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ASTM F3048-13

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue Operations

Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue Operations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a framework within which swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be conducted.  
4.2 Every person, agency, and organization that responds to, or participates in, swiftwater/flood SAR operations should operate within the framework established by this guide.  
4.3 This guide and the framework it establishes should be used in conjunction with established and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated by an AHJ.  
4.4 The AHJ shall determine which personnel, agencies, and/or organizations are qualified and authorized to participate in swiftwater/flood SAR operations.  
4.5 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJ that wish to perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations as part of the NIMS/ICS.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to safely and effectively perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations.  
4.7 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess the extent to which the requirements of this standard are met.  
4.8 Because operations in the swiftwater/flood environment are inherently dangerous, and individuals involved are frequently required to perform rigorous activities in adverse conditions, regional and national safety standards should be included in agency policies and procedures.  
4.9 Swiftwater/flood personnel should only perform activities in the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk assessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (e.g. use of personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to shore-based techniques, delaying a recovery until more favorable water conditions exist, etc.) have been performed, or at the very least, should follow the appropriate federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activities in swiftwater environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes a framework within which swiftwater/flood Search and Rescue (SAR) operations shall be conducted as part of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)/ Incident Command System (ICS).  
1.2 The requirements of this guide shall apply to individuals, agencies, and organizations that respond to swiftwater/flood SAR operations, including those not regulated by government mandates.  
1.3 This document does not define the specific training required for personnel involved in swiftwater/flood SAR operations. Refer to local, state, federal, public, and private swiftwater rescue certification and operations courses that satisfy the existing authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) requirements.  
1.4 This guide includes references more common to the United States of America, but may be adapted for use elsewhere.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use or as defined within a (regional or geographical) response region or by the AHJ.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2013
ICS
13.200 - Accident and disaster control
Technical Committee
F32 - Search and Rescue
Drafting Committee
F32.02 - Management and Operations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Referred By
ASTM F1848-14(2022) - Standard Classification System for Canine Search Resources
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013
Referred By
ASTM F3222-16 - Standard Terminology Relating to F32 Land Search and Rescue Standards and Guides
Effective Date
01-Dec-2013

