ASTM E712-80(2009)

Standard Practice for Laboratory Screening of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Liquids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems (Withdrawn 2018)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
At this time, none of these tests has been demonstrated to correlate with field service.
It is essential that consideration be given to the appropriate pairing of metal and fluid since these procedures do not restrict the selection of either the containment material or the fluid for testing. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion protection mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a particular metal is helpful in the selection of test conditions and the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results.  
The design of solar heating and cooling systems strongly affects the applicability of the results of the laboratory screening tests. Therefore, the results of these laboratory procedures should be confirmed by component and systems testing under actual or simulated service conditions.  
Table 1 is provided to assist in an orderly consideration of the important factors in testing. It is expected that the user of the test procedure will investigate a range of test times and temperatures for the containment material in a metal/fluid pair, and adjust the time and temperature of testing as necessary.
Note 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent phenomenon. This time dependence can show substantial nonlinearity. For example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate with time. The minimum time required for a test to provide a corrosion rate that can be extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies widely, depending on the selection of metal and fluid, and on the form of corrosion attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single minimum length of test applicable to all materials and conditions. However, it is recommended that for the tests described in this practice, a test period of no less than 30 days be used. Furthermore, it is recommended that the effect of time of testing be evaluated to detect any significant time depend...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers several laboratory test procedures for evaluating corrosion performance of metallic containment materials under conditions similar to those that may occur in solar heating and cooling systems. All test results relate to the performance of the metallic containment material only as a part of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these laboratory test procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in general or in a particular design. This practice is not intended to preclude the use of other screening tests, particularly when those tests are designed to more closely simulate field service conditions.  
1.2 This practice describes apparatus and procedures for several tests, any one or more of which may be used to evaluate the deterioration of the metallic containment material in a metal/fluid pair. The procedures are designed to permit simulation, heating, and cooling systems including (1) operating full flow, (2) stagnant full, (3) stagnant partial fill, and (4) stagnant empty. Particular attention should be directed to properly reflecting whether the system is open or closed to atmosphere.  
1.3 This practice covers the following six tests:
Practice ABasic Immersion Test at Atmospheric Pressure Practice BHeat-Rejecting Surface Test at Atmospheric Pressure Practice CHigh-Pressure Test Practice DRepeated Dip Dry Test at Atmospheric Pressure Practice ECrevice Test at Atmospheric Pressure Practice FTube Loop Test at Atmospheric Pressure
1.4 Practice A is concerned with the interaction of metal and fluid when both are at the same temperature with no heat transfer from one to the other. It is regarded as useful for plumbing, pumps, tanking, etc., but of less significance, taken by itself, for collector panels. Practices B and F are concerned with the deterioration ...

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 31-Mar-2009
• Withdrawal Date: 11-Jul-2018
• ICS: 77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
• Technical Committee: E44 - Solar, Geothermal and Other Alternative Energy Sources

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM E712-80(2003) - Standard Practice for Laboratory Screening of Metallic Containment Materials for Use With Liquids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2009

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E712 −80(Reapproved 2009)
Standard Practice for
Laboratory Screening of Metallic Containment Materials for
Use With Liquids in Solar Heating and Cooling Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E712; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope from the metal into the heat transfer fluid. These practices are
especially applicable to the collector panel. Practice C permits
1.1 This practice covers several laboratory test procedures
a variety of tests but is especially useful in relation to systems
for evaluating corrosion performance of metallic containment
that experience high temperatures, or are closed to the atmo-
materials under conditions similar to those that may occur in
sphere. Practices D and E evaluate specific corrosion problems
solar heating and cooling systems.All test results relate to the
that may be associated with particular metal/fluid pairs and
performanceofthemetalliccontainmentmaterialonlyasapart
particular designs of systems and components.
