F32 - Search and Rescue

ABSTRACT
This specification specifies the minimum strength requirements for anchorages permanently installed or attached to training towers or other structures used for rope rescue training. It specifies the design loads that must be considered and does not describe how those anchorages are constructed, installed in, or attached to the structure nor does it include any factors of safety. Each anchorage shall be designed to hold a minimum of 40 kN in all directions of potential loading and shall be manufactured in such a way that a carabiner with a gate opening of 25 mm or greater shall fit around it and the gate shall be able to close and lock. The anchorage shall be constructed using rounded stock or with beveled or chamfered edges to minimize damage to hardware, rope, or webbing that is attached to the anchorage.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies the minimum strength requirements for anchorages permanently installed or attached to training towers or other structures used for rope rescue training. It does not describe how those anchorages are constructed, installed in, or attached to the structure, nor does it include any factors of safety. It only specifies the design loads that must be considered.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.  
4.1.1 Alpine Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in an alpine environment.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Alpine Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Alpine Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefixes “Alpine Endorsed” and “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.4  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in an alpine environment as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 An Alpine Endorsement indicates that a person is qualified to operate safely and effectively in the alpine environment in his or her normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 An Alpine Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an Alpine Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the alpine environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the alpine environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only mi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in an alpine environment.  
1.2 An Alpine Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the extreme conditions of the alpine environment, at altitudes that are likely to have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.2.1 Specifically, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in an alpine environment.  
1.2.2 In addition, Alpine Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain alone.  
1.3 An Alpine Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined in this guide.  
1.4 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.5 An Alpine Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous or Alpine Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.6 Alpine Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established i...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum level of training required to provide awareness-level knowledge for personnel operating in and around the areas and operations listed in 1.1.  
4.2 This guide may be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training standards for land-based personnel operating in and around these areas and operations.  
4.3 A person trained to this guide is considered to be aware of the hazards and risks associated with these areas and operations.  
4.4 A person trained solely to this guide is not considered a “searcher,” “rescuer,” or both.  
4.5 This guide may be used to augment other training for a searcher and/or rescuer.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of some of the topics required for training or evaluating a searcher and/or rescuer, although it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.7 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet its training requirements.  
4.8 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements.  
4.9 This guide does not stand alone but must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific minimum training needed by a ground searcher and/or rescuer operating in these areas.  
4.10 This guide can be used as a reference for training of searchers, rescuers, or both.  
4.11 The information presented in the following sections is not in any particular order and does not represent a training sequence.  
4.12 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or some other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for training those who normally work in natural environments solely subject to terrain and weather-related risks who may be asked to respond to, or who may encounter, the operations defined in 1.2.  
1.2 This guide identifies and describes hazardous situations and environments, and the associated risks affecting search and rescue personnel who may be working on or around the following:  
1.2.1 Land search;  
1.2.2 Land rescue;  
1.2.3 Structural collapse;  
1.2.4 Rope rescues;  
1.2.5 Confined spaces;  
1.2.6 Water, both still and moving; and  
1.2.7 Trench or excavation collapse.  
1.3 The knowledge conveyed in this guide is intended to enable search and rescue (SAR) personnel to recognize situations that may require skills or capabilities they have not been trained to perform. This understanding will allow them to seek more knowledgeable personnel to mitigate the hazard and perform such rescues or other activities required to complete their mission.  
1.4 This guide is not intended to suggest that all search and rescue personnel must have the training identified within it. However, wherever the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) deems this training to be appropriate, this document can be used as a guide.  
1.5 The AHJ shall determine what level of training constitutes sufficient competence for search and rescue personnel to enter areas or carry out missions, which include the hazards described in this guide.  
1.6 This guide identifies some of the known disciplines of SAR and their associated hazards. It does not, however, attempt to list all hazards or risks of which a person must be aware to operate safely and effectively in and around any of the areas listed in 1.1.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Because of the many unique requirements of permit-required confined-space rescue operations and the specific construction and composition of some confined spaces, hardline communications systems may be the only type that will meet the requirements for working within these spaces. Some of these requirements are set forth in federal regulations and some by safe operating procedures developed for working in confined spaces by industry.  
4.2 This guide is not meant to preclude the use of other types of communication systems in confined-space rescue.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers recommended criteria for the selection of hardwire communication systems for use in permit-required confined-space rescue operations.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training of SAR personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.1 Mountain Endorsed individuals are required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities pertaining to safe movement individually, or as a member of a team, in mountainous terrain.  
