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ASTM D4169-23e1

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems

Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a guide for the evaluation of shipping units in accordance with a uniform system, using established test methods at levels representative of those occurring in actual distribution. The recommended test levels are based on available information on the shipping and handling environment, and current industry/government practice and experience (1-13).6 The tests should be performed sequentially on the same containers in the order given. For use as a performance test, this practice requires that the shipping unit tested remain unopened until the sequence of tests are completed. If used for other purposes, such as package development, it may be useful to open and inspect shipping units at various times throughout the sequence. This may, however, prohibit evaluating the influence of the container closure on container performance.  
4.2 For Distribution Cycle 18, as referred to in MIL-STD-2073–1, the use of this practice is defined in subsequent sections identified as DC-18.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of evaluating, in a laboratory, the ability of shipping units to withstand the distribution environment. This is accomplished by subjecting them to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipated hazard elements encountered in various distribution cycles. This practice is not intended to supplant material specifications or existing preshipment test procedures.  
1.2 Consider the use of Practice D7386 for testing of packages for single parcel shipments.  
1.3 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardous materials has not been determined.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2023
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.21 - Shipping Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4169-23 - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D3951-18(2023) - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D5277-22 - Standard Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D5331-03(2016) - Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads Secured with Stretch Wrap Films
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6537-00(2021) - Standard Practice for Instrumented Package Shock Testing For Determination of Package Performance
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6039/D6039M-18 - Standard Specification for Open and Covered Wood Crates
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D4919-23 - Standard Guide for Testing of Hazardous Materials (Dangerous Goods) Packagings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6179-20 - Standard Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6344-04(2017) - Standard Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport Packages
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D1974/D1974M-22 - Standard Practice for Methods of Closing, Sealing, and Reinforcing Fiberboard Boxes
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6573/D6573M-13(2020) - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6055-96(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D951-17 - Standard Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Containers by Spray Method
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6880/D6880M-19 - Standard Specification for Wood Boxes
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023
Referred By
ASTM D6653/D6653M-13(2021) - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method
Effective Date
01-Dec-2023

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ASTM D4169-23e1 - Standard Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
´1
Designation: D4169 − 23
Standard Practice for
1
Performance Testing of Shipping Containers and Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4169; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections made throughout in March 2024.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This practice provides a uniform basis of evaluating, in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a laboratory, the ability of shipping units to withstand the
D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance
distribution environment. This is accomplished by subjecting
of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
them to a test plan consisting of a sequence of anticipated
D880 Test Method for Impact Testing for Shipping Contain-
hazard elements encountered in various distribution cycles.
ers and Systems
This practice is not intended to supplant material specifications
D951 Test Method for Water Resistance of Shipping Con-
or existing preshipment test procedures.
tainers by Spray Method
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
1.2 Consider the use of Practice D7386 for testing of
ments
packages for single parcel shipments.
D999 Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Con-
1.3 The suitability of this practice for use with hazardous
tainers
materials has not been determined.
D4003 Test Methods for Programmable Horizontal Impact
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Test for Shipping Containers and Systems
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
Packaging Components for Testing
and are not considered standard.
D4728 Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Ship-
ping Containers
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D5265 Test Method for Bridge Impact Testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D5276 Test Method for Drop Test of Loaded Containers by
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Free Fall
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D5277 Test Method for Performing Programmed Horizontal
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Impacts Using an Inclined Impact Tester
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
D5487 Test Method for Simulated Drop of Loaded Contain-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ers by Shock Machines
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D6055 Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D6179 Test Methods for Rough Handling of Unitized Loads
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and Large Shipping Cases and Crates
D6344 Test Method for Concentrated Impacts to Transport
Packages
D6653 Test Methods for Determining the Effects of High
Altitude on Packaging Systems by Vacuum Method
D7386 Practice for Performance Testing of Packages for
Single Parcel Delivery Systems
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
2
Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as D4169 – 22. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4169-23E01. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´1
D4169 − 23
F1327 Terminology Relating to Barrier Materials for Medi- 3.2.8.2 large shipping unit, n—for DC-18, a large shipping
3
cal Packaging (Withdrawn 2007) unit is defined as one having at least one edge dimension or
F2825 Practice for Climatic Stressing of Packaging Systems diameter over 60 in. (1.52 m) or a
...

