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ASTM A694/A694M-00

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service

Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers forged or rolled steel pipe flanges, forged fittings, valves, and parts suitable for use with high-strength transmission-service pipe.  
1.2 Several grades of material, based on minimum yield strength requirements, are covered, as indicated in Table 1.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements are provided. Supplementary Requirement S1 is provided for use when purchaser approval is required for repair welding.  
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2000
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.22 - Steel Forgings and Wrought Fittings for Piping Applications and Bolting Materials for Piping and Special Purpose Applications
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM A694/A694M-03 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
Effective Date
01-Oct-2003
Referred By
ASTM A961/A961M-23 - Standard Specification for Common Requirements for Steel Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping Applications
Effective Date
10-Mar-2000

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ASTM A694/A694M-00 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission ServiceASTM A694/A694M-00 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
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ASTM A694/A694M-00 - Standard Specification for Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings, Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 694/A 694M – 00
Standard Specification for
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pipe Flanges, Fittings,
Valves, and Parts for High-Pressure Transmission Service
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 694/A 694M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
TABLE 1 Tensile Requirements
1. Scope
Grade Yield Strength (0.2 % Tensile Strength, Elongation in 2
1.1 This specification covers forged or rolled steel pipe
Offset), min, ksi [MPa] min, ksi [MPa] in. or 50 mm,
flanges, forged fittings, valves, and parts suitable for use with
min %
high-strength transmission-service pipe. Included are flanges,
F42 42 [290] 60 [415] 20
fittings, and similar parts ordered either to dimensions specified
F46 46 [315] 60 [415] 20
F48 48 [330] 62 [425] 20
by the purchaser or to ASME dimensional standards referenced
F50 50 [345] 64 [440] 20
in Section 2.
F52 52 [360] 66 [455] 20
1.2 Several grades of material, based on minimum yield
F56 56 [385] 68 [470] 20
F60 60 [415] 75 [515] 20
strength requirements, are covered, as indicated in Table 1.
F65 65 [450] 77 [530] 20
1.3 Supplementary Requirements are provided. Supplemen-
F70 70 [485] 82 [565] 18
tary RequirementS1is provided for use when purchaser
approval is required for repair welding.
1.4 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units
Steel Flanges for Low-Temperature Service
and in SI units. However, unless the order specifies the
A 788 Specification for Steel Forgings, General Require-
applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the mate-
ments
rial shall be furnished to inch-pound units.
A 961 Specification for Common Requirements for Steel
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
Flanges, Forged Fittings, Valves, and Parts for Piping
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
Applications
SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
2.3 ASME Standards:
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
ASME B 16.5 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
ASME B 16.9 Steel Butt-Welding Fittings
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
ASME B 16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions
cation.
of Ferrous Valves
2. Referenced Documents
ASME B 16.11 Forged Steel Fittings, Socket Welding and
2.1 In addition to those reference documents listed in Threaded
ASME B 16.28 Wrought Steel Butt-Welding Short Radius
Specification A 961, the following list of standards apply to
this specification: Elbows
ASME B 16.47 Large Diameter Steel Flanges
2.2 ASTM Standards:
B and PV Code Section IX, Welding Qualifications
A 53/A 53M Specification for Pipe, Steel, Black and Hot-
2.4 MSS Standards:
Dipped, Zinc-Coated, Welded and Seamless
MSS SP-44 Standard for Steel Pipe Line Flanges
A 106 Specification for Seamless Carbon Steel Pipe for
MSS SP-75 Specification for High-Test Welding Fittings
High-Temperature Service
MSS SP-95 Swage (d) Nipples and Bull Plugs
A 381 Specification for Metal-Arc-Welded Steel Pipe for
MSS SP-97 Integrally Reinforced Forged Branch Outlet
Use with High-Pressure Transmission Systems
Fittings
A 707/A 707M Specification for Forged Carbon and Alloy
2.5 API Standard:
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A-1 on Steel,
Stainless Steel, and Related Alloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.05.
A01.22 on Valves and Fittings. Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Three Park
Current edition approved March 10, 2000. Published May 2000. Originally Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990.
published as A 694 – 74. Last previous edition A 694/A694M – 99. Available from the Manufacturers’ Standardization Society of the Valve and
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 01.01. Fittings Industry, 127 Park St., Northeast, Vienna, VA 22180.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
A 694/A 694M – 00
5L Specification for Line Pipe 6. Chemical Composition
6.1 A chemical heat analysis in accordance with Specifica-
3. Ordering Information
tion A 961 shall be made and conform to the requirements as to
3.1 It is the purchaser’s responsibility to specify in the
chemical composition prescribed in Table 2.
purchase order all ordering information necessary to purchase 6.2 High-strength low-alloy steels shall be of specified alloy
the needed material. In addition to the ordering guidelines in
element composition, with the elements covered in 6.1 re-
Specification A 961, orders should include the following infor-
stricted within the limits prescribed therein as may be neces-
mation:
sary to ensure weldability and specified minimum tensile
3.1.1 Additional requirements (see 8.1 and 10.1).
properties. When high-strength low-alloy steel is furnished,
appropriate procedures are required for field welding.
4. General Requirements
6.3 Alloy steel shall conform to the requirements for Grade
L 5 of Specification A 707/A 707M .
4.1 Product furnished to this specification shall conform to
the requirements of Specification A 961, including any supple-
7. Tensile Requirements
mentary requirements that are indicated in the purchase order.
7.1 The material shall conform to the requirements as to
Failure to comply with the general requirements of Specifica-
tensile properties prescribed in Table 1, when tested in accor-
tion A 961 constitutes nonconformance with this specification.
dance with the mechanical testing requirements of Specifica-
In case of conflict between the requirements of this specifica-
tion A 961.
tion and Specification A 961, this specification shall prevail.
7.2 The tension test specimen shall be obtained from a
5. Manufacture production forging, or from an integral prolongation represen-
tative of the hub location of a flange, or the heaviest cross
5.1 Melting Process:
section of a fitting, valve, or other part within the scope of this
5.1.1 The steel shall be made by any of the following
specification. Alternatively, the test specimen may be taken
processes: open hearth, electric furnace, or basic oxygen. The
from a separately forged test block which has been taken from
steel shall be fully deoxidized.
the same heat of steel as the production forgings, and which has
5.1.2 The steel shall be carbon steel, high-strength low-alloy
been reduced by forging in a manner similar to that for the
steel, or alloy steel, as agreed upon between the manufacturer
forgings it represents.
and purchaser. Analysis of the steel used, including all alloying
7.2.1 The test specimen shall represent all forgings from the
elements, shall be reported by the manufacturer to the pur-
same heat and heat treatment load whose ma
...