4.1.2 Every person who is identified as Mountain Endorsed shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.3 Mountain Endorsed individuals shall be entitled to add the prefix “Mountain Endorsed” to their current training levels.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to operate in mountainous terrain as a part of a larger team. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 Mountain Endorsement only indicates that personnel are qualified to operate safely and effectively in mountainous terrain in their normal area of operations.  
4.3.1 A Mountain Endorsement alone does not indicate that an individual possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Mountain Endorsed individual, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate in the mountainous environment. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with other ASTM standards to identify the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to conduct search and/or rescue in the mountainous environment.  
4.8 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities, for search and rescue personnel who conduct operations in mountainous terrain.  
1.2 A Mountain Endorsement is intended only for those individuals capable of operating in the difficult conditions found in mountainous terrain, at altitudes that may have a negative impact on human physiology.  
1.3 Specifically, Mountain Endorsed individuals may, under qualified supervision, perform their normal duties safely and effectively in mountainous terrain.  
1.4 A Mountain Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, and/or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, other than those defined within this guide.  
1.5 This guide alone does not provide the minimum training requirements for performing operations in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), or in an alpine environment.  
1.6 A Mountain Endorsed individual may be a member of a Mountainous Land Search Team or Task Force or Group, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7 Mountain Endorsed SAR personnel must work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the tests and corresponding performance and design requirements for climbing harnesses used in the sports of rock, ice, and snow climbing. Three types of harnesses are covered by this specification: full body harnesses, sit harnesses, and chest harnesses. Representative samples of harnesses shall be tested for minimum strength to evaluate their suitability for use in climbing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers harnesses for human use in technical rope rescue and climbing, mountaineering, caving, canyoneering, and other rope-based sport activities. It establishes requirements for the testing, performance, and marking of harnesses and for the instructions that are supplied with them.  
1.2 This specification may contain test methods that do not entirely simulate real-life situations. The test methods are designed to give reproducible results in a laboratory and, thereby, a means for product comparison.  
1.3 Three types of harnesses are covered by this specification: full body harnesses, sit harnesses, and chest harnesses.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Classification of human land search and rescue resources is based upon the training of the personnel and their ability to perform specific tasks.  
4.2 Human search and rescue resources are classified by category, kind, and duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification is intended to identify the common functional units and single resources used in search and rescue operations; to aid search and rescue (SAR) managers and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) in assembling or ordering resources for search, rescue, or search and rescue incidents; and to aid in identifying the tasks for which crews have been trained.  
1.2 This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing human resources used in land search and rescue activities.  
1.3 This classification is suitable for classifying search and rescue crews for land search and rescue incidents.  
1.4 This classification does not attempt to classify individuals or put forth standards of performance or training for individuals, nor is it meant to convey certification, skill proficiency, or other measures of the level of performance of the resource. These qualifications are the responsibility of the local agencies responsible for utilizing the resource.  
1.5 This classification identifies human-based resources. Canine crew (or team) classifications are defined in Classification F1848.  
1.6 This classification does not classify air resources (Guides F2958 and F3026) or water resources (Guides F1739, F1783, and F1824).  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish a minimum level of knowledge and skills for the water rescue responder. The application will improve the quality of initial emergency response, the rescue of the water victims, and the safety of the rescuers.  
4.2 All persons who are identified as water rescuers and water rescue responders shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide does not preclude the scope of performances for water rescuers needing more advanced or more specialized water rescue training.  
4.4 This guide will assist government agencies; state, local, or regional organizations; fire departments; rescue teams; and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to water emergencies.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers minimum requirements for the scope of performance of a water rescuer I who may be responsible for the initial on-scene evaluation, performing land-based water rescues, and providing initial patient care at a water rescue incident.  
1.2 This guide is one in a series; water rescuer I is only a beginning level designed for a water rescue responder. Duties and responsibilities at water rescue operations vary according to the water rescuer's skills and knowledge. As the water rescuer level I progresses and becomes more proficient, the individual will move from responder to in-water rescuer to rescue boat operator.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
4.2 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJs that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.3 Every person who is identified as a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader shall have met the requirements in this guide.  
4.4 It is the responsibility of the AHJ to determine the depth or detail of training needed to meet the requirements in this guide, and it may include additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. It can, however, be used to develop or as part of a training document or program.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training a Land Search and Rescue Strike Team/Task Force Leader. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not in any particular order, and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.9 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess a person’s knowledge. This may be by written exam, oral exam, demonstration, or other means specified by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training for Land SAR Strike Team/Task Force Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.2 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader is responsible for direct supervision, general leadership, wellness, and safety of multiple SAR teams and resources operating on all land and water environments, including intertidal areas, but not oceans or swiftwater.  
