or the propensity to form, free (elemental) sulfur and corrosive sulfur compounds by subjecting copper or silver to contact with an insulating liquid under prescribed conditions.  
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Standard Practice for Calculating Carbon-Type Composition of Insulating Oils of Petroleum Origin

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5.1 The primary purpose of this practice is to characterize the carbon-type composition of an oil. It is also applicable in observing the effect on oil constitution, of various refining processes such as hydrotreating, solvent extraction, and so forth. It has secondary application in relating the chemical nature of an oil to other phenomena that have been demonstrated to be related to oil composition.  
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1.1 This practice may be used to determine the carbon-type composition of mineral insulating oils by correlation with basic physical properties. For routine analytical purposes it eliminates the necessity for complex fractional separation and purification procedures. The practice is applicable to oils having average molecular weights from 200 to above 600, and 0 to 50 aromatic carbon atoms.  
1.2 Carbon-type composition is expressed as percentage of aromatic carbons, percentage of naphthenic carbons, and percentage of paraffinic carbons. These values can be obtained from the correlation chart, Fig. 1, if both the viscosity-gravity constant (VGC) and refractivity intercept (ri) of the oil are known. Viscosity, density and relative density (specific gravity), and refractive index are the only experimental data required for use of this test method.
FIG. 1 Correlation Chart for Determining % CA, % CN, and % CP  
1.3 This practice is useful for determining the carbon-type composition of electrical insulating oils of the types commonly used in electric power transformers and transmission cables. It is primarily intended for use with new oils, either inhibited or uninhibited.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method covers the rapid determination of 12 elements in insulating oils, and it provides rapid screening of used oils for indications of wear. Test times approximate several minutes per test specimen, and detectability is in the 10 μg/kg through 100 μg/kg range.  
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1.1 This test method describes the determination of metals and contaminants in insulating oils by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The specific elements are listed in Table 1. This test method is similar to Test Method D5185, but differs in methodology, which results in the greater sensitivity required for insulating oil applications.    
1.2 This test method uses oil-soluble metals for calibration and does not purport to quantitatively determine insoluble particulates. Analytical results are particle size dependent, and low results are obtained for particles larger than several micrometers.2  
1.3 This test method determines the dissolved metals (which can originate from overheating or arcing, or both) and a portion of the particulate metals (which generally originate from a wear mechanism). While this ICP method detects nearly all particles less than several micrometers, the response of larger particles decreases with increasing particle size because larger particles are less likely to make it through the nebulizer and into the sample excitation zone.  
1.4 This test method includes an option for filtering the oil sample for those users who wish to separately determine dissolved metals and particulate metals (and hence, total metals).  
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1.1 This test method covers and is intended as a rapid method for the evaluation of the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing a synthetic oxidation inhibitor. This test is considered of value in checking the oxidation stability of new mineral insulating oils containing 2,6-ditertiary-butyl para-cresol or 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, or both, in order to control the continuity of this property from shipment to shipment. The applicability of this procedure for use with inhibited mineral insulating oils of more than 12 cSt at 40 °C (approximately 65 SUS at 100 °F) has not been established.  
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ASTM D923-15(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practices for Sampling Electrical Insulating Liquids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Accurate sampling, whether of the complete contents or only parts thereof, is extremely important from the standpoint of evaluating the quality of the liquid insulant sampled. Obviously, examination of a test specimen that, because of careless sampling procedure or contamination in sampling equipment, is not directly representative, leads to erroneous conclusions concerning quality and in addition results in a loss of time, effort, and expense in securing, transporting, and testing the sample.  
4.2 A study of gases and moisture contained in insulating oils from transformers and other electrical power apparatus can frequently give an early indication of abnormal behavior of the apparatus, and may indicate appropriate action be taken on the equipment before it suffers greater damage. Specific gas and moisture content can be determined from oil sampled for this purpose.
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1.1 These practices cover sampling of new electrical insulating liquids including oils, askarels, silicones, synthetic liquids, and natural ester insulating liquids as well as those insulating liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus. These practices apply to liquids having a viscosity of less than 6.476 × 10-4 m2/s (540 cSt) at 40 °C (104 °F).  
1.2 Representative samples of electrical insulating liquids are taken for test specimens so that the quality pertinent to their use may be determined. The quality in different portions of a given container, or the average quality of the whole bulk may be ascertained if desired.  
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1.5 For ease of use, this document has been indexed as follows:    
Section Title  
Section/Paragraph  
Mandatory Conditions and General Information  
Section 5  
Description of Sampling Devices and Containers  
Section 6, Annex A1, Appendix X2  
Most Frequently Used Sampling Techniques for Electrical Apparatus  
Collecting Samples from Electrical Equipment Using Bottles and Cans  
Section 7, Appendix X1, Appendix X2  
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Section 8  
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Section 9  
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Section 10  
Sampling Using the Pressure-Type Device  
Section 11, Annex A1.1  
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Section 12, Annex A1.2  
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Mandatory Conditions  
Section 13  
General Considerations  
Section 14  
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Section 15, Annex A1.3  
Cleaning, Preparation, Storage, and Handling of Sampling Containers  
Section 16  
Storage, Packaging and Shipping of Samples  
Section 17  
Cleaning and Storage of Sampling Devices  
Section 18  
Sample Information  
Section 19  
Mandatory Information—Construction of Sampling Devices  
Annex A1  
Determination of Electrical Apparatus Temperature  
Appendix X1  
Sample Container Types  
Appendix X2  
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ASTM D924-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor) and Relative Permittivity (Dielectric Constant) of Electrical Insulating Liquids

