ASTM E2780-10
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters
Standard Test Method for Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood Heaters
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used for determining emission rates and emission factors for wood heaters.
The emission factor is useful for determining emission performance during product development.
The emission factor is useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining compliance with emission performance limits.
The emission rate may be useful for the air quality regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality from wood heaters.
The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour, grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of particulate per megajoule of heat output.
Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.
Appropriate reporting units for predicting atmospheric emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
The fuel load specified in this test method is a lumber crib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPA Method 28. Cribs were specified in EPA Method 28 to provide a reproducible and repeatable test method. In normal operation the majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood with irregular shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists to indicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standard yield results that are predictive of performance using cordwood fuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 which provides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is provided so that those interested in measuring emissions performance with cordwood will have a consistent method to follow. A comparative database using the two fueling procedures will provide data to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlate to test results using cordwood fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts as well as determining heat output and efficiency.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: E2780 − 10
Standard Test Method for
Determining Particulate Matter Emissions from Wood
Heaters
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2780; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.2 combustion air control, n—an air control device that
regulates air to the wood heater that is primarily intended
1.1 This test method covers the fueling and operating
promote pyrolysis of the fuel load.
protocol for determining particulate matter emissions from
wood fires in wood-burning room heaters and fireplace inserts
3.2.3 Douglas fir, n—untreated, standard, or better grade
as well as determining heat output and efficiency.
Douglasfirlumberwithagencygradestamp:D.FirorDouglas
Fir.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2.4 firebox, n—the chamber in the wood heater in which
only.
the test fuel charge is placed and combusted.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.5 fuel piece, n—2×4or4×4 wood pieces used to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
construct test fuel cribs and referring to the nominal width and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
depthdimensionsforcommonlyavailabledimensionallumber.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1 1
The actual dimensions are 38 × 89 mm (1 ⁄2×3 ⁄2 in.) and 89
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1 1
×89mm(3 ⁄2×3 ⁄2 in.).
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.6 fuel piece length, n—the length of fuel pieces used to
construct the test fuel crib measured in mm (in.).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E631Terminology of Building Constructions
3.2.7 firebox height, n—unless otherwise specified in the
E2515Test Method for Determination of Particulate Matter
manufacturer’s written instructions included with the heater,
Emissions Collected by a Dilution Tunnel
firebox height is the vertical distance extending above the
2.2 Other Standards: loading door, if fuel could reasonably occupy that space, but
ANSI/UL-103 Standard for Chimneys, Factory-Built, Resi-
not more than 2 inches above the top (peak height) of the
dential Type and Building Heating Appliance loadingdoor,tothefloorofthefirebox(i.e.,belowapermanent
CSA B415.1Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-Burning
grate) if the grate allows a 1-inch diameter piece of wood to
Heating Appliances
passthroughthegrate,or,ifnot,tothetopofthegrate.Firebox
height is not necessarily uniform but must account for varia-
3. Terminology
tions caused by internal baffles, air channels, or other perma-
nent obstructions. A visible indicator or landmark within the
3.1 Definitions—Terms used in this test method are defined
firebox that will provide a clear indication to the heater user of
in Terminology E631.
the maximum height that fuel should be loaded, and is
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
specifically referenced in the manufacturer’s written
3.2.1 burn rate, n—therateatwhichtestfuelisconsumedin
instructions, may be used to determine firebox height for the
awoodheater.Measuredinkilograms(lb)(drybasis)perhour.
purposes of calculating usable firebox volume.
3.2.8 firebox length, n—the longest horizontal fire chamber
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.54 be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
on Solid Fuel Burning Appliances.
instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published December 2010. DOI:
10.1520/E2780-10.
3.2.9 firebox width, n—the shortest horizontal fire chamber
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
dimension where fuel pieces might reasonably be expected to
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
be placed in accordance with the manufacturer’s written
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. instructions that is parallel to a wall of the chamber.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2780 − 10
3.2.10 kindling, n—wood pieces used to initiate combustion with kindling, pre-burn fuel and a test fuel load. Each test run
of the pre-burn fuel. Kindling may be ignited using crumpled is a hot-to-hot cycle. Individual test runs are conducted at burn
newspaper. rates ranging from low to maximum burn rates. The fuel load
configurationisdeterminedbasedontheusablefireboxvolume
3.2.11 manufacturer’s written instructions, n—specific in-
of the heater plus the firebox dimensions and geometry.
formation regarding the fueling and operation procedures
Kindlingandcrumplednewspaperareusedtoigniteapre-burn
recommended by the heater manufacturer and included with
fuel load(s) that is burned to heat the wood heater to normal
the heater.These instructions must be consistent with informa-
operating temperature and to establish a charcoal bed.The test
tion provided to the heater end-user in the owner’s manual or
fuelloadisplacedonthecharcoalbedandgiventimetoignite
equivalent.
before the air control(s) is (are) set to the test run condition.