1.3 A Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leader may work in remote areas including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.4 Land SAR Strike Team Leader/Task Force Leaders are eligible to be members of Category: Land Search, Category: Land Rescue, Category: Land Search and Rescue, and Category: Untrained, search teams or crews, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.4.1 Category: Land Search teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.1.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.1.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.1.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.1.4 Kind: Alpine;
1.4.1.5 Kind: Tracking;
1.4.1.6 Kind: Mounted;
1.4.1.7 Kind: Mountain Bike;
1.4.1.8 Kind: ATV-ROHV.  
1.4.2 Category: Land Rescue and Category: Land Search and Rescue teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:
1.4.2.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.4.2.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.4.2.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.4.2.4 Kind: Alpine.  
1.5 Further training may be required depending on the regulations or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organ...

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the masses to be used when testing rescue systems and components. The masses represent personnel and equipment that may be attached to a rescue system or components. However, the masses do not represent any particular type or kind of rescuer or equipment. The masses shall be classified as follows: Type I; Type II; Type III; Type IV; and Type V.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines the masses to be used when testing rescue systems and components.  
1.2 The masses represent personnel and equipment that may be attached to a rescue system or components. However, the masses do not represent any particular type or kind of rescuer or equipment.  
1.2.1 The masses chosen have been used in the past or are in current use in testing of rescue systems and components. Limiting testing to the masses listed in this specification allows meaningful comparisons between past, current, and future test results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The user of this specification shall determine which mass(es) represent(s) the personnel and equipment attached to the system or component under test.  
1.5 For the purposes of this specification, mass and weight are synonymous when the object(s) representing the mass(es) are weighed in air anywhere on Earth.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Static Load Test—This test verifies that the portable high anchor device can support the design load without permanent deformation and continue to function in a safe manner.  
4.2 Load Test for Failure—This test determines the force at which the portable high anchor device fails.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method applies to portable high anchor devices that may be used by rescue personnel during both training exercises and actual rescue operations.  
1.2 This test method covers two mechanical tests, the Static Load Test and the Load Test for Failure.  
1.3 Tests contained herein are destructive in nature. Portable high anchor devices subjected to any of these tests shall not be used in any way after testing except in evaluating the results of such testing.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This specification does not imply approval of any method of use of portable high anchor devices. In addition, the tests described are laboratory tests and do not duplicate field conditions. Furthermore, the test load values contained herein are not to be interpreted as the forces which a portable high anchor device may be subjected to, or may be expected to sustain, in actual field use.  
1.6 See Section 6 on Hazards for safety warning.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide establishes a recommended procedure for utilizing an ice staff as a self-rescue technique on ice.  
3.2 All persons who are identified as ice rescuers shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
3.3 This guide will assist government agencies; state, local, or regional organizations; fire departments; rescue teams; and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to ice emergencies.  
3.4 This guide is not intended to be used in isolation, but as a component guide acknowledging many skills and techniques needed to respond at a cold water and ice emergency.  
3.5 An ice rescuer shall be wearing an immersion suit, drysuit with PFD, or equivalent cold water protection and buoyancy to perform these rescues.  
3.6 An ice rescuer shall carry a set of ice awls along with the ice staff as a backup technique.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the self-rescue technique on ice utilizing an ice staff.  
1.2 This guide is one in a series of self-rescue techniques for the ice rescuer.  
1.3 Individuals who will operate in the cold water or ice rescue setting need to be aware of the equipment and physical requirements necessary to be able to perform all identified objectives and necessary skills in the setting.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An area search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this document.  
4.1.1 An area search dog crew or team which meets the requirements in this guide is a Canine Search Resource of the category Area Search Dog as defined in Classification F1848 for Canine Search Resources.  
4.1.2 Additional differentiation of the specific Canine Search Resource is defined in Classification F1848 for Canine Search Resources.  
4.2 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for an area search dog crew or team to perform area searches. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an area search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.4 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training area search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.5 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in this guide are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.6 Though this guide establishes minimum training requirements, it does not imply that an area search dog team or crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed part of an organization.  
4.6.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its member ratings.  
4.7 An area search dog crew or team shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless stated otherwise it shall be demonstrated for initial qualification, and then as often as required by the AHJ.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform an area search.  
1.2 Area search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.  
1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for area search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, or underground.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.  
1.4 Area search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Area search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
1.6 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how an area search dog crew or team functions.  