of a metal/fluid pair. Performance in these laboratory test
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
procedures, taken by itself, does not necessarily constitute an
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
adequate basis for acceptance or rejection of a particular
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
metal/fluid pair in solar heating and cooling systems, either in
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
general or in a particular design. This practice is not intended
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
to preclude the use of other screening tests, particularly when
those tests are designed to more closely simulate field service
2. Referenced Documents
conditions.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 This practice describes apparatus and procedures for
G48Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resis-
severaltests,anyoneormoreofwhichmaybeusedtoevaluate
tance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of
the deterioration of the metallic containment material in a
Ferric Chloride Solution
metal/fluid pair. The procedures are designed to permit
simulation, heating, and cooling systems including (1) operat-
3. Significance and Use
ing full flow, (2) stagnant full, (3) stagnant partial fill, and (4)
stagnant empty. Particular attention should be directed to 3.1 At this time, none of these tests has been demonstrated
properly reflecting whether the system is open or closed to to correlate with field service.
atmosphere.
3.2 It is essential that consideration be given to the appro-
1.3 This practice covers the following six tests: priate pairing of metal and fluid since these procedures do not
restrict the selection of either the containment material or the
Practice A Basic Immersion Test at Atmospheric Pressure
Practice B Heat-Rejecting Surface Test at Atmospheric Pressure
fluid for testing. Likewise, knowledge of the corrosion protec-
Practice C High-Pressure Test
tion mechanism and the probable mode of failure of a
Practice D Repeated Dip Dry Test at Atmospheric Pressure
particularmetalishelpfulintheselectionoftestconditionsand
Practice E Crevice Test at Atmospheric Pressure
Practice F Tube Loop Test at Atmospheric Pressure
the observation, interpretation, and reporting of test results.
1.4 PracticeAisconcernedwiththeinteractionofmetaland
3.3 The design of solar heating and cooling systems
fluid when both are at the same temperature with no heat
stronglyaffectstheapplicabilityoftheresultsofthelaboratory
transfer from one to the other. It is regarded as useful for
screening tests. Therefore, the results of these laboratory
plumbing, pumps, tanking, etc., but of less significance, taken
procedures should be confirmed by component and systems
by itself, for collector panels. Practices B and F are concerned
testing under actual or simulated service conditions.
withthedeteriorationofthemetalwhenthereistransferofheat
3.4 Table 1 is provided to assist in an orderly consideration
of the important factors in testing. It is expected that the user
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E44 on Solar,
GeothermalandOtherAlternativeEnergySourcesandisthedirectresponsibilityof
Subcommittee E44.05 on Solar Heating and Cooling Systems and Materials. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. Published June 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1980. Last edition approved in 2003 as E712 – 80(2003). DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E0712-80R09. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E712−80(2009)
A
TABLE 1 Significant Variables in Evaluation of Containment Material/Heat Transfer Fluid Pairs
Variable
Test Aspect
Temperature Flow Rate
I. Operating Conditions of System:
A. Operating, full flow normal operating normal operating
B. Stagnant, full fluid boiling point without pressurization or no-flow temperature with pressurization convection
C. Stagnant, partial fill same as stagnant, full convection
D. Stagnant, empty no-flow temperature not applicable
II. Test Specimen Design A. flat metal couple
B. metal couple with crevice
C. dissimilar metal couple
D. dissimilar metal couple with crevice
III. Fluid Type A. fluid intended for use in system
B. fluid pretreated by thermal exposure or chemical contamination
IV. Test Cycle A. long time, constant temperature
B. cycles of heating, holding, and cooling
C. cycles of operating full flow, and stagnation
D. cycles of wetting and drying
A
In this table, the subdivisions are not necessarily related in correspondence to their lettering.
of the test procedure will investigate a range of test times and capable of being described chemically, as to its basic compo-
temperatures for the containment material in a metal/fluid pair, nents and the presence or absence of minor components that
and adjust the time and temperature of testing as necessary. affect the interaction with the metal. It is permitted to precon-
dition the fluid before testing. Any such preconditioning
NOTE 1—Corrosion, whether general or localized, is a time-dependent
treatment shall be described in the report.
