ASTM E2817-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Test Fueling Masonry Heaters
Standard Test Method for Test Fueling Masonry Heaters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used for determining emission factors and emission rates for cordwood or other densified, binder free biomass fuel burning masonry heaters.
The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.
The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.
The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from masonry heaters, but must be used with caution as use patterns must be factored into any prediction of atmospheric particulate matter impacts from masonry heaters based on results from this method.
The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel (emissions factor), grams of particulate per hour of heating cycle (heating cycle emissions rate, based on the builder or manufacturer’s specified firing interval), and grams of particulate per hour of test run (combustion period emissions rate, based on the tested combustion period).
Warning—Use of masonry heater emissions rate reporting numbers (grams per hour) for comparative purposes with other solid fuel burning appliances will require careful study of each of the appliance’s comparative operating characteristics in the given application. Intermittently fired appliances such as masonry heaters and continuously fired appliances such as wood and pellet stoves are not accurately compared by their respective emissions rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from solid fuel biomass (cordwood or other densified, binder free biomass fuels) fires in masonry heaters. It may also be used to test other similar appliances (see 3.2.20).
1.2 This test method is applicable to the operation and fueling of masonry heaters during particulate emissions measurement test periods. The prescribed methods and procedures of these protocols are performed on masonry heaters installed and operated in accordance with the builder or manufacturer’s specifications.
1.3 In conjunction with Test Method E2515, this test method provides a protocol for laboratory emissions testing of masonry heaters that is intended to simulate actual use in residential homes and other consumer applications. Since such actual use involves almost solely cordwood fueling, Annex A1, Cordwood Fuel, provides as close a simulation as is currently possible of consumer use, and is recommended for predicting actual consumer emissions performance. For regulatory and other potential uses in comparing relative emissions of various masonry heater products and designs, Annex A2, Cribwood Fueling, and Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn, provide optional additional fueling protocols that substitute dimensional lumber cribs for the cordwood fuel. Data that establish the relationships between the emissions results generated by Annex A2 and Annex A3 and the emissions results generated by Annex A1 are not currently available.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: E2817 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Test Fueling Masonry Heaters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2817; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating 2.1 ASTM Standards:
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from E631Terminology of Building Constructions
solid fuel biomass (cordwood or other densified, binder free E1602Guide for Construction of Solid Fuel Burning Ma-
biomass fuels) fires in masonry heaters. It may also be used to sonry Heaters
test other similar appliances (see 3.2.20). E2515Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
1.2 This test method is applicable to the operation and
2.2 Other Standards:
fueling of masonry heaters during particulate emissions mea-
EN15250Slow Heat Release Appliances Fired By Solid
surement test periods. The prescribed methods and procedures
Fuel-Requirements And Test Methods
of these protocols are performed on masonry heaters installed
EN15544One Off Kachelgrundfen/Putzgrundfen (Tiled/
and operated in accordance with the builder or manufacturer’s
Mortared Stoves): Calculation Method
specifications.
NISTMonograph175Standard Limits of Error
1.3 In conjunction with Test Method E2515, this test
USEPATitle40Code of Federal Regulations
method provides a protocol for laboratory emissions testing of
masonry heaters that is intended to simulate actual use in 3. Terminology
residential homes and other consumer applications. Since such
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
actualuseinvolvesalmostsolelycordwoodfueling,AnnexA1,
in Terminology E631.
Cordwood Fuel, provides as close a simulation as is currently
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
possible of consumer use, and is recommended for predicting
3.2.1 ashpit loss, n— the incomplete burned residue (char-
actual consumer emissions performance. For regulatory and
coal) left with the ash after a test run is completed.
other potential uses in comparing relative emissions of various
masonry heater products and designs, Annex A2, Cribwood 3.2.2 burn rate, n—the average rate at which test-fuel is
Fueling, and Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn,
consumed in a masonry heater during a test run. The burn rate
provide optional additional fueling protocols that substitute excludes the inorganic salts and minerals (that is, “ash”) and
dimensional lumber cribs for the cordwood fuel. Data that
incompletely burned residues (charcoal) remaining at the end
establish the relationships between the emissions results gen- of a test run; measured in mass of dry wood burned per hour
erated by Annex A2 and Annex A3 and the emissions results
(kg/hour, lb/hour).
generated by Annex A1 are not currently available.
3.2.3 calibration error, n—the difference between the gas
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as concentration displayed by a gas analyzer and the known
concentration of the calibration gas when the calibration gas is
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa- introduced directly to the analyzer.
tion only and are not considered standard.