3.2.12 owner’s manual, n—written information provided to
When the full weight of the test fuel load has been burned, the
the heater end-user regarding the installation and recom-
test run is terminated. Burn rate is determined based on the
mended fueling and operating procedures that will help the
weightofthetestfuelloaddividedbythelengthoftestrunand
heater user to achieve the best heater performance. It is also
correctedtoadryfuelbasis.Particulatesamplingbeginsbefore
referred as the installation and operation guide or other
the test fuel load is added and stops when the test run
equivalent title.
terminates.Thetotalparticulateemissionsaredeterminedover
3.2.13 particulate matter (PM), n—all gas-borne matter
the test run length. The particulate emissions rate is then
resultingfromcombustionofsolidfuel,asspecifiedinthistest
determined from the total particulate emissions divided by the
method, which is collected in accordance with Test Method
lengthofthetestrunandisreportedingramsofparticulateper
E2515.
hour. The particulate emission factor may also be determined
3.2.14 pre-burn fuel, n—wood pieces used to pre-heat the
from the total particulate emissions divided by the dry basis
wood heater and establish a charcoal bed prior to the test run.
weight of the test fuel load and is reported in grams of
3.2.15 secondary combustion air control, n—an air control particulate per dry kilogram of fuel.This test method may also
be used in conjunction with CSAB415.1 for determining heat
device that regulates air to the wood heater that is primarily
intended to provide the additional oxygen needed to promote output and efficiency. If heat output is determined, particulate
emissionsperunitofheatdeliveredmayalsobecalculatedand
secondary combustion of the combustible materials released
during pyrolysis of the fuel load. is reported in grams of particulate per megajoule.
3.2.16 test facility, n—the area in which the wood heater is
5. Significance and Use
installed, operated, and sampled for emissions.
3.2.17 test fuel crib, n—the arrangement of the test fuel
5.1 This test method is used for determining emission rates
pieces and test fuel spacers. and emission factors for wood heaters.
5.1.1 Theemissionfactorisusefulfordeterminingemission
3.2.18 test fuel density, n—the dry basis density of the test
performance during product development.
fuel pieces that comprise the test fuel crib.
5.1.2 The emission factor is useful for the air quality
3.2.19 test fuel loading density, n—theweightoftheas-fired
regulatory community for determining compliance with emis-
test fuel crib per unit volume of usable firebox.
sion performance limits.
3.2.20 test fuel pieces, n—the individual fuel pieces (nomi-
5.1.3 The emission rate may be useful for the air quality
nal2×4and4×4 dimensional lumber) that comprise the test
regulatory community for determining impacts on air quality
fuel crib.
from wood heaters.
3.2.21 test fuel spacers, n—wood pieces used to space fuel
pieces apart in the test fuel crib. Their function is to provide 5.2 The reporting units are grams of particulate per hour,
grams of particulate per kilogram of dry fuel and grams of
reproducible fuel crib geometry and air spaces between fuel
pieces. particulate per megajoule of heat output.
5.2.1 Appropriate reporting units for comparing emissions
3.2.22 test run, n—an individual emission test which en-
from all types of solid fuel fired appliances: g/kg.
compasses the time required to consume the mass of the test
5.2.2 Appropriatereportingunitsforpredictingatmospheric
fuel crib.
emission impacts: g/h or g/MJ.
3.2.23 test series, n—a group of test runs on the same wood
heater.