phenomenon.Thistimedependencecanshowsubstantialnonlinearity.For
example, formation of a protective oxide will diminish corrosion with
4.3 Particular attention shall be directed to avoidance of
time, while certain forms of localized attack accelerate with time. The
materials, fluids, or metal/fluid pairs that can be hazardous to
minimum time required for a test to provide a corrosion rate that can be
the operator. The flammability, vapor pressure, and toxicity of
extrapolated for the prediction of long-term performance varies widely,
the heat-transfer fluid shall be known prior to initiation of
dependingontheselectionofmetalandfluid,andontheformofcorrosion
attack. Therefore, it is not possible to establish a single minimum length
testing and appropriate precautionary measures shall be taken
of test applicable to all materials and conditions. However, it is recom-
to ensure the safety of all test personnel.
mended that for the tests described in this practice, a test period of no less
than 30 days be used. Furthermore, it is recommended that the effect of
5. Sampling and Test Specimens
time of testing be evaluated to detect any significant time dependence of
corrosion attack.
5.1 The test specimens shall be selected from material that
may reasonably represent that material as it would be applied
3.5 It is essential for the meaningful application of these
procedures that the length of the test be adequate to detect in a solar heating and cooling system.
changes in the nature of the fluid that might significantly alter
5.2 For laboratory corrosion tests that simulate exposure to
the corrosivity of the fluid. For example, exhaustion of
service environments, a commercial surface, such as a mill
chemical inhibitor or chemical breakdown of the fluid may
finish, closely resembling the one that would be used in
occur after periods of months in selected cycles of operation.
service, will yield the most significant results. For more
searchingtestsofeitherthemetalortheenvironment,standard
NOTE 2—Many fluids that may be considered for solar applications
contain additives to minimize the corrosivity of the fluid. Many such surface finishes may be preferred. Ideally, the surface finish
additives are useful only within a specific concentration range, and some
should be recorded in surface roughness terms, such as rms
additives may actually accelerate corrosion if the concentration falls
inches.
below a critical level. Depletion kinetics can be a strong function of the
exposedmetalsurfacearea.Therefore,fortestsinvolvingfluidswithsuch
5.3 General Cleaning:
additives,considerationmustbegiventotheratioofmetalsurfaceareato
5.3.1 General cleaning may be accomplished with a wide
fluid volume as it may relate to an operating system.
variety of cleaning media. Water-based cleaners should be
followed by an alcohol dip after thorough rinsing. Solvent
4. Selection of Materials and Reagents
cleaners such as petroleum fractions, aromatic hydrocarbons,
4.1 Any metallic material may be selected for evaluation.
and chlorinated hydrocarbons are generally acceptable. Chlo-
Thematerialshallbecapableofbeingdescribedwithsufficient
rinated solvents, however, should not be used on titanium,
accuracy to permit reproduction of the test.
stainless steel, or aluminum. Mechanical cleaning of very
4.2 Any heat-transfer fluid may be selected for evaluation. smooth surfaces may be accomplished by the use of a paste of
However, it is expected that the fluid will be selected with magnesium oxide or alumina.
consideration given to possible interactions of material and 5.3.2 Any of the methods suitable for cleaning a given
fluid under the conditions of testing. The fluid should be corroded specimen may be used to complete the cleaning of
E712−80(2009)
specimens prior to test, provided that they do not cause brushverylightlywithasoftbristlebrushtoremoveanyloose
localized attack. The cleaned specimens should be measured film, and rinse again. If film remains, immerse 1 min in
and weighed. Dimensions determined to the third significant concentrated nitric acid and repeat previous steps. Nitric acid
figure and mass determined in the fifth significant figure are alone may be used if there are no deposits.
usually satisfactory.