1.7 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.7.1 Kind A (Wilderness),  
1.7.2 Kind B (Urban),  
1.7.3 Kind C (Mountainous),  
1.7.4 Kind G (Cave),  
1.7.5 Kind H (Mine),  
1.7.6 Kind I (Avalanche),  
1.7.7 Kind K (Aircraft), and  
1.7.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.8 Further training may be required before an area search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was develop...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a framework within which swiftwater/flood SAR operations shall be conducted.  
4.2 Every person, agency, and organization that responds to, or participates in, swiftwater/flood SAR operations should operate within the framework established by this guide.  
4.3 This guide and the framework it establishes should be used in conjunction with established and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated by an AHJ.  
4.4 The AHJ shall determine which personnel, agencies, and/or organizations are qualified and authorized to participate in swiftwater/flood SAR operations.  
4.5 This guide is to be used by individuals and AHJ that wish to perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations as part of the NIMS/ICS.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to safely and effectively perform swiftwater/flood SAR operations.  
4.7 The AHJ will determine the evaluation process to assess the extent to which the requirements of this standard are met.  
4.8 Because operations in the swiftwater/flood environment are inherently dangerous, and individuals involved are frequently required to perform rigorous activities in adverse conditions, regional and national safety standards should be included in agency policies and procedures.  
4.9 Swiftwater/flood personnel should only perform activities in the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk assessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (for example, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to shore-based techniques, delaying a recovery until more favorable water conditions exist, etc.) have been performed, or at the very least, should follow the appropriate federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activities in swiftwater environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes a framework within which swiftwater/flood Search and Rescue (SAR) operations shall be conducted as part of the National Incident Management System (NIMS)/Incident Command System (ICS).  
1.2 The requirements of this guide shall apply to individuals, agencies, and organizations that respond to swiftwater/flood SAR operations, including those not regulated by government mandates.  
1.3 This document does not define the specific training required for personnel involved in swiftwater/flood SAR operations. Refer to local, state, federal, public, and private swiftwater rescue certification and operations courses that satisfy the existing authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) requirements.  
1.4 This guide includes references more common to the United States of America, but may be adapted for use elsewhere.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide defines the use and content of Position Task Books.  
3.2 A Position Task Book lists all of the observable activities which must be performed to demonstrate the ability to successfully fill a position or operational level.  
3.2.1 Each activity, or Task, partly or fully demonstrates the existence in an individual of a specific Behavior.  
3.2.2 One or more of these Behaviors signifies that the individual is capable of a particular Competency.  
3.2.3 One or more defined Competencies are required for each position or operational level.  
3.3 Each Position Task Book used to document the suitability of an individual to perform in a particular position or operational level shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
3.4 Nothing in this guide precludes an authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) from adding additional content to a Position Task Book.  
3.5 This document may be used by an AHJ to develop Position Task Books.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the use and content of Position Task Books in a “competency-based qualification system.”  
1.2 Each Position Task Book lists the competencies, behaviors, and tasks required for successful performance in a position or operational level.  
1.3 Position Task Books provide a standard form for documenting the knowledge, skills, and abilities of an individual by observation of that individual’s performance of tasks in a position or at a particular operational level. When all tasks in the PTB are successfully completed, the evaluated individual is considered qualified and eligible for assignment in that position or at that operational level.  
1.4 This guide only defines the use of Position Tasks Books and the content required for successful application. It does not define the requirements for any position or operational level.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search Team Leader. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Land Search Team Leader shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals, organizations, and agencies that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search Team Leader.  
4.3.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for team members is the responsibility of the AHJ.  
4.3.2 The AHJ shall determine the depth or detail of training required to meet these needs.  
4.3.3 Nothing in this standard precludes an AHJ from requiring additional knowledge, skills, or abilities for its members.  
4.4 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide specific information needed by an STL or AHJ.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content meets the necessary topics for training an STL. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search Team Leader.  
4.7 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.8 A Land Search Team Leader shall document his or her training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.  
4.9 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ.  
4.10 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, the AHJ shall determine the best way to evaluate a person’s knowledge. This may be by writ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for Land Search Team Leaders as it relates to their general, field, and search-specific knowledge, skills, and experience.  
1.2 A Land Search Team Leader searches on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for searching in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.4 No knots, rope, litter, or other rescue skills are required of a Land Search Team Leader.  
1.5 A Land Search Team Leader can be utilized as a field team leader, a single resource for sign cutting, a support person for a canine search team, and to establish search area boundaries in the field.  