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ASTM F3048-13 - Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue OperationsASTM F3048-13 - Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue Operations
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ASTM F3048-13 - Standard Guide for Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue Operations
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F3048 − 13
StandardGuide for
Swiftwater/Flood Search and Rescue Operations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3048; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 Other Documents:
FEMA, National Incident Management System, December
1.1 This guide establishes a framework within which
swiftwater/flood Search and Rescue (SAR) operations shall be
FEMA, National Response Framework (NRF), January
conductedaspartoftheNationalIncidentManagementSystem
(NIMS)/ Incident Command System (ICS).
1.2 The requirements of this guide shall apply to
3. Terminology
individuals, agencies, and organizations that respond to
3.1 Acronyms:
swiftwater/floodSARoperations,includingthosenotregulated
3.1.1 AHJ—Authority Having Jurisdiction
by government mandates.
3.1.2 EMS—Emergency Medical Services
1.3 This document does not define the specific training
3.1.3 IAP—Incident Action Plan
required for personnel involved in swiftwater/flood SAR op-
erations. Refer to local, state, federal, public, and private 3.1.4 IC—Incident Command or Incident Commander
swiftwater rescue certification and operations courses that
3.1.5 ICS—Incident Command System
satisfytheexistingauthorityhavingjurisdiction(AHJ)require-
3.1.6 NIMS—National Incident Management System
ments.
3.1.7 PFD—Personal Flotation Device
1.4 This guide includes references more common to the
3.1.8 PPE—Personal Protective Equipment
United States of America, but may be adapted for use else-
3.1.9 PWC—Personal Water Craft (e.g., jet ski, water bike)
where.
3.1.10 PTB—Position Task Book
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.11 SAR—Search and Rescue
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.12 SWFT—Swiftwater/Flood Technician
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.13 TFL—Task Force Leader
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use or as defined within
a (regional or geographical) response region or by the AHJ.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 authority having jurisdiction—an organization, office,
2. Referenced Documents
or individual responsible for enforcing the requirements of a
code or standard, or for approving equipment, materials,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
installation, or a procedure.
F1422 Guide for Using the Incident Command System
Framework in Managing Search and Rescue Operations 3.2.2 boat-assisted—swiftwater/flood SAR operations aided
F1768 GuideforUsingWhistleSignalsDuringRopeRescue
by a boat, in which the boat is operated on a tether.
Operations
3.2.3 boat-based—swiftwater/flood SAR operations con-
F2752 Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescue (R1)
ducted from a boat only.
Rescuer Endorsement
3.2.4 flood—a great flowing or overflowing of water, espe-
cially over land not usually submerged.
3.2.5 helicopter-based—swiftwater/flood SAR operations
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F32 on Search
conducted by a helicopter crew, which intends to make direct
andRescueandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeF32.02onManagement
and Operations.
contact with the subject(s) while remaining airborne.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/
F3048-13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM http://www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nims/NIMS_core.pdf
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on http://www.fema.gov/national-response-framework
the ASTM website. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flood?s=t Accessed February 7, 2013
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3048 − 13
3.2.6 in-water contact—swiftwater/flood SAR operations 4.3 This guide and the framework it establishes should be
conducted by rescuers in the water who make direct contact used in conjunction with established and authorized guidelines
with the subject(s). and procedures mandated by an AHJ.
3.2.7 near shore—the side of the watercourse where opera-
4.4 The AHJ shall determine which personnel, agencies,
tions or Incident Command may occur.
and/or organizations are qualified and authorized to participate
in swiftwater/flood SAR operations.
3.2.8 personal flotation device (PFD)—a buoyant device
suitable for use by one person to stay afloat in a water
4.5 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJ that
emergency. This may be a vest, ring buoy, life preserver,
wish to perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations as part of the
cushion, or other special purpose buoyant apparatus. Types
NIMS/ICS.
include:
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with
3.2.8.1 Type I—offshore life jacket
the referenced documents to safely and effectively perform
3.2.8.2 Type II—near shore buoyant vest swiftwater/flood SAR operations.
3.2.8.3 Type III—flotation aid
4.7 TheAHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess
the extent to which the requirements of this standard are met.
3.2.8.4 Type IV—throwable device
3.2.8.5 Type V—special use device 4.8 Because operations in the swiftwater/flood environment
are inherently dangerous, and individuals involved are fre-
3.2.9 recovery—an operation to retrieve deceased persons
quently required to perform rigorous activities in adverse
from the current position and move them to a designated place.
conditions, regional and national safety standards should be
3.2.10 rescue—an operation to retrieve persons in distress,
included in agency policies and procedures.
provide for their initial medical or other needs, and deliver
4.9 Swiftwater/flood personnel should only perform activi-
them to a place of safety.
ties in the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk
3.2.11 search—an operation using available trained person-
assessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (e.g. use of
nel and facilities to locate persons in distress.
personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to
3.2.12 shore-based—swiftwater/flood SAR operations con-
shore-based techniques, delaying a recovery until more favor-
ducted from land adjacent to the water.
ablewaterconditionsexist,etc.)havebeenperformed,oratthe
very least, should follow the appropriate federal, state, tribal,
3.2.13 swiftwater—water moving with sufficient force to
provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activities
present a significant life and safety hazard to a person entering
in swiftwater environments.
it.
3.2.14 swiftwater/flood search and rescue operations—
5. Initial SAR Response to Swiftwater/Flood Incidents
actions intended to locate and save individuals caught in, or
stranded by, swift or flood waters, conducted using the NIMS/
5.1 Determine scene safety.
ICS, or equivalent.
5.2 Establish command.
3.2.15 swiftwater/flood search and rescue technician—an
5.2.1 The command structure of swiftwater/flood SAR op-
individual trained to perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations.
erations must allow for a wide range of incident complexity,
