ASTM D4649-20

Standard Guide for Use of Stretch Films and Wrapping Application

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is for user selection, specification, and application of stretch film materials. It may be used between the buyer and seller to arrive at purchase specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommended guidelines for the selection, specification, and use of stretch films for unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing for indoor environments. This can include storage or transport, or both, in warehouses, closed containers such as truck trailers or rail boxcars, and associated transfer terminals. This guide does not cover the performance issues associated with outdoor exposure.  
1.1.1 Performance characteristics of stretch film may be negatively affected by extreme temperatures.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2020
• ICS: 55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
• Technical Committee: D10 - Packaging
• Drafting Committee: D10.25 - Palletizing and Unitizing of Loads

Relations

• Refers: ASTM E96/E96M-24 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials
• Effective Date: 01-Mar-2024
• Refers: ASTM D2103-23a - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023
• Refers: ASTM E96/E96M-23 - Standard Test Methods for Gravimetric Determination of Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Materials
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D2103-23 - Standard Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM D2863-23 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM D3951-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2023
• Refers: ASTM D2863-95 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)
• Effective Date: 29-Sep-2023
• Refers: ASTM D5748-95(2019) - Standard Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of Stretch Wrap Film
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2019
• Refers: ASTM D2863-19 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2019
• Refers: ASTM D3951-18 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 01-May-2018
• Refers: ASTM D4470-18 - Standard Test Method for Static Electrification
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2018
• Refers: ASTM D2863-17a - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2017
• Refers: ASTM D2863-17 - Standard Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics (Oxygen Index)
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2017
• Refers: ASTM D5331-03(2016) - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap Films
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2016
• Refers: ASTM D3951-15 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2015

Overview

ASTM D4649-20: Standard Guide for Use of Stretch Films and Wrapping Application is an essential reference developed by ASTM International to establish guidelines for the selection, specification, and application of stretch films in indoor environments. This guide is widely used by manufacturers, distributors, packaging engineers, and logistics professionals when unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing goods for storage or transportation. It is not intended for outdoor exposure, as performance characteristics may be negatively affected by extreme temperatures and environmental conditions.

Key Topics

• Selection of Stretch Films: Recommends evaluation criteria such as film type (machine, hand, prestretched), fabrication methods (blown, cast), cling properties, layering (monolayer, co-extruded), and specialized features (UV protective, anti-corrosive, tinted/opaque).
• Material Specifications: Covers commonly used materials including low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), metallocene LLDPE, ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and other polymer blends. It identifies additives for tackiness and coloring.
• Physical and Mechanical Properties: Stresses the importance of testing properties such as thickness, elongation, tensile strength, tear resistance, yield (coverage), cling, clarity, and puncture resistance as per relevant ASTM test methods.
• Application Methods: Details both hand application and machine application, including turntable, rotating arm, robotic, and ring wrapping systems. Emphasizes correct procedure and equipment selection to optimize load unitization and containment.
• Order and Labeling Guidance: Outlines best practices for specifying required film properties (thickness, width, length, class, grade) and labeling for traceability and compliance.

Applications

Stretch films and their proper application are crucial throughout warehouse, transport, and distribution operations, particularly for:

• Unitizing Loads: Bundling multiple items into a single, manageable unit for easier handling and improved stability during transportation.
• Load Reinforcement: Securing palletized goods to avoid shifting, tipping, or loss during movement within or between facilities.
• Protection: Offering surface protection from dust, moisture, and minor impacts, as well as providing tamper evidence.
• Product Identification and Concealment: Using colored or opaque films to identify shipments or obscure sensitive goods.
• Special Packaging Needs: Customizing application for specific item types, such as office furniture, metal coils, or cylindrical products requiring unique wrapping patterns or machines.

Understanding and applying the guidelines in ASTM D4649-20 ensures that unitized loads maintain integrity, safety, and regulatory compliance throughout the handling and shipping process.

Related Standards

To conduct material selection and testing as recommended in ASTM D4649-20, several related ASTM standards are frequently referenced, including:

• ASTM D882: Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
• ASTM D1894: Test Method for Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Films
• ASTM D1746 / D1003: Methods for Transparency and Haze of Plastic Films
• ASTM D5331: Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap Films
• ASTM D5414/D5415/D5416: Evaluation of Impact, Vibration, and Abrasion Performance of Stretch Wrap
• ASTM D3951: Practice for Commercial Packaging

Adherence to these standards, alongside ASTM D4649-20, supports best practices in packaging, promotes performance consistency, and enhances product safety in the supply chain.