1.6 A Land Search Team Leader is eligible to supervise Type II search teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993. Type II teams which may utilize personnel trained to this standard are:  
1.6.1 Kind A (wilderness);  
1.6.2 Kind B (urban);  
1.6.3 Kind C (mountainous);  
1.6.4 Kind J (evidence/cadaver);  
1.6.5 King K (missing aircraft).  
1.7 Further training may be required before a Land Search Team Leader can participate on a particular kind of search team, depending on the AHJ’s regulations or policies.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued b...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A certification body issuing certifications in the field of search and rescue is required to meet the requirements identified in this guide.  
4.2 This guide can be used by an authority having jurisdiction to determine whether to accept a certification from a certification body.  
4.3 This guide can be used by an authority having jurisdiction to validate audit a certifying body.  
4.4 This guide can be used by a certifying body to validate that its certification scheme, certification process, and certification system meet industry standards.  
4.5 Any certification body operating in accordance to ANSI-ISO-IEC 17024 or equivalent shall be considered to be in compliance with this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the organizational structure, policies, and procedures required to operate a certification program in the field of search and rescue.  
1.2 Certifications are used by authorities having jurisdiction as a component to their credentialing process, typically to demonstrate one component of an individual’s ability to field.  
1.3 Certifications are typically provided by third party, disinterested providers and are commonly used to validate an individual’s, team’s, or authority having jurisdiction’s training program in a particular area.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training of search dog crews or teams as it relates to their general and field knowledge, skills, and abilities specific to their use in Search and Rescue (SAR) operations.  
1.2 Search dog crews perform searches on the surface of the land, including in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and on inland water bodies.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels), in mountainous terrain, in an alpine environment, or on the water.  
1.4 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a search dog crew operates; rather it describes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a search dog crew to function safely and effectively.  
1.5 A search dog crew is able to respond into the field and back country to locate subjects in the wilderness environment.  
1.6 A search dog crew is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.  
1.7 Search dog crews are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR teams or crews as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.7.1 Personnel trained in accordance with this guide may be members of Type I and II teams or crews of Kind A (Wilderness), Kind B (Urban), Kind C (Mountainous), Kind D (Disaster/collapsed structure), Kind E (Inland water), Kind I (Avalanche), and Kind J (Evidence/human remains), and may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.8 Further training may be required before a search dog crew can fully participate on a particular type and kind of team or crew, based on specific local need, regulations, or policies.  
1.9 Search dog crews shall work under qualified supervision, as deemed appropriate by the authority having jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A trailing search dog crew or team is required to have, at a minimum, the knowledge, skills, and abilities outlined within this guide.  
4.1.1 A trailing search dog crew or team that meets the requirements of this guide is a Trailing Canine Search Resource, as defined in Classification F1848.  
4.2 Trailing search dogs that meet the requirements of this guide shall be tested by the AHJ using an aged trail of 6 to 12 h or as determined by the AHJ. Ages for competency trails shall take into consideration a minimum age, which should approximate the average response time for search dog crews.  
4.3 This guide only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a trailing search dog crew or team to perform trail searches. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.4 This guide is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a trailing search dog team or crew, and may be used to assist in the development of a training document or program.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training trailing search dog crews or teams. Likewise, this guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements in this guide.  
4.6 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in this guide are not in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.7 Though this guide establishes minimum training requirements, it does not imply that a trailing search dog team or crew is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similarly termed part of an organization.  
4.7.1 The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for its member ratings.  
4.8 A trailing search dog crew or team shall document training by completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision. Where proficiency in a skill or ability must be demonstrated, unless oth...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a dog crew or team to perform a trailing search.  
1.2 Trailing search dog crews or teams perform searches on the surface of the land, including open urban or wilderness areas, as well as mountainous terrain and alpine environments.  
1.2.1 Additional training shall be required for trailing search dog crews or teams that search in mountainous terrain, alpine environments, and in caves, mines, and tunnels.  
1.3 This guide does not include the knowledge, skills, and abilities required to search in partially or fully collapsed structures, confined spaces, or on bodies of water, inland or oceanic.  
1.4 Trailing search dog crews or teams trained to meet the requirements of this guide may operate in urban and disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost their infrastructure.  
1.5 Trailing search dog crews or teams must work under qualified supervision deemed appropriate by the AHJ.  
1.6 Search dog crews or teams are eligible to be members of Type I and II SAR crews or teams of the following Kinds, as defined in Classification F1993:  
1.6.1 Kind A (Wilderness);  
1.6.2 Kind B (Urban);  
1.6.3 Kind C (Mountainous);  
1.6.4 Kind G (Cave);  
1.6.5 Kind H (Mine);  
1.6.6 Kind I (Avalanche);  
1.6.7 Kind K (Aircraft); and  
1.6.8 Kind L (Unclassified).  
1.7 Further training may be required before a trailing search dog crew or team can fully participate on a particular Type and Kind of team or crew, based on specific local needs, regulations, or policies.  