5.7.3 Tin Alloys—Dip for 10 min in boiling trisodium
phosphate solution (15%). Scrub lightly with bristle brush
5.4 Metallurgical Condition—Specimen preparation may
under running water and dry.
change the metallurgical condition of the metal. For example,
5.7.4 Iron and Steel—Suitable methods are as follows:
shearing a specimen to size will cold-work and possibly
5.7.4.1 Preferably, use electrolytic cleaning (see 5.6).
fracture the edges. The specimen may be tested in this
5.7.4.2 Immerse in Clark’s solution (hydrochloric acid—
condition if it is believed that such a condition may be
100 parts, antimonious oxide—2 parts, stannous chloride—5
encountered in service. In this case, the condition shall be
parts) for up to 25 min. Solution may be cold, but it should be
described in the report of results. However, it is recommended
stirred vigorously.
that changes in metallurgical condition be corrected for cus-
5.7.4.3 Remove scales formed on steel under oxidizing
tomary testing. For example, sheared edges should be ma-
conditions in 15 vol% concentrated phosphoric acid contain-
chined or the specimen annealed.
ing 0.15 vol% of organic inhibitor at room temperature.
5.5 Alternative specimen designs, particularly those incor-
5.7.4.4 Clean stainless steel in 20% nitric acid at 60°C
porating crevices or metal couplings as may be encountered in
(140°F) for 20 min.
application, are recommended.
5.7.4.5 In place of chemical cleaning use a brass scraper or
5.6 For many metals, electrolytic cleaning is a satisfactory
brass bristle brush, or both, followed by scrubbing with a wet
method for cleaning after testing. The following method is
bristle brush and fine scouring powder.
typical:
NOTE 5—Such vigorous mechanical cleaning is applicable when mass
5.6.1 After scrubbing to remove loosely attached corrosion
loss is large and hence errors in mass loss will produce only small errors
products, treat the specimen as a cathode in hot, dilute sulfuric
in corrosion rates. Blank corrections will be difficult to apply.
acid under the following conditions.
5.7.4.6 Other methods of cleaning iron and steel include
5.6.1.1 Electrolyte—Sulfuric acid (H SO ) (5 mass%).
2 4
immersion in hot sodium hydride, and cathodic pickling in
5.6.1.2 Inhibitor—0.2 vol% of organic inhibitor (see Note
molten caustic soda.
3).
NOTE 6—These methods may be hazardous to personnel. They should
5.6.1.3 Anode—Carbon or lead (see Note 4).
not be carried out by untrained personnel or without supervision.
5.6.1.4 Cathode—Test specimen.
5.7.5 After cleaning and thorough rinsing, dry and weigh
5.6.1.5 Cathode Current Density—2000 A/m .
the samples.
5.6.1.6 Temperature—75°C (165°F).
5.6.1.7 Exposure Period—3 min.
6. Calculations and Interpretation of Results
NOTE3—Insteadofusing0.2vol%ofanyproprietaryinhibitorand0.5
6.1 The deterioration of the containment material shall be
kg/m of inhibitors such as diorthotolyl thiourea, quinoline ethiodide or
betanaphtol quinoline may be used.
determined by measurement of mass loss and by examination
NOTE4—Ifleadanodesareused,leadmaydepositonthespecimenand
at 10× magnification for incidence of localized attack.
cause an error in the mass loss. If the specimen is resistant to nitric acid,
6.1.1 Whichever cleaning method is used, the possibility of
the lead may be removed by a flash dip in 1+1 nitric acid. Except for the
removalofsolidmetalispresent.Suchremovalwouldresultin
possible source of error, lead is preferred as an anode as it gives more
error in the determination of the corrosion rate. One or more
efficient corrosion product removal.
cleaned and weighed specimens should be recleaned by the
5.6.2 After the electrolytic treatment, scrub the specimens
samemethodandreweighed.Lossduetothissecondweighing
with a brush, rinse thoroughly, and dry.
may be used as a correction of the first one.
5.6.3 It should be noted tha
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