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Keywords: ASTM D4649-20, stretch film, wrapping application, packaging standard, unitization, palletizing, material selection, film application, load containment, packaging logistics, test methods, physical properties.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4649 − 20
Standard Guide for
Use of Stretch Films and Wrapping Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
of Transparent Plastics
1.1 This guide covers recommended guidelines for the
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-
selection, specification, and use of stretch films for unitizing,
Gradient Technique
reinforcing, and palletizing for indoor environments. This can
D1746 Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
include storage or transport, or both, in warehouses, closed
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of
containers such as truck trailers or rail boxcars, and associated
Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
transfer terminals. This guide does not cover the performance
D1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of
issues associated with outdoor exposure.
Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
1.1.1 Performance characteristics of stretch film may be
D2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
negatively affected by extreme temperatures.
D2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Solid Plastics
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D2578 TestMethodforWettingTensionofPolyethyleneand
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Polypropylene Films
and are not considered standard.
D2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Plastics (Oxygen Index)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D4470 Test Method for Static Electrification
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D5331 Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
of Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap Films
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D5414 Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal Impact
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Performance of Load Unitizing Stretch Wrap Films
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D5415 Test Method for Evaluating Load Containment Per-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
formance of Stretch Wrap Films by Vibration Testing
D5416 Test Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance of
2. Referenced Documents
Stretch Wrap Films by Vibration Testing
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D5458 Test Method for Peel Cling of Stretch Wrap Film
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic
D5459 Test Method for Machine Direction Elastic Recovery
Sheeting
and Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention of
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
Stretch Wrap Film
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
D5748 Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of
ments
Stretch Wrap Film
D8314 Guide for Performance Testing of Applied Stretch
Films and Stretch Wrapping
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingand
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing of
Materials
Loads.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2020. Published January 2021. Originally
E284 Terminology of Appearance
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D4649 – 03 (2016).
DOI: 10.1520/D4649-20.
2 3. Terminology
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1 Definitions—Terminology found in Terminology D996
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. shall apply.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4649 − 20
4. Significance and Use each other. If the cling side is not known, fold the film over on
its self in either direction to determine which side has more
4.1 This guide is for user selection, specification, and
cling.
application of stretch film materials. It may be used between
5.3.3.1 Two Sided—Similar cling properties are found on
the buyer and seller to arrive at purchase specifications.
both sides of the film.
5.3.3.2 Differential Cling—Superior cling properties are
5. Stretch Film Classification
found on one side of the film and lower cling on the other.
5.1 Stretch Film Uses—The following are general uses of
5.3.3.3 One Sided—Cling properties are found on one side
stretch films.
and no cling is found on the other side. Some one sided cling
5.1.1 Used to bundle multiple smaller goods into a single
films have a slippery, non-cling side.
larger entity.
5.3.3.4 No Cling—No cling is found on either side of the
5.1.2 Used to secure a handling base (skids, platforms,
film.Thesefilms’tailstypicallyhavetobetuckedunderalayer
pallets, slip sheets, etc.) to a load to expedite handling.
offilminthewrappatternorheatsealedtoensurethefilmdoes
5.1.3 Used to secure cushioning, edge protection, or other
not come unraveled in the transportation process.
package components to an individual item (office furniture,
5.3.4 Layering During Extrusion:
windows, etc.).
5.3.4.1 Monolayer—Single layer of material.
5.1.4 Used as an environmental protection and tamper
5.3.4.2 Co-Extruded—Multiple layers of material where
evidence for a load.
used during extrusion.
5.1.5 Used as a primary protective wrap for individual
5.3.5 Ultraviolet Protective Film—Protects the film from
products (rolled products, metal coils, metal extrusions, wood
breaking down in the presence of the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
molding, etc.).
5.3.6 Anti-corrosive Films—Works to prevent corrosion on
metal products.
5.2 Stretch Film Types—The following are general types of
5.3.7 Opaque/Tinted Films—Colorants are an option as a
stretch film.
load identification alternative or as a method to hide the
5.2.1 Machine Stretch Film—Typically sold in widths rang-
product being transported.
ing from 20 in. to 30 in. and in a variety of thicknesses. It is
typically sold on a 3-in. core and can be purchased in any
6. Raw Materials
length, although 3000 ft to 10 000 ft is most common.
5.2.2 Hand Stretch Film—Typically sold in widths ranging
6.1 The following are typical materials included in the
from 10 in. to 20 in. and in a variety of thicknesses. It is
extrusion process of stretch film:
typically sold on a 3-in. core and can be purchased in any
6.1.1 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE),
length, although 1000 ft to 2000 ft is common.
6.1.2 Metallocene linear low density polyethylene