1.8 This guide does not provide a theoretical basis for how a trailing search dog crew or team functions.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory l...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum requirements for training SWFT-Basic personnel. A person trained to this guide is considered to be a SWFT-Basic.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a SWFT-Basic shall have met the requirements or equivalent of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by the individuals and Authorities Having Jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum training required for SWFT-Basic. No advanced skills are included or implied.  
4.4 This guide was developed specifically for use in the United States, but may be used in other countries as needed.  
4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with established and authorized guidelines and procedures mandated by the AHJ.  
4.6 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.7 The AHJ shall determine that personnel, agencies, and organizations are qualified and authorized to participate in swiftwater/flood search and rescue operations.  
4.8 The AHJ shall determine the evaluation process used to assess the extent to which the requirements of this guide are met.  
4.9 Swiftwater personnel should only perform activities in the swiftwater environment after a thorough risk assessment and appropriate risk mitigation efforts (such as the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), restricting efforts to shore-based techniques, or delaying a recovery until more favorable water conditions exist) have been performed. At the very least, personnel should follow the appropriate national, federal, state, tribal, provincial, and local safety standards as they apply to activities in swiftwater environments. SWFT-Basic personnel should be supervised by a Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Intermediate (SWFT-Intermediate) or Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician-Advanced (SWFT-Advanced) for in-water rescue operations. Shore-based rescue does not necessarily require SWFT-Intermediate or SWFT-Advanced supervision, but any rescue requires appro...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the areas of expertise that Search and Rescue (SAR) Swiftwater/Flood Rescue Technician Basic (SWFT-Basic) personnel shall demonstrate in order to perform in, on, or around a swiftwater environment.  
1.1.1 Specifically, this guide defines the recommended training required to prepare SWFT-Basic personnel, or equivalent, for responding to or conducting shore-based swiftwater and flood rescue operations.  
1.1.2 This guide establishes the general areas of expertise that SWFT-Basic personnel shall demonstrate. This guide does not cover specialized types of swiftwater/flood SAR, such as helicopter and boat-based rescues.  
1.1.3 This guide also establishes the minimum training requirements.  
1.2 This is the entry-level position for swiftwater/flood responders.  
1.3 SWFT-Basic personnel shall be able to recognize, reduce, eliminate, or mitigate, within the scope of their training, the hazards and risks in a swiftwater or flood situation or environment and be able to request appropriate additional resources.  
1.4 This guide identifies types of rescues, tactics, and systems that are typically used by SWFT-Basic personnel, such as shore-based rescues using talking, reaching, throwing, and wading methods.  
1.5 SWFT-Basic personnel who have met the minimum qualifications and experience within this guide are capable of performing shore-based rescues and assisting with in-water rescues from the shore under qualified supervision.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This classification aids search and rescue managers in ordering resources for search and rescue incidents and to aid dog handlers in communicating the types of tasks for which they and their dogs have trained. This classification is intended as a supplement to the resource typing specifications of the Incident Command System and specifically as a means of typing search and rescue dog resources and is suitable for classifying dog resources for a wide variety of emergency management purposes including both search and rescue and law enforcement incidents. This classification does not attempt to put forth standards of performance or training for dogs or their handlers. Search and rescue dog under this classification is either Type I or Type II, based upon whether or not the dog can effectively discriminate between the human scent of different individuals. Kind classifications of SAR dog resources are based upon the specific tasks for which dogs are deployed and include: Kind A, area search dog; Kind B, avalanche search dog; Kind C, cadaver search dog; Kind D, disaster/collapsed structure search dog; Kind E, evidence search dog; Kind F, railing search dog; Kind G, tracking search dog; and Kind H, water search.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard may be used to classify canine search resources (commonly referred to as search dog teams or crews) for emergency management operations, including search and rescue and law enforcement missions.  
4.2 Classification of canine search resources is based upon the training of the dog and its handler and their ability to perform specific tasks.  
4.3 Canine search resources are classified by category, kind, and type.  
4.4 A canine search resource may be more than one category.  
4.5 A canine search resource may be more than one kind.  
4.6 A particular kind of canine search resource can only be one type.  
4.7 A canine search resource’s type can vary, depending on its kind.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system defines canine search resources in terms of their training and capabilities.  
1.2 This classification system is intended to aid emergency managers ordering resources for search and rescue incidents. These classifications also provide a means by which dog handlers can convey to emergency management the tasks for which they and their dogs are trained.  