3.2.16 type—a classification series developed to identify an the potential for involvement of multiple jurisdictions, inci-
incident’s level of complexity ranging from most complex dents that increase in scope and area, and the impact of NIMS
(Type 1) to least complex (Type 5). incident types on resource requirements. SeeASTM F1422 for
information on utilizing ICS in a swiftwater/flood ICS.
4. Significance and Use 5.2.2 Command Personnel Qualifications:
5.2.2.1 Those directly supervising swiftwater/flood SAR
4.1 This guide establishes a framework within which
operations, or the personnel conducting such operations, must
swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be conducted.
be qualified, at a minimum, at the level of Swiftwater/Flood
4.2 Every person, agency, and organization that responds to,
Search and Rescue Technician (SWFT) appropriate for the
or participates in, swiftwater/flood SAR operations should
environment and conditions.
operate within the framework established by this guide.
5.2.2.2 Personnel that operate within 10 feet of the edge of
swiftwater must have basic swiftwater rescue awareness train-
ing and be provided with a properly fitted personal flotation
Land Search and Rescue Addendum to the National Search and Rescue device (PFD).
Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue
5.3 Perform scene size up.
Manual, Version 1.0, November 2011,
http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/Land_SAR_Addendum/Published_
5.3.1 Determine incident Type (see X1.3 for examples of
Land%20SAR%20Addendum%20%281118111%29%20-%20Bookmark.pdf
incident Types).
Adapted from Land Search and Rescue Addendum to the National Search and
5.3.2 Determine the kind of response: search, rescue, or
Rescue Supplement to the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and
Rescue Manual, Version 1.0, November 2011,
recovery.
http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg534/nsarc/Land_SAR_Addendum/Published_
Land%20SAR%20Addendum%20%281118111%29%20-%20Bookmark.pdf 5.4 Develop rescue plan.
F3048 − 13
5.4.1 Prior to initiating swiftwater/flood SAR operations, a 5.10 Begin initial response with resources on scene.
contingency rescue plan shall be prepared and briefed to all 5.10.1 If subject(s) location(s) are not known, begin inves-
personnel.
tigation and search effort, else;
5.4.2 The contingency rescue plan shall state the actions to
5.10.2 If subject(s) are visible, assign an individual to
betakenbyallpersonnelintheeventanaccidentoccursduring communicate with each victim and maintain visual contact,
SAR operations.
else;
5.4.3 The contingency rescue plan shall include provision 5.10.3 If subject(s) are submerged, evaluate risks and ben-
for the control or rescue of animals. efits of rescue attempt and, if needed, request dive assets.
5.5 Assess risk level of SAR operations. 5.11 Develop an alternative response plan.
5.11.1 Allaffectedpersonnelshallbebriefedabouttheplan.
5.6 Institute personnel accountability program at scene.
5.11.2 Additional resources, as needed, should be requested
5.7 Establish operations communications protocols.
for deployment or placed on stand-by.
5.7.1 Swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall employ visual
5.12 Establish staging area, if needed.
and auditory commands.
5.12.1 An area for staging personnel and equipment for
5.7.1.1 Commonly used visual commands are provided in
swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be selected, and its
X1.1.
location briefed to all personnel.
5.7.1.2 Commonly used auditory (whistle) commands are
5.12.2 A Staging Manager shall be designated. He or she
provided in X1.2.
shall oversee the location where resources, teams, and equip-
5.7.2 Radio communication protocols shall be established,
ment are assembled.
including designation of frequencies, for operational and ad-
5.13 Establish subject landing area.
ministrative activities.
5.13.1 A landing area for rescued subject(s) shall be desig-
5.7.3 Backup communications methods and/or protocols
shall be established before operations begin. nated and its location briefed to all personnel.
5.13.2 Emergency Medical Services (EMS) support shall be
5.8 Designate a Rescue Group Leader for each swiftwater/
provided at the subject landing area.
flood SAR operation.
5.8.1 The Rescue Group Leader shall be a qualified super-
6. Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Operations
visor with adequate knowledge of swiftwater/flood rescue
6.1 Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Operation Styles:
procedures and safety.
6.1.1 Five location-based styles of swiftwater/flood rescue
5.8.2 The Rescue Group Leader shall, whenever possible,
be positioned such that he or she is in plain sight of any operations shall be employed in Swiftwater/Flood SAR Opera-
tions: shore-based, boat-assisted, boat-based, in-water contact,
rescuers operating in the water.
and helicopter-based.
5.9 The Incident Commander (IC) shall designate one
6.1.2 The Rescue Group Leader shall employ one of these
person to be the Safety Officer.
rescue styles after considering weather and environmental
5.9.1 The Safety Officer shall be properly trained for the
concerns and the following factors:
operation. The Safety Officer shall be responsible for oversee-
6.1.2.1 The number of personnel available;
ing the safety of the entire operation, and shall answer directly
6.1.2.2 The qualifications of the responding personnel;
to the IC.
6.1.2.3 The equipment available;
5.9.1.1 For SAR operations occurring over a large area, the
6.1.2.4 The physical condition of the victim;
Safety Officer shall assign responsibility for local operational
6.1.2.5 The location of the victim (if known);
safety to other individuals. Designated local Safety Officers
6.1.2.6 The current and short-term threats to the victim; and
shall answer directly to the Safety Officer.
6.1.2.7 The extent of risk for the rescuer(s).
5.9.2 The Safety Officer shall be responsible for identifying
zones and/or areas of operation:
6.2 Basic Operational Personnel Qualification Require-
5.9.2.1 Red (or Hot) Zone—Any area in the water, or any
ments:
area where personnel will enter the water should they fall. All
6.2.1 All personnel entering the water during swiftwater/
personnel in the Red Zone must wear PPE.
flood SAR operations shall be, at minimum, qualified at the
5.9.2.2 Orange (or Warm) Zone—Any area where personnel
SWFT level appropriate for the environmental conditions.
mayenterthewatershouldtheyfall.TheOrangeZoneincludes
6.2.2 All personnel constructing and using rope rescue
the immediate vicinity around rescue rigging. All personnel in
systems and rigging during swiftwater/flood SAR operations
the Orange Zone must wear PPE.
shall have rope rescue training as defined in ASTM F2752
5.9.2.3 Green (or Cold) Zone—All areas not in Red or
Guide for Training for Level I Rope Rescuer (R1)
Orange Zones. For personnel in the Green Zone, PPE shall be
Endorsement, or its equivalent.
optional.
6.2.2.1 Personnel performing location-based styles of
5.9.3 The Safety Officer shall be responsible for assessing
swiftwater/flood rescue operations shall be proficient in tech-
hazards.
niques and possess qualifications, as determined by the AHJ.
5.9.3.1 Inform command of hazard(s).
6.2.3 Location-based styles of swiftwater/flood operations
5.9.3.2 Secure hazard(s), if possible. require the following personal and team equipment:
...