5.2.3 Prestretched (oriented) Stretch Film—Hand films that
(mLLDPE),
are stretched during the manufacturing process either in-line
6.1.3 Polypropylene (PP),
(oriented) or in a secondary operation (prestretched).
6.1.4 Polyisobutylene (PIB) (tackifier),
5.2.4 Stretch Tape—Typically sold in width ranging from 3
6.1.5 Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA).
in. to 5 in. and comes in a variety of thicknesses. It can be used
to bundle a series of objects, wrap a load that requires airflow
7. Stretch Film and Additives’ Characteristics
or to handle goods temporarily for internal transport. It is
7.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties:
generally applied by hand and the devices for application vary
7.1.1 The properties and test methods in Table 1 shall be
widely from grabbing an extended core to apparatuses that aid
used when describing the physical and mechanical character-
in the application of the film.
istics of wrap materials as manufactured.
5.2.5 Ventilated Stretch Film—A film that has holes formed
7.1.2 The practices listed in Table 2 can be an aid when
into it that allow airflow to enter and exit the load. It can be
describing performance characteristics of wrap materials, as
applied with all application methods discussed in Section 12.
used for unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing.
5.3 Stretch Film Classifications—The following are general
7.1.3 Some of the test methods described in Table 2 may be
classifications of stretch films.
applied to multiple wraps or stretched specimens, or both, to
5.3.1 Application Methods:
aid in assessing their performance characteristics.
5.3.1.1 Hand Film—For use in hand application of stretch
7.1.4 Other tests that may be of value for evaluating actual
film.
performance are given in Guide D8314.
5.3.1.2 Machine Film—For use in powered stretch film
7.2 Other Properties—Food contact stretch films must con-
application.
form to FDA or other governmental regulations, or both, as
5.3.2 Fabrication Methods:
applicable.
5.3.2.1 Blown Extrusion—Implies the bubble forming ex-
7.3 Recyclability/Disposability—Stretch film should be re-
trusion process used to manufacture the film.
cycledwheneverpossible.Disposalshallbeinaccordancewith
5.3.2.2 Cast Extrusion—Implies the flat die extrusion
local, state, and federal regulations.
method of manufacturing the film.
5.3.3 Cling Mechanisms—The cling should be facing in- 7.4 Static Discharge—Some stretch films may build up
ward on the load to prevent different loads from sticking to static electrical charge. Care should be exercised in using these
D4649 − 20
TABLE 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Materials TABLE 3 Average Weight/Yield Tolerances for Stretch Wrap
Material
Common SI ASTM Test
Property
Unit Unit Method
Number of Rolls Tolerance, %
Any one roll ±7
Breaking factor lbf/in. kN/m D882
Lots over 25 ±5
Clarity % % D1746
Cling (peel) gm N D5458
Coefficient of friction at ap- . . D1894
proximately 72 and 100°F
TABLE 4 Unit Conversion Factors
(22 and 38°C)
3 3
Density lbf/in. g/cm D1505 Unit Conversion
Elastic recovery % % D5459
Gauge * 0.254 = Micron Inch * 25.4 = Millimetres
Elongation at break % % D882
Micron * 3.937 = Gauge Millimeter * 0.0394 = Inches
Flammability % 0 % 0 D2863
Feet * 0.3048 = Metres Pound / 2.2 = Kilograms
Force at elongation (50, 100, lbf/in. kN/m D5459
Meter * 3.2808 = Feet Kilogram * 2.2 = Pounds
150, 200 %)
Pound Force * 4.44822 = Newtons Newton /4.44822 = Pounds Force
Gloss . . D2457
3 3 3 3
Pound/in * 27.6799 = g/cm Pound/ft * 0.0160184 = g/cm
Haze % % D1003
Mil * 25.4 = Micron Mil = 100 Gauge
Protrusion puncture in./lbf Nm D5748
Pound Force/in * 6.895 = kPa
Static electrification V V D4470
Stress retention % % D5459
Tear resistance (Elmendorf) gm N D1922
Ultimate tensile strength lbf/in. Pa D882
Water vapor transmission g/24 h-100 g/h-m E96/E96M,
8.1.5 The length per roll of film wrap materials shall be
rate in. Procedure E
within 65 % of the length as marked, or as otherwise agreed
2 2
Yield (coverage) in. /lb m /Kg D4321
between the buyer and the seller as measured by a wheel
counterthatpressesonthefilmrollasitisbeingunwoundfrom
the roll but before the film is pulled off the roll. (Films may
TABLE 2 Test Methods Related to Performance
extend or contract after the film is removed from the roll. This
Procedure ASTM Test Method
may produce an inaccurate length measurement.)
Test Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance of D5416
Stretch Wrap Material 8.1.6 A unit conversion table is found in Table 4.
Test Method for Evaluating Load Containment Perfor- D5415
mance of Stretch Wrap Material by Vibration Testing
9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal Impact Perfor- D5414
mance of Stretch Wrap Materials
9.1 Films shall be generally free from imperfections that
Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling of D5331
may affect the performance such as wrinkles, creases, soft
Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap Materials
spongy areas, damaged edges, and inconsistent thicknesses.
9.1.1 No splices are allowed.
10. Sampling
materials especially where potential flammable air vapor or air
dust mixtures can exist.
10.1 Samples should not be taken within the initial2%or
the last 2 % of the length of the roll; regardless remove enough
7.5 Unwind Noise—Some stretch films are noisier than
film to ensure that damaged or poorly wound film is not used
others during the application process. This may be a charac-
for test samples.
teristic that needs to be considered for some applications.
11. Ordering and Shipping Information
8. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
11.1 The following should be included when ordering
8.1 The material dimensions and their permissible varia-
stretch film.
tionsshallconformtothefollowing,unlessotherwisespecified
11.1.1 Film thickness.
by the user:
11.1.2 Film width.
8.1.1 Thickness (gauge, microns, inches) is expressed in
11.1.3 Film length per roll.
decimal form. For example, 80-gauge is also equal to
11.1.4 Core dimensions (inside diameter and extension).
0.0008 inches. The 80-gauge film multiplied by 0.254 to equal
11.1.5 Identification of machine or hand film.
20.3 micron.
11.1.6 Identificationofanyotherclassificationsfoundunder
8.1.1.1 The actual wrap material thickness shall not vary
Section 5.
more than 610 % of the nominal thickness in any one point
11.1.7 Quantity.
across the width.
11.1.8 Delivery locations.
8.1.2 Roll Weight or Yield—See Table 3.
11.1.9 Where necessary, ordering information may be ex-