1.3 This classification system does not define standards of performance or training for canine search resources.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is to be used to expand the performance of water rescuers and improve the emergency response and patient care delivered to victims in the cold water and ice rescue environment.  
4.2 All persons who are identified as ice rescuers shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is not intended to be used in isolation, but as a component guide acknowledging many duties of response at a cold water and ice rescue emergency. It also establishes a minimum scope of performance and encourages the addition of optional knowledge, skills, and attitudinal objectives.  
4.4 This guide does not establish medical protocols, nor does it authorize invasive procedures without specific authorization and medical control.  
4.5 This guide is intended to assist government agencies, state, local, or regional organizations, fire departments, rescue teams, and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to cold water and ice emergencies.  
4.6 An ice rescuer shall be wearing an immersion suit, drysuit with PFD, or equivalent cold water protection and buoyancy to perform these rescues.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers minimum requirements for the scope of performance of an ice rescuer who performs cold water and ice rescues from the surface, assists with support for ice rescue divers, and provides initial patient care at a cold water or ice rescue incident.  
1.2 This guide is one of a series that, together with Guide F1739, describes the minimum performance requirements of an ice rescuer.  
1.3 Individuals who will operate in the cold water or ice rescue setting need to be aware of the equipment and physical requirements necessary to be able to perform all identified objectives and necessary skills in the setting.  
1.4 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is to be used to expand the performance of water rescuers and improve the emergency response and patient care delivered to victims in the water and cold water environment at lakes, ponds, quarries, and similar bodies of water.  
4.2 All persons who are identified as water rescuers shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is not intended to be used in isolation, but as a component guide, acknowledging various types/conditions at water emergencies and many duties of response at these incidents. It also establishes a minimum scope of performance and encourages the addition of optional knowledge, skills, and attitudinal objectives.  
4.4 This guide is not for ice, coastal, or river/swiftwater rescues. There will be additional standards to cover the specifics for those water characteristics.  
4.5 This guide does not establish water rescue protocols for the pool, beach, or other area lifeguards.  
4.6 This guide does not establish medical protocols, nor does it authorize invasive procedures without specific authorization and medical control.  
4.7 This guide is intended to assist government agencies; state, local, or regional organizations; fire departments; marine patrols; rescue teams; and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to water emergencies.  
4.8 A water rescuer shall be wearing a PFD, plus cold water protection when applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers minimum requirements for performance of a water rescuer who performs water rescues from the surface at lakes, ponds, quarries, and other similar bodies of water; assists with support for rescue divers; and provides initial patient care at a water emergency.  
1.2 This guide is one of a series which, together with Guide F1739, describe the minimum performance requirements of a water rescuer.  
1.3 Individuals who will operate in the water setting need to be aware of the equipment and physical requirements necessary to be able to perform all identified objectives and necessary skills in the setting.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Land Search Team Member. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Land Search Team Member shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and agencies having jurisdiction that wish to identify the minimum training required for a Land Search Team Member.  
4.3.1 The AHJ shall determine the depth or detail of training required to meet these needs.  
4.4 Though this guide establishes the minimum standard of training, it does not imply that a Land Search Team Member is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of a team, organization, or agency.  
4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for Land Search Team Members is the responsibility of the AHJ.  
4.4.2 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 This guide can be used to evaluate a document or training program to determine if its content includes the topics necessary for training individuals to operate as a Land Search Team Member.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Land Search Team Member or AHJ.  
4.7 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Land Search Team Member.  
4.8 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content includes the information required for training a Land Search Team Member. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements of this guide.  
4.9 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.10 A Land Search Team Member shall document hi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training requirements for land search personnel as it relates to their general, field, and search-specific knowledge and skills.  
1.2 A Land Search Team Member searches on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.3 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for searching in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.4 Personnel trained to this guide are not qualified to perform rescue. No knots, rope, high angle or low angle litter, or other rescue skills are required of a Land Search Team Member.  
1.5 Personnel trained to this guide are not qualified to operate in leadership positions.  
1.6 Land Search Team Members are eligible to be members of Category: Land Search, and Category: Untrained, search teams or crews, as defined in Classification F1993.  
1.6.1 Category: Land Search teams which may utilize personnel trained to this guide are:  
1.6.1.1 Kind: Non-Wilderness;
1.6.1.2 Kind: Wilderness;
1.6.1.3 Kind: Mountainous;
1.6.1.4 Kind: Alpine.  
1.7 Further training may be required before a Land Search Team Member can participate on a particular Kind of search team, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the authority having jurisdiction.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice establishes a multiple person cold water survival/rescue procedure.  