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4.1.1 Alpine Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in an alpine environment.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Alpine Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefixes “Alpine Endorsed” and “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.4  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in an alpine environment as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 An Alpine Endorsement indicates that a person is qualified to operate safely and effectively in the alpine environment in his or her normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 An Alpine Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an Alpine Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the alpine environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the alpine environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only mi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.  
1.2 An Alpine Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the extreme conditions of the alpine environment, at altitudes that are likely to have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.2.1 Specifically, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in an alpine environment.  
1.2.2 In addition, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain alone.  
1.3 An Alpine Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined in this guide.  
1.4 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.5 An Alpine Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous or Alpine Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.6 Alpine Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established i...

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ASTM
ASTM F3024-24(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search and Rescue (SAR) Strike Team/Task Force Leader

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
4.2 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.3 Every person who is identified as a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader shall have met the requirements in this guide.  
4.4 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet the requirements in this guide, and it may include additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. It can, however, be used to develop or as part of a training document or program.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order, and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.9 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training for Land SAR Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.2 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader is responsible for direct supervision, general leadership, wellness, and safety of multiple SAR teams and resources operating on all land and water environments, including intertidal areas, but not oceans or swiftwater.  
1.3 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader may work in remote areas including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.4 Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leaders are eligible to be members of Category: Land Search, Category: Land Rescue, Category: Land Search and Rescue, and Category: Untrained, search teams or crews, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.4.1 Category: Land Search teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.1.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.1.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.1.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.1.4 Kind: Alpine;
1.4.1.5 Kind: Tracking;
1.4.1.6 Kind: Mounted;
1.4.1.7 Kind: Mountain Bike;
1.4.1.8 Kind: ATV-ROHV.  
1.4.2 Category: Land Rescue and Category: Land Search and Rescue teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.2.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.2.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.2.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.2.4 Kind: Alpine.  
1.5 Further training may be required depending on the regulations or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organ...

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ASTM
ASTM F3144-15(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Trailing Search Dog Crews or Teams

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A trailing search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.  
4.1.1 A trailing search dog crew or team that meets the requirements of this guide is a Trailing Canine Search Resource, as defined in Classification F1848.  
4.2 Trailing search dogs that meet the requirements of this guide shall be tested by the AHJ using an aged trail of 6 to 12 h or as determined by the AHJ. Ages for competency trails shall take into consideration a minimum age, which should approximate the average response time for search dog crews.  
4.3 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a trailing search dog crew or team to perform trail searches. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a trailing search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training trailing search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in this guide are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 Though this guide establishes minimum training requirements, it does not imply that a trailing search dog team or crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed part of an organization.  
4.7.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its member ratings.  
4.8 A trailing search dog crew or team shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless oth...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform a trailing search.  
1.2 Trailing search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.  
1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for trailing search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and in caves, mines, and tunnels.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.  
1.4 Trailing search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Trailing search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
1.6 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.6.1 Kind A (Wilderness);  
1.6.2 Kind B (Urban);  
1.6.3 Kind C (Mountainous);  
1.6.4 Kind G (Cave);  
1.6.5 Kind H (Mine);  
1.6.6 Kind I (Avalanche);  
1.6.7 Kind K (Aircraft); and  
1.6.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.7 Further training may be required before a trailing search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.8 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a trailing search dog crew or team functions.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory l...