8.1.3 The film roll width tolerance for wrap materials is
panded per customer request.
6 ⁄4 in. (6 mm) unless otherwise agreed upon between the
buyer and the seller. 11.2 Shipping container or individual rolls, or both, shall be
8.1.3.1 Roll width tolerance is 6 ⁄8 in. (3 mm) of the width labeled in accordance with Practice D3951 with the following
asmarkedunlessotherwiseagreeduponbetweenthebuyerand additional markings:
the seller. 11.2.1 Product name.
8.1.4 The roll diameter tolerance is 65 % of nominal out- 11.2.2 Thickness.
side diameter. 11.2.3 Material width.
D4649 − 20
11.2.4 Material length per roll.
11.2.5 Material weight per roll.
11.2.6 Manufacturer’s or seller’s name.
11.2.7 Lot or serial number on the individual roll, pallet, or
case.
11.2.8 Where necessary, labeling information may be ex-
panded or modified for special uses or materials.
12. Considerations for Application
12.1 WrapPatterns—Infinitelyvariablebuttypicallyconsist
of:
12.1.1 One-Way Spiral—Typically started on the bottom or
the top of the load. The stretch wrapper makes a single spiral
pass over the load with overlap varying from 20 % to 80 %.
12.1.2 Two-Way Spiral—Typically started on the top or
bottom of the load. The stretch wrapper makes two complete
spiral passes (for example, up and down) over the load without
breaking the film web. Overlap is between 20 % and 80 %.
NOTE 1—Clockwise from left, Pole applicator, end plugs to protect
12.1.3 Additional Top and Bottom Wraps—Multiple layers
hands during application, and film applicator with tensioner.
of overlap on the top and bottom of the load are applied in
FIG. 1 Hand Wrap Film Dispensers (see 13.3)
addition to a cross spiral pattern (12.1.2) base.
12.1.4 Top Overwrap—The amount that the film is allowed
to wrap over the top surface of the load.
12.7.1.1 The film tail can be tucked under a previous
12.2 Stretch Roping—Roping is achieved by taking either
wrap(s).
partortheentirefilmwebandcurlingorbunchingintoasingle
12.7.1.2 The film tail can be heat sealed to the wrap(s).
“strand” of film. This technique is used for stabilizing heavy
loads and to better connect the contents on the load to the
13. Application Devices
pallet. Note that by using roped stretch film it is very easy to
13.1 Stretch film may be applied either by machine or by
create a high point load on corners of a load, potentially
hand. Machine application provides more consistency and
damaging delicate goods during the wrapping process.
control for wrapping of a load. Hand application is more
12.2.1 Hand Application of Rope—The film roll is held
variable due to operator control of film coverage, placement of
sideways (roll is parallel to the floor) as the film is applied to
the film, and the amount of tension applied. Any method of
the load.
application can be used in conjunction with a conveyor.
12.3 Percent Prestretch and Post-Stretch—In general, the
13.2 Types of Stretch Devices
more stretch imparted on a given film, the more stiff (harder to
13.2.1 Brake Devices—A brake device stretches film using
stretch further) the film will become. As the film is stretched
only tension between the film roll (or application device) and
generally the film stiffness, cling levels, load containment, and
the load to be wrapped on more basic wrappers.
puncture resistance may change. This is due to the aligning of
13.2.2 Non-Powered Prestretch—A set of fixed gears is
the polymer chains during the stretching process.
used to stretch film to a percentage of its original length. The
12.4 Shelf Life of Film—Depending on storage conditions
levels of stretch that can be selected are limited to the ratios
the quality of the film or the core can degrade over time, utilize
which can be achieved by changing out mach
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4649 − 03 (Reapproved 2016) D4649 − 20
Standard Guide for
Selection and Use of Stretch Wrap FilmsFilms and
Wrapping Application
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4649; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers recommended guidelines and test methods for the selection, specification, and use of stretch wrap films for
unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing for indoor environments. This can include storage or transport, or both, in warehouses, closed
containers such as truck trailers or rail boxcars, and associated transfer terminals. This guide does not cover the performance issues
associated with outdoor exposure.
1.1.1 Performance characteristics of stretch film may be negatively affected by extreme temperatures.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D882 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Thin Plastic Sheeting
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D1505 Test Method for Density of Plastics by the Density-Gradient Technique
D1746 Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
D1894 Test Method for Static and Kinetic Coefficients of Friction of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D1898 Practice for Sampling of Plastics (Withdrawn 1998)
D1922 Test Method for Propagation Tear Resistance of Plastic Film and Thin Sheeting by Pendulum Method
D2103 Specification for Polyethylene Film and Sheeting
D2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing of
Loads.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016Oct. 1, 2020. Published December 2016January 2021. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20092016
as D4649 – 03 (2009).(2016). DOI: 10.1520/D4649-03R16.10.1520/D4649-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4649 − 20
D2578 Test Method for Wetting Tension of Polyethylene and Polypropylene Films
D2863 Test Method for Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support Candle-Like Combustion of Plastics
(Oxygen Index)
D3951 Practice for Commercial Packaging
D4321 Test Method for Package Yield of Plastic Film
D4470 Test Method for Static Electrification
D5331 Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap Films
D5414 Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal Impact Performance of Load Unitizing Stretch Wrap Films
D5415 Test Method for Evaluating Load Containment Performance of Stretch Wrap Films by Vibration Testing
D5416 Test Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance of Stretch Wrap Films by Vibration Testing
D5458 Test Method for Peel Cling of Stretch Wrap Film
D5459 Test Method for Machine Direction Elastic Recovery and Permanent Deformation and Stress Retention of Stretch Wrap
Film
D5748 Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of Stretch Wrap Film