3.2.4 calibration (span) drift, n—The difference between
the expected instrument’s response and the actual instrument’s
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
response when a calibration (span) gas is introduced to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances. Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel
Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published August 2011. DOI: 10.1520/ Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004, http://
E2817-11. www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2817 − 11
analyzer after a stated period of time has elapsed during which 3.2.15 fuel weight, total, n—(1) cordwood: the total weight
no maintenance, repair or adjustment has taken place: of the kindling and fuel pieces used in a test run (the test load
can be added as multiple fuel loadings if the builder or
calibration span drift5
~ !
manufacturer indicates this in the operating instructions; no
~actualresponse 2expectedresponse!
S D
suchindividualfuelloadingshallbelessthan20%ofthetotal
expectedresponse
fuel weight). (2) crib fuel: the total weight of the kindling and
3.2.5 calibration (span) gas, n—a known concentration of
fuel pieces and spacers.
carbon dioxide (CO ), carbon monoxide (CO), or oxygen (O )
2 2
in nitrogen (N ), or a combination thereof.
3.2.16 heating cycle emissions rate (ER ), n—theeffective
HC
particulate emissions over the heating cycle of the masonry
3.2.6 combustion period emissions rate (ER ), n—the
CP
heater. It is calculated based on the builder or manufacturer’s
particulate emissions rate during the masonry heater combus-
specified period of time between firings in which the heat
tion period only (cf. heating cycle emissions rate).
stored in the masonry heater radiates useful heat to the heated
3.2.7 Douglas fir, n—for crib fueling protocols; untreated,
space (cf. combustion period emissions rate).
standard, or better grade Douglas fir lumber with agency grade
stamp: D. Fir or Douglas Fir.
3.2.17 internal assembly, n—the core construction and fire-
box design factors that may affect combustion function or
3.2.8 flue-gas temperature, n—the temperature measured at
the primary flue-gas sampling and temperature measurement particulate emissions factor of a masonry heater.
location: Pre-Test flue-gas temperature is measured at the
3.2.18 grate, n—for the purposes of masonry heater testing
Primary Flue-Gas Sampling and Temperature Measurement
and operation, any grate included with the masonry heater or
Locationwithin15minutesbeforeatestisinitiatedandatleast
specifiedbythemasonryheaterbuilderormanufacturerforthe
1 hour after the masonry heater was closed in accordance with
purpose of supplying combustion air, elevating the fuel load
9.5.2.
above the hearth, preventing fuel pieces from falling outside
3.2.9 firebox, n—the chamber within the masonry heater
the intended burning area, or all of the above. The volume
where the fuel is placed and combusted.
below a fuel-elevating grate shall not be considered part of the
3.2.10 firebox length, n—thelongesthorizontalfirechamber
usable firebox volume.
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
3.2.19 kindling brand, n—the fuel comprised of fuel strips
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
separated by air spaces and placed above or contiguous to
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (in non
crumpled newspaper to initiate combustion in the tested
orthogonal fireboxes the fuel load will be placed according to
masonry heater (see Annex A2, Cribwood Fueling, or Annex
the builder or manufacturer’s instructions or at the best
A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn).
judgment of the testing lab).
3.2.20 masonry heater, n—solid-fuelbiomassburningappli-
3.2.11 firebox width, n—theshortesthorizontalfirechamber
ance or unit as described in Guide E1602. This method may
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
also be used in testing other appliances conforming to
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
EN15250 or EN15544, or both, but not necessarily conform-
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber (in non
ing to the Guide E1602 masonry heater definition.
orthogonal fireboxes the fuel load will be placed according to
the builder or manufacturer’s instructions or at the best
3.2.21 maximum flue-gas oxygen depression, n—the differ-
judgment of the testing lab).
ence between the baseline air supply oxygen concentration
3.2.12 firing interval (Θ ), n—the period of time during
(thatis,20.9%)andthelowestoxygenconcentrationmeasured
FI
whichthestoredheatenergyisreleasedpriortothenextfiring,
andrecordedduringthetestrunor,alternatively,thedifference
as specified by the builder or manufacturer.
betweenthebaselineairsupplyoxygenconcentration(20.9%)
and the lowest oxygen measured and recorded during the test
3.2.13 fuel crib, n—the fuel load placed in the firebox prior
run determined by subtracting the maximum flue gas carbon
totheteststart.Thefuelcribincludesallofthekindlingpieces,
dioxide(CO )andcarbonmonoxide(CO)valuesfrom20.9%:
fuelpiecesandspacersneededtoassembleafuelcrib.Specific
fuel crib configurations are described in AnnexA2, Cribwood
CO
maximumO depression 520.9%2 %CO 1 %
F S DG
Fueling, or Annex A3, Cribwood Fuel, Top-Down Burn. 2 2
3.2.14 fuel piece, n—(1) cordwood fuel: triangularly split
3.2.22 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
solid wood fuel: each piece shall be able to pass through a
resultingfromcombustionofsolidfuel,asspecifiedinthistest
152-mm(6-in.)holewhilenotpassingthrougha76-mm(3-in.)