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ASTM D999-08(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses when subjected to vibration present in all transportation vehicles. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in shipping may require subjecting the container(s) and contents to vibration inputs.  
4.2 Resonant responses during shipment can be severe and may lead to package or product failure. Identification of critical frequencies, and the nature of package stresses can aid in minimizing the effect of these occurrences.  
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1.1 These test methods cover vibration tests of filled shipping containers. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container, with its interior packing and means of closure, both in terms of its strength and of the protection it provides its contents when it is subjected to vibration such as it experiences in transportation. These procedures are suitable for testing containers of any form, material, kind, design of interior packing, means of closure, and any size and weight. They are not intended for determining the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, nor are they intended for tests of products in their operational configuration as other more suitable procedures are available for these purposes.2,3  
1.2 The following methods appear:
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is a phase wherein the packaged product may be stored for a period of time in a manner such that one or more containers are superimposed one upon the other. Failure can occur in any layer4 (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).
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FIG. 2 Container Under Constant Load of Dead Weights
FIG. 3 Containers Under Constant Load in Compression Test Machine With Fixed Platen  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistance of a shipping container to a vertically applied constant load for either a specified time or to failure. The test method may also be used for palletized or unitized load configurations.  
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ASTM D3332-99(2023)(Test Method)
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4.1 These test methods are intended to provide the user with data on product shock fragility that can be used in choosing optimum-cushioning materials for shipping containers or for product design modification.
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1.1 These test methods cover determination of the shock fragility of products. This fragility information may be used in designing shipping containers for transporting the products. It may also be used to improve product ruggedness. Unit or consumer packages, which are transported within an outer container, are considered to be the product for the purposes of these test methods. Two test methods are outlined, as follows:  
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This specification provides a standard means for testing and measuring the performance characteristics of printed, pressure-sensitive adhesive labels for containers, particularly containers to be used in extreme distribution environments (for example, hazardous materials labels, aerospace, military containers). For the purposes of this specification, an extreme distribution environment is one in which it can be reasonably expected to experience direct exposure to deteriorating chemicals, weather, elevated/cold temperatures, and other environmental and physical elements for an extended period of time. This specification includes standard laboratory test methods to simulate exposure to various conditions and measure associated degradation of required performance characteristics. The data from these methods can be used as acceptance criteria between a supplier and customer. This specification covers the physical properties of the labels, as well as workmanship, finish and appearance, acceptance criteria, testing procedures, reporting of all the steps taken, certification, and preparation for delivery.
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1.1 This specification provides a standard means to test and measure performance characteristics of printed, pressure-sensitive adhesive labels for containers, particularly containers to be used in extreme distribution environments (for example, hazardous materials labels, aerospace, military containers). For the purposes of this specification, an extreme distribution environment is one in which it can be reasonably expected to experience direct exposure to deteriorating chemicals, weather, elevated/cold temperatures, and other environmental and physical elements for an extended period of time.  
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ASTM D4675-14a(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials1

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to assist the user in selecting strapping material(s) and application method(s) for evaluation when subjected to handling, transit, and storage tests. It describes general load, unit and package types, strapping properties, strapping performance, weight considerations, shear planes, component frictional characteristics, and geometry.
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1.1 This guide1 covers information on flat strapping materials (steel and nonmetallic) for the prospective user wanting initial guidance in selecting a strapping material and information on suggested application methods for use in packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling, bundling, unitizing, or palletizing), and loading applications (load unitization and securement to transport vehicle). The use applies to handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.  
1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packaging and loading requirements that (in some cases) specify the type of strap, the minimum size or strength, the type of joint or seal, and the number of straps, seals, and joints that must be used for particular types of shipments or under certain conditions. Users should consult with their carriers initially to determine if there are applicable published requirements. Individual carriers may establish their own requirements. (See 2.2.)  
1.3 Limitations—This guide is not intended to give specific information as to how strapping must be used in any particular packaging or loading situation. Rather, it is intended to be informational in nature and is offered as a starting point for the testing of strapping being considered by the user. Thorough user testing is essential, as is a review of pertinent regulations that can influence strap selection (size and type), and application methods.  
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ASTM D3953-15(2022)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals

ABSTRACT
This specification covers flat steel strapping and seals intended for use in closing, reinforcing, bundling articles for shipment, unitizing, palletizing, and bracing for carloading, truckloading, lifting, and lashing. This specification does not include specialty-type strapping as developed for special applications or strapping produced from alloy metals. Strapping shall be of the following types: Type 1 and Type II; shall be of the following finish: Finish A, Finish B including Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3, Finish C and Finish D; and shall have the prescribed widths and thicknesses in accordance with the specified sizes. Seals shall be of the following classes: Class R and Class H; finishes: Finish A, Finish B including Grade 1, Grade 2, and Grade 3, Finish C, and Finish D; and styles: Style I, Style II, Style III, Style IV, and Style V. Materials shall be cold-rolled carbon steel of the prescribed quality. Strapping and seal shall conform to the physical and mechanical property requirements prescribed for: (1) breaking strength, elongation and seal joint strength, (2) lubrication (by lubricity and edge tests), (3) weld efficiency, (4) seal width, (5) seal application, (6) notch, crimp, and sealless joints, (7) galvanized strapping (by weight loss test), (8) ductility of strapping coating, (9) base metal ductility (by bending test), and (10) straightness (camber, coil set, and spiral twist). The coil configuration are specified and illustrated. Sampling and packaging requirements such as wrapping and packing are also detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers flat steel strapping and seals intended for use in closing, reinforcing, bundling articles for shipment, unitizing, palletizing, and bracing for carloading, truckloading, lifting, and lashing.  
1.2 This specification includes strapping and seals made from carbon steel and applies only to the types and sizes as cataloged by strapping suppliers to be a standard, commercially available product. It does not include “specialty”-type strapping as developed for special applications or strapping produced from alloy metals.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 Performance characteristics may be negatively affected by extremes of temperatures, such as occur during the annealing of steel.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat applies only to the test method portion, Sections 11, 12, and 13, of this specification:  
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D4279-95(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Shipping Containers—Constant and Cycle Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are normally used for the following purposes:  
4.1.1 To evaluate materials and constructions for a specific type of container,  
4.1.2 To compare performance of different types of containers,  
4.1.3 To determine adequacy of protection for a specific product or application, and  
4.1.4 To maintain quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of water vapor transmission rates for bulk shipping containers, as follows:  
1.1.1 Method A, for Reclosable Containers, and  
1.1.2 Method B, for Containers Not Designed for Reclosing.  
1.2 Within each procedure details are given for the constant and cycle methods of test atmosphere.  
1.3 The test may be applied to the container as packed, or after one or more performance tests such as drum (Method D782), vibration (Methods D999), drop (Test Method D5276), impact resistance (Test Methods D880, D4003, and D5277), or performance tests (Practice D4169), as required.  
1.4 For small shipping containers requiring greater accuracy in weighing, the water vapor transmission may be determined in accordance with Test Method D895 or Test Method D1251.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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