D8314 Guide for Performance Testing of Applied Stretch Films and Stretch Wrapping
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
E284 Terminology of Appearance
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Terminology found in Terminology D996 shall apply.
3.2 Definitions of Terms:
3.2.1 blocking—an undesirable adhesion between touching layers of a material, such as occurs under moderate pressure during
storage or use. (See Terminology D907.)
3.2.2 clarity—the characteristic of a transparent body whereby distinct high-contrast images or high-contrast objects (separated by
some distance from the body) are observable through the body. (See Terminology E284.)
3.2.3 cling—the ability of one surface of a material to adhere to itself or another surface.
3.2.4 elastic recovery—the extent that a material returns to its original length after being subjected to an extension.
3.2.5 elongation—increase in length (expressed as a percent of original length).
3.2.6 thickness (caliper, gage)— the perpendicular distance between opposite surface of a material.
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.3.1 conventional braking—a mode of stretch wrap machinery operation in which wrap material elongation is achieved by
relative load motion and supply roll tension.
3.3.2 core extension—the length to which the core extends beyond the edge of the wrap material.
3.3.3 cut growth resistance—the ability of a wrap material to resist nick or cut propagation.
3.3.4 film force to load—the amount of force applied by the film to a load in providing load containment.
3.3.5 film tail—that portion of wrap material that is applied to the load after relative load motion ceases.
3.3.6 food wrap material—a material designed for use in direct food contact.
3.3.7 load containment—the utilization and protection, or both, of product(s) for distribution and storage or both.
3.3.8 marking wheel—a device that makes repetitive marks indicating a known distance.
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3.3.9 measured stretch—see elongation.
3.3.10 mechanical prestretch—a mode of stretch wrap machinery operation in which wrap material elongation is achieved through
the use of a prestretch device and relative load motion.
3.3.11 nonfood wrap material—a material not for direct food contact.
3.3.12 overlap—the width of wrap material that covers a previous layer of wrap material.
3.3.13 powered prestretch—a mode of stretch wrap machinery operation in which wrap material elongation is achieved through
use of a power assist prestretch device and relative load motion.
3.3.14 protrusion puncture resistance—the ability of a wrap material to withstand the force exerted by a protrusion.
3.3.15 stretch wrap material—a material used for overwrapping that elongates when applied under tension and, through elastic
recovery conforms to the item(s) packaged.
3.3.16 wrap cycle—the series of operations used to wrap a load.
3.3.17 yield (coverage)—area per unit weight.
3.3.18 zipper (tear)—a self-propagating tear.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide is for user evaluation, selection, specification, and application of stretch wrapfilm materials. It may be used between
the buyer and seller to arrive at purchase specifications. Specific methods are contained within the body of the guide for material
evaluation, user performance, and quality assurance testing.
4.2 Care must be exercised in extrapolating test values obtained by use of the test methods outlined in this guide, to actual field
performance.
5. Stretch Film Classification
5.1 Stretch Film Uses—The following are general uses of stretch films.
5.1.1 Used to bundle multiple smaller goods into a single larger entity.
5.1.2 Used to secure a handling base (skids, platforms, pallets, slip sheets, etc.) to a load to expedite handling.
5.1.3 Used to secure cushioning, edge protection, or other package components to an individual item (office furniture, windows,
etc.).
5.1.4 Used as an environmental protection and tamper evidence for a load.
5.1.5 Used as a primary protective wrap for individual products (rolled products, metal coils, metal extrusions, wood molding,
etc.).
5.2 Stretch Film Types—The following are general types of stretch film.
5.2.1 Machine Stretch Film—Typically sold in widths ranging from 20 in. to 30 in. and in a variety of thicknesses. It is typically
sold on a 3-in. core and can be purchased in any length, although 3000 ft to 10 000 ft is most common.
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5.2.2 Hand Stretch Film—Typically sold in widths ranging from 10 in. to 20 in. and in a variety of thicknesses. It is typically sold
on a 3-in. core and can be purchased in any length, although 1000 ft to 2000 ft is common.
5.2.3 Prestretched (oriented) Stretch Film—Hand films that are stretched during the manufacturing process either in-line (oriented)
or in a secondary operation (prestretched).
5.2.4 Stretch Tape—Typically sold in width ranging from 3 in. to 5 in. and comes in a variety of thicknesses. It can be used to
bundle a series of objects, wrap a load that requires airflow or to handle goods temporarily for internal transport. It is generally
applied by hand and the devices for application vary widely from grabbing an extended core to apparatuses that aid in the
application of the film.
5.2.5 Ventilated Stretch Film—A film that has holes formed into it that allow airflow to enter and exit the load. It can be applied
with all application methods discussed in Section 12.
5.3 Stretch Film Classifications—Stretch wrap films may have the following types:The following are general classifications of
stretch films.
5.3.1 Hand applied film versus machine applied film,Application Methods:
5.3.1.1 Hand Film—For use in hand application of stretch film.
5.3.1.2 Machine Film—For use in powered stretch film application.
5.3.2 Fabrication (blown, cast),Fabrication Methods:
5.3.2.1 Blown Extrusion—Implies the bubble forming extrusion process used to manufacture the film.
5.3.2.2 Cast Extrusion—Implies the flat die extrusion method of manufacturing the film.
5.3.3 Cling Mechanisms—Cling Mechanism (two side, one side, no cling, migratory, non-migratory, one side slip, differentiated),
and The cling should be facing inward on the load to prevent different loads from sticking to each other. If the cling side is not
known, fold the film over on its self in either direction to determine which side has more cling.
5.3.3.1 Two Sided—Similar cling properties are found on both sides of the film.
5.3.3.2 Differential Cling—Superior cling properties are found on one side of the film and lower cling on the other.