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ASTM F3070-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Evaluating Area Search Dog Crews or Teams

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An area search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this document.  
4.1.1 An area search dog crew or team which meets the requirements in this guide is a Canine Search Resource of the category Area Search Dog as defined in Classification F1848 for Canine Search Resources.  
4.1.2 Additional differentiation of the specific Canine Search Resource is defined in Classification F1848 for Canine Search Resources.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for an area search dog crew or team to perform area searches. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an area search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.4 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training area search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.5 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in this guide are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.6 Though this guide establishes minimum training requirements, it does not imply that an area search dog team or crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed part of an organization.  
4.6.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its member ratings.  
4.7 An area search dog crew or team shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall be demonstrated for initial qualification, and then as often as required by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform an area search.  
1.2 Area search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.  
1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for area search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, or underground.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.  
1.4 Area search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Area search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
1.6 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how an area search dog crew or team functions.  
1.7 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.7.1 Kind A (Wilderness),  
1.7.2 Kind B (Urban),  
1.7.3 Kind C (Mountainous),  
1.7.4 Kind G (Cave),  
1.7.5 Kind H (Mine),  
1.7.6 Kind I (Avalanche),  
1.7.7 Kind K (Aircraft), and  
1.7.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.8 Further training may be required before an area search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was develop...

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ASTM F2685-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Training of a Land Search Team Leader (STL)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search Team Leader. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Land Search Team Leader shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals, organizations, and agencies that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search Team Leader.  
4.3.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for team members is the responsibility of the AHJ.  
4.3.2 The AHJ shall determine the depth or detail of training required to meet these needs.  
4.3.3 Nothing in this standard precludes an AHJ from requiring additional knowledge, skills, or abilities for its members.  
4.4 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by an STL or AHJ.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content meets the necessary topics for training an STL. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search Team Leader.  
4.7 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.8 A Land Search Team Leader shall document his or her training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.  
4.9 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ.  
4.10 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, the AHJ shall determine the best way to evaluate a person’s knowledge. This may be by writ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for Land Search Team Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search-specific knowledge, skills, and experience.  
1.2 A Land Search Team Leader searches on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for searching in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.4 No knots, rope, litter, or other rescue skills are required of a Land Search Team Leader.  
1.5 A Land Search Team Leader can be utilized as a field team leader, a single resource for sign cutting, a support person for a canine search team, and to establish search area boundaries in the field.  
1.6 A Land Search Team Leader is eligible to supervise Type II search teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993. Type II teams which may utilize personnel trained to this standard are:  
1.6.1 Kind A (wilderness);  
1.6.2 Kind B (urban);  
1.6.3 Kind C (mountainous);  
1.6.4 Kind J (evidence/cadaver);  
1.6.5 King K (missing aircraft).  
1.7 Further training may be required before a Land Search Team Leader can participate on a particular kind of search team, depending on the AHJ’s regulations or policies.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued b...

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ASTM
ASTM F1847-14(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Minimum Training of Search Dog Crews or Teams

SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training of search dog crews or teams as it relates to their general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities specific to their use in Search and Rescue (SAR) operations.  
1.2 Search dog crews perform searches on the surface of the land, including in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and on inland water bodies.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), in mountainous terrain, in an alpine environment, or on the water.  
1.4 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a search dog crew operates; rather it describes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a search dog crew to function safely and effectively.  
1.5 A search dog crew is able to respond into the field and back country to locate subjects in the wilderness environment.  
1.6 A search dog crew is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.  
1.7 Search dog crews are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7.1 Personnel trained in accordance with this guide may be members of Type I and II teams or crews of Kind A (Wilderness), Kind B (Urban), Kind C (Mountainous), Kind D (Disaster/collapsed structure), Kind E (Inland water), Kind I (Avalanche), and Kind J (Evidence/human remains), and may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.8 Further training may be required before a search dog crew can fully participate on a particular type and kind of team or crew, based on specific local need, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 Search dog crews shall work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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