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
hole. Other cordwood cross sections shall be allowed if
E2515.
specified in the builder or manufacturer’s instructions. (2) crib
3.2.23 primary flue-gas sampling and temperature measure-
fuel: “2×2”, “2×4” or “4×4” wood pieces used to construct
ment location, n—area within the center 33% of the cross-
fuelcribs:“2×2”,“2×4”and“4×4”referringtothenominal
sectional area of the flue-gas exhaust duct at the point 30 cm
width and depth dimensions for commonly available dimen-
sionallumber.Theactualdimensionsare38mm×38mm(1 ⁄2 (12 in.) downstream from the beginning of the flue collar or
1 1 1
chimney system anchor plate or other connector used to
in. × 1 ⁄2 in.), 38 mm × 89 mm (1 ⁄2 in. × 3 ⁄2 in.) and
1 1
89mm×89mm(3 ⁄2in.×3 ⁄2 in.). connect the chimney to the masonry heater.
E2817 − 11
3.2.24 response time, n—the amount of time required for a andfiredaccordingtothebuilderormanufacturer’sinstallation
gas measurement system to respond and display a 95% step and operating instructions. In the absence of such written
change in a gas concentration. instructions, this test method provides defaults for the testing
laboratory or other users to determine needed testing values.
3.2.25 sampling system bias, n—the difference between the
gas concentrations displayed by an analyzer when a gas of
4.2 Thebuilderormanufacturerofthemasonryheaterbeing
known concentration is introduced at the inlet of the sampling
evaluated shall provide the following, as furnished to consum-
probe and the gas concentration displayed when the same gas
ers or other end users:
is introduced directly to the analyzer.
4.2.1 Minimum and maximum designed heating capacity in
3.2.26 spacers, n—wood pieces used to hold individual fuel kilowatts (BTU/hr),
pieces together when constructing fuel cribs. Their function is
4.2.2 Firing interval (hours),
to provide reproducible fuel crib geometry and air spaces
4.2.3 Minimum and Maximum fuel load in kilograms
between fuel pieces, as well as to hold the fuel cribs together
(pounds),
(with nails).
4.2.4 Usablefireboxdimensionsincentimetres(inches)and
volume in cubic centimetres (cubic inches),
3.2.27 span (or span value), n—the upper limit of a gas
analyzer’s measurement range. (Typically 25% for CO and
4.2.5 Fuel piece length in centimetres (inches), and
O , and 5% or 10% for CO.)
4.2.6 A copy of the operating manual as furnished to
consumers or other end users.
3.2.28 testrun,n—thetimefromthestartofatestatignition
untilthetimeflue-gasoxygenconcentrationhasrecoveredtoat
5. Significance and Use
least 95% of the ambient oxygen concentration. A valid test
must consume at least 90% of the test fuel weight (see
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission
9.5.8.2).
factors and emission rates for cordwood or other densified,
3.2.29 test facility, n—the area in which the masonry heater
binder free biomass fuel burning masonry heaters.
is installed, operated, and sampled for emissions; may include
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
commercial and residential structures.
performance during product development.
3.2.30 test-fuel loading factor, n—theratiobetweentest-fuel 5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
crib volume, including kindling pieces and inter-fuel-piece
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
spacing, and the usable firebox volume. For these protocols, sion performance limits.
the test-fuel loading factor for masonry heaters is 0.30 (that is,
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
30%) unless otherwise specified.
regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality
from masonry heaters, but must be used with caution as use
3.2.31 test series, n—a group of test runs at a lab on the
patterns must be factored into any prediction of atmospheric
same masonry heater.
particulate matter impacts from masonry heaters based on
3.2.32 total sampling time (Θ), n—the time that elapses
results from this method.
between the start of the test as described in 9.5.3 and the end
of the test as described in 9.5.7 (in minutes).
5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per kilo-
gram of dry fuel (emissions factor), grams of particulate per
3.2.33 usable firebox height, n—the height within the fire-
hour of heating cycle (heating cycle emissions rate, based on
boxatorbelowwhichfuelisplaced.Theusablefireboxheight
the builder or manufacturer’s specified firing interval), and
istobespecifiedbythebuilderormanufacturer.Intheabsence
grams of particulate per hour of test run (combustion period
of a builder or manufacturer specification, the usable firebox
emissions rate, based on the tested combustion period).
height is the height of the top of
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