5.3.3.3 One Sided—Cling properties are found on one side and no cling is found on the other side. Some one sided cling films
have a slippery, non-cling side.
5.3.3.4 No Cling—No cling is found on either side of the film. These films’ tails typically have to be tucked under a layer of film
in the wrap pattern or heat sealed to ensure the film does not come unraveled in the transportation process.
5.3.4 Layer (monolayer, co-extruded).Layering During Extrusion:
5.3.4.1 Monolayer—Single layer of material.
5.3.4.2 Co-Extruded—Multiple layers of material where used during extrusion.
5.3.5 Ultraviolet Protective Film—Protects the film from breaking down in the presence of the sun’s ultraviolet rays.
5.3.6 Anti-corrosive Films—Works to prevent corrosion on metal products.
5.3.7 Opaque/Tinted Films—Colorants are an option as a load identification alternative or as a method to hide the product being
transported.
5.2 Grade:
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5.2.1 Colors, (clear, tints, opaque).
5.3 Class:
5.3.1 Food Contact, and
5.3.2 Non-food Contact.
6. Raw Materials and Fabrication
6.1 Typical materials covered by this guide are as follows:The following are typical materials included in the extrusion process
of stretch film:
6.1.1 Low-density polyethylene (LDPE),
6.1.2 Medium-density polyethylene (MDPE),
6.1.1 Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE),
6.1.2 Metallocene/mMetallocene linear low density polyethylene (mLLDPE):(mLLDPE),
6.1.5 Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA),
6.1.6 Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC),
6.1.3 Polypropylene (PP),
6.1.4 Other polymeric materials or blends that meet the requirements of this guide. High density polyethylene (HDPE),
Polyisobutylene (PIB) (tackifier),
6.1.5 Ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMA),Vinyl Acetate (EVA).
6.1.10 Very low density polyethylene (VLDPE),
6.1.11 Ethylene metallocene plastomers, and
6.1.12 Additives, modifiers and pigments.
7. Ordering Information
7.1 The inquiry and order for materials shall indicate the following where applicable:
7.1.1 Grade and class required,
7.1.2 Thickness,
7.1.3 Material length per roll,
7.1.4 Outside roll diameter,
7.1.5 Material width,
7.1.6 Core dimension (inside diameter and extension), and
7.1.7 ASTM designation, including revision date.
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TABLE 1 Physical and Mechanical Properties of Materials
Common SI ASTM Test
Property
Unit Unit Method
Breaking factor 1 lbf/in. kN/m D882
Breaking factor lbf/in. kN/m D882
Clarity % % D1746
Cling (peel) gm N D5458
Coefficient of friction at . . D1894
approximately 72 and
100°F
(22 and 38°C)
Coefficient of friction at . . D1894
approximately 72 and
100°F
(22 and 38°C)
3 3
Density lb/in. g/cm D1505
3 3
Density lbf/in. g/cm D1505
Elastic recovery % % D5459
Elongation at break % % D882
Flammability % 0 % 0 D2863
Force at elongation (50, 100, lbf/in. kN/m D882
150, 200 %)
Force at elongation (50, 100, lbf/in. kN/m D5459
150, 200 %)
Gloss . . D2457
Haze % % D1003
A
Protrusion puncture in./lb M/kg
Protrusion puncture in./lbf Nm D5748
Static electrification V V D4470
Stress retention % % D5459
Tear resistance (Elmendorf) gm N D1922
Ultimate tensile strength lb/in. Pa D882
Ultimate tensile strength lbf/in. Pa D882
Water vapor transmission g/24 h-100 g/h-m E96/E96M,
rate in. Procedure E
Wetting tension dyne/cm dyne/cm D2578
2 2
Yield (coverage) in. /lb m /Kg D4321
A
New Standard Test Method for Protrusion Puncture Resistance of Stretch-Wrap
Materials is under development.
7.2 Where necessary, ordering information may be expanded or modified for special uses or materials, such as method of stretch
and stretch percentage expected.
7. Stretch Film and Additives’Additives’ Characteristics
7.1 Physical and Mechanical Properties:
7.1.1 The properties and test methods in Table 1 shall be used when describing the physical and mechanical characteristics of wrap
materials as manufactured.
7.1.2 The practices listed in Table 2 can be an aid when describing performance characteristics of wrap materials, as used for
unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing.
7.1.3 Some of the test methods described in Table 12 may be applied to multiple wraps or stretched specimens, or both, to aid
in assessing their performance characteristics.
7.1.4 Other tests that may be of value for evaluating actual performance are given in Annex A1Guide D8314.
7.2 Other Properties—Food contact stretch films must conform to FDA or other governmental regulations, or both, as applicable.
7.3 Recyclability/Disposability —Recyclability/Disposability—Stretch film should be recycled whenever possible. Disposability-
Disposal shall be in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations.
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TABLE 2 Test Methods Related to Performance
Procedure ASTM Test Method
Test Method for Evaluating Abrasion Resistance of D5416
Stretch Wrap Material
Test Method for Evaluating Load Containment D5415
Performance of Stretch Wrap Material by Vibration
Testing
Test Method for Evaluating Load Containment D5415
Performance of Stretch Wrap Material by Vibration
Testing
Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal Impact D5414
Performance of Stretch Wrap Materials
Test Method for Evaluation of Horizontal Impact D5414
Performance of Stretch Wrap Materials
Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling of D5331
Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap Materials
7.4 Static Discharge—Some plastic packaging wrap materials stretch films may build up static electrical charge. Care should be
exercised in using these materials especially where potential flammable air vapor or air dust mixtures can exist.
7.5 Unwind Noise—Some stretch films are noisier than others during the application process. This may be a characteristic that
needs to be considered for some applications.
8. Dimensions, Mass, and Permissible Variations
8.1 The material dimensions and their permissible variations shall conform to the following, unless otherwise specified by the
user:
8.1.1 Thickness (caliper, gage) (gauge, microns, inches) is expressed in fractions of an inch or mils. For example, the nominal
thickness of 80-gage wrap material is 80/100 000, 0.00080 in., or 0.8 mils,decimal form. For example, 80-gauge is also equal to
0.0008 inches. The 80-gauge film multiplied by 0.254 to equal 20.3 micron.
9.1.1.1 As determined by Specification D2103, and