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4.1 Dissipation Factor (or Power Factor)—This is a measure of the dielectric losses in an electrical insulating liquid when used in an alternating electric field and of the energy dissipated as heat. A low dissipation factor or power factor indicates low ac dielectric losses. Dissipation factor or power factor may be useful as a means of quality control, and as an indication of changes in quality resulting from contamination and deterioration in service or as a result of handling.  
4.1.1 The loss characteristic is commonly measured in terms of dissipation factor (tangent of the loss angle) or of power factor (sine of the loss angle) and may be expressed as a decimal value or as a percentage. For decimal values up to 0.05, dissipation factor and power factor values are equal to each other within about one part in one thousand. In general, since the dissipation factor or power factor of insulating oils in good condition have decimal values below 0.005, the two measurements (terms) may be considered interchangeable.  
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1.1 This test method describes testing of new electrical insulating liquids as well as liquids in service or subsequent to service in cables, transformers, oil circuit breakers, and other electrical apparatus.  
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for making referee tests at a commercial frequency of between 45 Hz and 65 Hz.  
1.3 Where it is desired to make routine determinations requiring less accuracy, certain modifications to this test method are permitted as described in Sections 16 to 24.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.6 Mercury has been designated by the EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for details and the EPA's website for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
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1.1 This specification covers rerefined previously used mineral insulating liquid of petroleum origin for reuse as an insulating and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers, regulators, reactors, liquid filled circuit breakers, switchgear, and attendant equipment.  
1.2 This specification is intended to define a rerefined mineral insulating liquid that is functionally interchangeable and miscible with existing mineral insulating liquids, is compatible with existing apparatus, and with appropriate field maintenance2 will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristics in its application in electrical equipment. This specification applies only to rerefined mineral insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Liquids that undergo treatment in-situ are not covered by this specification.  
1.3 Formulated rerefined mineral insulating liquids may contain additives such as inhibitors, passivators, pour point depressants, flow modifiers, gassing tendency modifiers, and other compounds. This specification will address some of these but not all. It is the responsibility of the supplier to disclose information concerning the presence of all known additives and their concentration to the user.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D5222-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Less Flammable High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Mineral Electrical Insulating Liquids

ABSTRACT
This specification describes a high fire-point mineral oil based electrical insulating fluid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatuses, such as transformers and switchgear. The material discussed here is miscible with other petroleum based insulating oils, and may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The insulating oils shall be compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in its application. This specification applies only to new insulating material oil as received prior to any processing. Sampled specimens shall undergo appropriate tests, and shall conform correspondingly to specified physical (appearance upon visual examination, color in ASTM units, fire point, flash point, aniline point, interfacial tension, pour point, relative density, and kinematic viscosity), electrical (dielectric breakdown voltage, gassing tendency, and dissipation factor), and chemical (corrosion behavior against sulfur, inorganic chlorides and sulfates content, acid number, water content, oxidation stability, oxidation inhibitor content, and PCB content) property requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification describes a less flammable mineral electrical insulating liquid, for use as a dielectric and cooling medium in new and existing power and distribution electrical apparatus, such as transformers and switchgear.  
1.2 Less flammable insulating liquid differs from conventional mineral insulating liquid by possessing a fire-point of at least 300 °C. This property is necessary in order to comply with certain application requirements of the National Electrical Code (Article 450-23) or other agencies. The material discussed in this specification is miscible with other petroleum based insulating liquids. Mixing less flammable liquids with lower fire point hydrocarbon insulating liquids (for example, Specification D3487 mineral liquid) may result in fire points of less than 300 °C.  
1.3 This specification is intended to define a less flammable electrical mineral insulating liquid that is compatible with typical material of construction of existing apparatus and will satisfactorily maintain its functional characteristic in this application. The material described in this specification may not be miscible with electrical insulating liquids of non-petroleum origin. The user should contact the manufacturer of the less flammable insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to new electrical insulating liquid as received prior to any processing. Information on in-service maintenance testing is available in appropriate guides.2 The user should contact the manufacturers of the equipment or liquid if questions of recommended characteristics or maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers less-flammable (high fire point) synthetic ester insulating liquids for use as a dielectric and cooling in new and existing electrical power apparatus including power and distribution transformers, switchgear, and other associated equipment  
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1.3 This specification is intended to define synthetic ester electrical insulating liquids that are compatible with typical materials of construction of existing apparatus and are expected to maintain their functional characteristics in these applications. The material described in this specification is not always miscible with other electrical insulating liquids. The user should contact the manufacturer of the synthetic ester insulating liquid for guidance in this respect.  
1.4 This specification applies only to unused synthetic ester insulating liquids as received prior to any processing. The user should contact the manufacturer of the equipment or liquid, or both, if questions of recommended characteristics or liquid maintenance procedures arise.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1524-15(2022)(Test Method)
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