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1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
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FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.  
1.5 This practice for inspection applies to solid cylindrical forgings having outer diameters of not less than 2.5 in. [64 mm] nor greater than 100 in. [2540 mm]. It also applies to cylindrical forgings with concentric cylindrical bores having wall thicknesses of 2.5 [64 mm] in. or greater, within the same outer diameter limits as for solid cylinders. For solid sections less than 15 in. [380 mm] in diameter and for bored cylinders of less than 7.5 in. [190 mm] wall thickness the transducer used for the inspection will be different than the transducer used for larger sections.  
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ASTM A456/A456M-24(Specification)
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This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
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1.2.1 Class 1.  
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
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ASTM A105/A105M-24(Specification)
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
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1.3 Specification A266/A266M covers other steel forgings and Specifications A675/A675M and A696 cover other steel bars.  
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Note 1: The dimensionless designator NPS (nominal pipe size) has been substituted in this standard for such traditional terms as “nominal diameter,” “size,” and “nominal size.”  
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This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
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This specification is intended for high-strength, low-alloy forged rings and hollows produced from steels with atmospheric corrosion resistance for use as base plates in welded tubular structures. These steels have considerably better atmospheric corrosion resistance in most environments than carbon structural steel with or without copper addition, and are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition when exposed to the atmosphere. The standard covers ordering information and general requirements for delivery, materials and manufacture, heat treatment, mechanical requirements, and the material's chemical composition.
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1.1 This specification covers high-strength, low-alloy steel ring and hollow forgings intended primarily for use as base plates in welded tubular structures for power transmission applications. However, use of this specification is not restricted to such applications and it may be used in other applications for which the attributes of the materials, as defined by this specification, are appropriate.  
1.2 The atmospheric corrosion resistance of Grades A, B, and C in most environments is substantially better than that of carbon structural steel with or without copper addition (see Note 1). When exposed to the atmosphere, these grades are suitable for many applications in the bare (unpainted) condition.
Note 1: See Guide G101 for methods of estimating the atmospheric corrosion resistance of low-alloy steels.  
1.3 The thickness of forgings is limited only by the capacity of the composition to meet the specified mechanical property requirements; however, current practice normally limits the thickness of forgings furnished under this specification to a range of 2 in. to 6 in. [51 mm to 152 mm].
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1.5 Supplementary requirements are available but shall apply only when specified by the purchaser at the time of ordering.  
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1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
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This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
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1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
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1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
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Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A472/A472M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A788/A788M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:    
ASTM Designation  
Title  
A266/A266M  
Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A288  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators    
A289/A289M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators  
A290/A290M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears  
A291/A291M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears, and Shafts for Reduction Gears    
A336/A336M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts    
A372/A372M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels    
A469/A469M  
Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors  
A470/A470M  
Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts    
A471/A471M  
Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A473  
Stainless Steel Forgings  
A504/A504M  
Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels  
A508/A508M  
Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels  
A541/A541M  
Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A579/A579M  
Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings  
A592/A592M  
High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Vessels  
A646/A646M  
Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings  
A649/A649M  
Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery    
A668/A668M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use  
A705/A705M  
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings  
A711/A711M  
Steel Forging Stock  
A723/A723M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application  
A729/A729M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Axles, Heat Treated, for Mass Transit and Electric Railway Service  
A765/A765M  
Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements  
A837/A837M  
Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications  
A859/A859M  
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A891/A891M  
Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A909/A909M  
Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use  
A965/A965M  
Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts  
A982/A982M  
Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils  
A983/A983M  
Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines  
A986/A986M  
Magnetic Particle Examination of Cont...

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