8.1.1.1 The actual wrap material thickness shall not vary more than 625 %610 % of the nominal gage thickness in any one point
across the width nor 20 % from the nominal thickness for the average of five consecutive points across the web, measured in a
minimum of 1-in. or 25-mm increments.width.
8.1.2 Roll Weight or Yield—See Table 3.
9.1.2.1 Gross weight of hand wrap films generally under 12 lb.
8.1.3 The film roll width tolerance for wrap materials is 6 ⁄4 in. (6 mm) in. (6 mm) unless otherwise agreed upon between the
buyer and the seller.
9.1.3.1 Standard widths are 10 to 80 in. (254 to 2032 mm) plus 10 to 20 in. (254 to 508 mm) on hand wrap applications.
Nonstandard widths are also available.
1 1
8.1.3.1 Roll width, measured by awidth tolerance is 6 ⁄8 steel tape having an accuracy of 6in. (3 mm) of the width ⁄8 in. (3
mm).as marked unless otherwise agreed upon between the buyer and the seller.
8.1.4 The roll diameter tolerance is 65 % of nominal outside diameter.
8.1.5 The length per roll of film wrap materials shall be within + 4 − 0 %within 65 % of the length as marked, or as otherwise
agreed between the buyer and the seller,seller as measured by a tapeless measure.wheel counter that presses on the film roll as it
is being unwound from the roll but before the film is pulled off the roll. (Films may extend or contract after the film is removed
from the roll. This may produce an inaccurate length measurement.)
8.1.6 A unit conversion table is found in Table 4.
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TABLE 3 Average Weight/Yield Tolerances for Stretch Wrap
Material
Number of Rolls Tolerance, %
Any one roll ±7
Lots over 25 ±5
TABLE 4 Unit Conversion Factors
Unit Conversion
Gauge * 0.254 = Micron Inch * 25.4 = Millimetres
Micron * 3.937 = Gauge Millimeter * 0.0394 = Inches
Feet * 0.3048 = Metres Pound / 2.2 = Kilograms
Meter * 3.2808 = Feet Kilogram * 2.2 = Pounds
Pound Force * 4.44822 = Newtons Newton /4.44822 = Pounds Force
3 3 3 3
Pound/in * 27.6799 = g/cm Pound/ft * 0.0160184 = g/cm
Mil * 25.4 = Micron Mil = 100 Gauge
Pound Force/in * 6.895 = kPa
9. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
9.1 Wrap materials Films shall be generally free from defectsimperfections that may affect the serviceabilityperformance such as
wrinkles, fold-over creases, soft spongy areas, and gels.damaged edges, and inconsistent thicknesses.
9.1.1 No splices are allowed.
10. Sampling
10.1 Sampling shall be in accordance with PracticeSamples should not be taken within the initial D1898.2 % or the last 2 % of
the length of the roll; regardless remove enough film to ensure that damaged or poorly wound film is not used for test samples.
12. Test Methods
12.1 The test methods in Annex A1 are not ASTM standards, however these procedures are a necessary part of this guide.
11. Preparation for Delivery Ordering and Shipping Information
11.1 Lot or serial number must appear on the individual roll, pallet or case.The following should be included when ordering stretch
film.
11.1.1 Film thickness.
11.1.2 Film width.
11.1.3 Film length per roll.
11.1.4 Core dimensions (inside diameter and extension).
11.1.5 Identification of machine or hand film.
11.1.6 Identification of any other classifications found under Section 5.
11.1.7 Quantity.
11.1.8 Delivery locations.
11.1.9 Where necessary, ordering information may be expanded per customer request.
11.2 Shipping container or individual rolls, or both, shall be labeled in accordance with Practice D3951 with the following
additional markings:
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11.2.1 Product name,name.
11.2.2 Thickness,Thickness.
11.2.3 Material width in inches or millimetres,width.
11.2.4 Material length per roll in feet or meters,roll.
11.2.5 Material weight per roll in pounds or kilograms, androll.
11.2.6 Manufacturer’s or seller’s name.
11.2.7 Manufacturer’s or seller’s name.Lot or serial number on the individual roll, pallet, or case.
11.2.8 Where necessary, labeling information may be expanded or modified for special uses or materials.
13.3 Where necessary, labeling information may be expanded or modified for special uses or materials.
14. General Uses
14.1 Tensioned stretch film may be used to secure a handling base (skids, platforms, pallets, slip sheets, etc.) to a unit load to
expedite handling (tertiary package).
14.2 Stretch film may be used to secure cushioning, edge protection, or other package components to an individual item (office
furniture, windows, etc.) (primary/secondary package).
14.3 Stretch film may be used as a primary protective wrap for individual products (rolled products, metal coils, etc.) (primary
package).
14.4 Stretch film may be used to bundle multiple products and provide surface protection (metal extrusions, wood molding)
(primary package).
14.5 Stretch film may be applied to rolled forage crops to facilitate the decomposition into silage (primary package)
12. Film Force Applied to the Load Considerations for Application
12.1 Concept of Load Containment—Wrap Patterns—Proper load containment allows the film to securely hold a load in place,
so the load safely arrives intact at a customer’s location. Stretch film is properly applied when: film is elongated; applied under
tension; and the elastic recovery conforms to the load. Load containment can be increased with additional wraps of stretch film,
heavier gauge film, or increased post-stretch.Infinitely variable but typically consist of:
12.1.1 One-Way Spiral—Typically started on the bottom or the top of the load. The stretch wrapper makes a single spiral pass over
the load with overlap varying from 20 % to 80 %.
12.1.2 Two-Way Spiral—Typically started on the top or bottom of the load. The stretch wrapper makes two complete spiral passes
(for example, up and down) over the load without breaking the film web. Overlap is between 20 % and 80 %.
12.1.3 Additional Top and Bottom Wraps—Multiple layers of overlap on the top and bottom of the load are applied in addition
to a cross spiral pattern (12.1.2) base.
12.1.4 Top Overwrap—The amount that the film is allowed to wrap over the top surface of the load.
15.2 Film Load Containment Properties—Films can differ in stretch retention and elastic recovery characteristics.
D4649 − 20
15.3 Film force to load is usually measured by determining the force required to pull the film a certain distance away from the
load.
15.4 Film elongation is achieved with pre-stretch and post-stretch. In a typical application, the majority of film elongation is
achieved in a pre-stretch mode of operation.