5.3 The fuel load specified in this test method is a lumber
3.2.24 usable firebox volume, n—the volume of the firebox crib of uniform dimensions, identical to that specified in EPA
Method 28. Cribs were specified in EPAMethod 28 to provide
determinedusingitsheight,length,andwidthasdefinedinthis
section. areproducibleandrepeatabletestmethod.Innormaloperation
the majority of fuel used by consumers is cordwood with
3.2.25 wood heater, n—an enclosed, wood burning appli-
irregular shapes and dimensions. Very little data exists to
ancecapableofandintendedforspaceheatingand/ordomestic
indicate whether or not the fuel cribs specified in this standard
water heating.
yieldresultsthatarepredictiveofperformanceusingcordwood
4. Summary of Test Method
fuel. This standard, therefore, includes Annex A1 which
4.1 This test method is used in conjunction with Test provides a fueling procedure using cordwood. It is provided so
Method E2515. The wood heater under evaluation is fueled that those interested in measuring emissions performance with
E2780 − 10
cordwood will have a consistent method to follow.Acompara- scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration
tive database using the two fueling procedures will provide results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
data to determine whether test results using crib fuel correlate test, audit the scale with the test wood heater in place by
to test results using cordwood fuel. weighing at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that
corresponds to between 20 and 80% of the expected test fuel
6. Safety
charge weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the
calibration weight within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb) or 1% of the
6.1 Disclaimer—This test method may involve hazardous
expected test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recali-
materials,operations,andequipment.Thistestmethodmaynot
brate the scale before use with at least five calibration weights
address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is
spanning the operational range of the scale.
the responsibility of the user of this test method to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the
8.3 Test Fuel Scale—Perform a multipoint calibration (at
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to performing this
leastfivepointsspanningtheoperationalrange)ofthetestfuel
test method.
scalebeforeitsinitialuse.Thescalemanufacturer’scalibration
results are sufficient for this purpose. Before each certification
7. Equipment and Supplies
test, audit the scale with the wood heater in place by weighing
7.1 Wood Moisture Meter—Calibrated electrical resistance
at least one calibration weight (ASTM Class F) that corre-
meter capable of measuring test fuel moisture to within 1%
spondstobetween20and80%oftheexpectedtestfuelcharge
moisture content. Must meet the calibration requirements
weight. If the scale cannot reproduce the value of the calibra-
specified in 8.1.
tion weight within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb) or 1% of the expected
test fuel charge weight, whichever is greater, recalibrate the
7.2 Test Fuel Scale—Ascalecapableofweighingtestfuelto
scale before use with at least five calibration weights spanning
within 0.005 kg (0.01 lb). Must meet the calibration require-
the operational range of the scale.
ments specified in 8.3.
8.4 Temperature Sensors—Temperature measuring equip-
7.3 Platform Scale—A scale capable of weighing the test
ment shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-
wood heater and attached chimney, including the weight of the
annually thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with
test fuel, to within 0.05 kg (0.1 lb). Must meet the calibration
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Mono-
requirements specified in 8.2.
graph 175, Standard Limits of Error.
7.4 Wood heater Flue Gas Temperature Measurement
Device—A3.2 mm (0.125 in.) diameter sheathed, non-isolated
9. Procedure
junction Type K thermocouple capable of measuring flue gas
temperaturewithanaccuracyof2.2°C(4.0°F)or0.75%ofthe 9.1 Pre-conditioning of the Wood Heater—The wood heater
must be pre-conditioned before a test series begins.
reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibration require-
ments specified in 8.4.
9.1.1 Setupthewoodheaterinaccordancewithinstructions
provided by the manufacturer. The total height of chimney
7.5 Wood Heater Surface Temperature Measuring
whenmeasuredfromthefloorortopoftheplatformscaleshall
Device—A temperature sensor capable of measuring surface
be 4.6 6 0.3 m (15 6 1 ft).
temperatures with an accuracy of 2.2°C (4.0°F) or 0.75% of
9.1.2 Install a flue-gas temperature measurement device at
the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet calibration
the center of the flue, 2.6 6 0.15 m (8.5 6 0.5 ft) above the
requirements specified in 8.4.
floor or top of the platform scale. For catalyst-equipped
7.6 Catalytic Combustor Exit Temperature Measuring
heaters,installacatalyticcombustorexittemperaturemeasure-
Device—A temperature sensor capable of measuring the tem-
mentdeviceatthecentroidofthecatalyticcombustorexitface
perature of the gases exiting the catalytic combustor in a
and within 25 mm (1 in.) downstream of the catalytic combus-
catalyst equipped heater with an accuracy of 2.2°C (4.0°F) or
tor exit face.
0.75% of the reading, whichever is greater. Must meet
9.1.3 Operate the wood heater for at least 48 hours at a
calibration requirements specified in 8.4.
medium burn rate as defined in 9.5.1 using fuel meeting the
7.7 Insulated Solid Pack
...
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