15.4.1 Pre-stretch is a mode of operation in which stretch film elongation is achieved between a pre-stretch device, typically
between two rollers rotating at different speeds.
15.4.2 Post-stretch is a mode of stretch film machinery operation in which film elongation is achieved after leaving the pre-stretch
device and before reaching the load. Generally this is achieved by an adjustment to the film force to load machine setting.
15.5 Wrapping Techniques:
15.5.1 Each application may require different load containment properties based on the product and methods of distribution. These
properties can be obtained with different film properties and machine settings.
12.2 Film Force Measurement Procedures: Stretch Roping—
15.6.1 Pull-Plate Method—A fish type scale is attached to a non-yielding round plate and the film is pulled away from the load.
At a measured distance the pounds (kilograms) of force applied to the plate by the film is recorded.Roping is achieved by taking
either part or the entire film web and curling or bunching into a single “strand” of film. This technique is used for stabilizing heavy
loads and to better connect the contents on the load to the pallet. Note that by using roped stretch film it is very easy to create a
high point load on corners of a load, potentially damaging delicate goods during the wrapping process.
12.2.1 Wrap-Scale-In Method—Hand Application of Rope—A strain gauge such as a bathroom type scale is attached to the load
and the stretch The film roll is held sideways (roll is parallel to the floor) as the film is applied to the load. The strain gauge is
used to record the pounds (kilograms) of force applied to the gauge by the film and is recorded.
15.6.3 Effects of Time and Temperature on the Film Forces Applied to the Load—It is important to conduct the film test at the same
amount of time after the load is wrapped, and at the same temperature and the same stretch percentages, to obtain the most
reproducible results.
12.3 Percent Prestretch and Post-Stretch—In general, the more stretch imparted on a given film, the more stiff (harder to stretch
further) the film will become. As the film is stretched generally the film stiffness, cling levels, load containment, and puncture
resistance may change. This is due to the aligning of the polymer chains during the stretching process.
12.4 Shelf Life of Film—Depending on storage conditions the quality of the film or the core can degrade over time, utilize
first-in-first-out inventory management when possible. Exposure to extreme temperatures, sunlight, and humidity can significantly
affect the length of this period.
12.5 Securing the Pallet—Securing the pallet and the load together with stretch film helps to keep the load together, reducing the
potential for load shift during transit.
12.6 Wrapping Consistency Evaluation—Film stretch and containment force should be reevaluated on a minimum quarterly basis
to ensure machine operation is consistent with the standard operating procedure.
12.7 Methods of Securing the Film Tail:
1 3
12.7.1 The cling properties of the film are used to secure the tail in place, recommended length is ⁄2 to ⁄4 the width of a load.
12.7.1.1 The film tail can be tucked under a previous wrap(s).
12.7.1.2 The film tail can be heat sealed to the wrap(s).
D4649 − 20
NOTE 1—Clockwise from left, Pole applicator, end plugs to protect hands during application, and film applicator with tensioner.
FIG. 1 Hand Wrap Film Dispensers (see 13.3)
13. Application Devices
13.1 Stretch film may be applied either by machine or by hand. Machine application provides more consistency and control for
wrapping and unitizing of a load. Hand application is more variable due to operator control of film coverage, placement of the film,
and the amount of tension applied. For the safety of both handlers and load contents, when hand wrapping there should be a careful
inspection of the finished unitized load for the placement, tension and coverage of film so that the load is securely held to the
pallet.Any method of application can be used in conjunction with a conveyor.
13.2 Types of Stretch Devices
13.2.1 Brake Devices—A brake device stretches film using only tension between the film roll (or application device) and the load
to be wrapped on more basic wrappers.
13.2.2 Non-Powered Prestretch—A set of fixed gears is used to stretch film to a percentage of its original length. The levels of
stretch that can be selected are limited to the ratios which can be achieved by changing out machine parts in the film carriage.
13.2.3 Powered Prestretch—A power assisted version of non-powered prestretch, again using fixed gears.
13.2.4 Variable Prestretch—An adjustable stretch version of the powered prestretch where the percent stretch can be changed by
the operator either between wraps or mid wrap pattern.
13.3 Hand Wrap Dispenser (see Fig. 1). Will range from handling the core directly to an apparatus that holds the film and can
control tension during application. For the safety of both handlers and load contents, a clear Standard Operating Procedure should
be composed and followed. Film is typically stretched between 0 % and 50 % during application. When applying film by hand,
attempt to emulate the wrap patterns stated in Section 12.
13.3.1 Optional Techniques beyond the standard wrap patterns include:
13.3.1.1 Butterflying—Rotating the roll on its vertical axis during the application process. If this is part of the SOP, it is not
recommended that single sided cling film is used as the cling will only be on the inside 50 % of the time.
13.3.1.2 Over the Corner—Pulling the film over the corner during the application process to help secure the corner of the load.
13.3.1.3 Band Wrap—Wrapping around the top of the unit load to temporarily secure the load.
D4649 − 20
FIG. 2 HorizontalTurntable Stretch Bundling System (as defined in Wrap System (see 16.2.213.4.1)
13.4 Machine Application—Can be manual, semiautomatic, and automatic and offer a wide variety of features.
13.4.1 Turntable Wrapper (see Fig. 2).
13.4.1.1 Load turns on a spinning table as the film is applied therefore the load must be stable enough to handle the force from
the film and the centrifugal forces.
13.4.1.2 The film carriage travels up and down as the film is applied.
13.4.1.3 The film carriage is available in prestretching and brake device variants.
13.4.1.4 Turntable Height—Turntables are available in two different heights, low and high.
(1) Low Turntables—The turntables are close to the ground, typically less than 4 inches in height. Can be loaded with both hand
jack and fork truck.
(2) High Turntables—The tables are h
...