3.2 All persons who are identified as water rescuers shall meet the requirements of this practice.  
3.3 This practice is intended to assist government agencies, state, local, or regional organizations; fire departments; and rescue teams and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to water emergencies.  
3.4 The majority of the rescuers performing this technique must be wearing personal flotation devices. These devices should conform to standards set by the appropriate national regulatory authority, that is, the U.S. Coast Guard in the United States, and be in good and serviceable condition.  
3.5 A water rescuer sometimes may be immersed in cold water for prolonged periods of time. They are unable to get to shore or shore is too far away, rescue is not imminent, no boat is available to get into or on top of, and no flotsam is available. The water rescuer needs to assume a defensive posture to conserve heat and increase survival time.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the recommended water rescue procedure for performing the huddle position.  
1.2 This practice is one in a set of self-rescue techniques for the water rescuer.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide may be used to provide a consistent method for determining load ratios for technical rescue equipment and systems.  
3.2 Use of this guide will help to maintain clearer, more consistent calculation and reporting of load ratios.  
3.3 It should be acknowledged that, while component load ratios are fairly straightforward to calculate, they are of limited value for estimating system load ratios. System load ratios are usually desired for field applications, but are more difficult to calculate accurately.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the general concept of determining safety factors for technical rescue equipment and systems.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 In the event of any conflict between the text of this guide and any references cited, the text of this guide takes preference.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Whistle signals are a simple and effective means of communication between rescuers and those operating a rope-raising or rope-lowering system. They may be used as a primary means of communication or as a backup when radios fail or when ambient noise makes them unintelligible.  
3.2 These same signals can be used in non-rescue situations, for example, by persons rappelling in caves.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the methodology for the use of whistles as a means of communication during rope rescue operations.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes minimum standards criteria for MSAR personnel. Users of this guide shall have the ability to be a self-supporting deployable resource (for self and equine) and should be self-supporting while at base camp for a minimum duration of 24 h.  
4.2 At no time will this standard supersede any established protocol of international, national, federal, state, tribal, local, or regional governments.  
4.3 MSAR responders work with a variety of individuals and organizations, including law enforcement, fire and rescue, casual volunteers and family members of the missing subject(s).  
4.4 This standard does not address the wearing of a riding helmet while deployed on an MSAR mission. However, users of this standard shall be aware that many AHJ’s require the wearing of riding helmets while deployed on an MSAR mission and out of area response may require wearing a riding helmet.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) required for an MSAR responder and their equine during the deployment involving lost or missing persons and related non-technical rescue skills used to stabilize or minimize a missing person (subject) from remaining in peril.  
1.2 MSAR users of the guide shall meet or hold the certified equivalent KSA defined in Guide F2209.  
1.3 Users of this standard should, at minimum, have pre-existing basic horsemanship skills that are equivalent to what is published within: The United States Pony Club Manual of Horsemanship: Basics for Beginners/D Level (1).2  
1.4 Users of this standard should be aware of other MSAR standards, requirements, guidelines, policies, procedures, or protocols, or combinations thereof that have been established and which may be under the jurisdiction of federal, state, tribal, local, or other regional authorities (for examples of two (USA) state level MSAR standards, see Refs 2 and 3).  
1.5 This standard is created without bias to the type of tack, gear, packs, first aid supplies, personal protective equipment (for self or equine), or riding discipline that is practiced by the MSAR responder.  
1.6 This standard does not address the mounted evacuation of a subject, although an AHJ may determine when and if a mounted evacuation would be appropriate and what local protocols will be implemented.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide establishes a recommended procedure for utilizing ice awls as a self rescue technique on ice.  
3.2 All persons who are identified as ice rescuers shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
3.3 This guide will assist government agencies; state, local or regional organizations; fire departments; rescue teams; and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to ice emergencies.  
3.4 This guide is not intended to be used in isolation, but as a component guide acknowledging many skills and techniques needed to respond at a cold water and ice emergency.  
3.5 An ice rescuer shall be wearing an immersion suit, drysuit with PFD, or equivalent cold-water protection and buoyancy to perform these rescues.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the self-rescue technique on ice utilizing the ice awl.  
1.2 This guide is one of a series of self-rescue techniques for the ice rescuer.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The base map, field maps, and the UTM grid lines are used during search operations to ensure that field personnel and the command post can accurately communicate specific position information in the search area.  
4.2 Section 5 verifies if the UTM grid lines are on the base map or not. If the UTM grid lines are not on the base map, Section 5 describes how to draw them on the map.  
4.3 Section 6 establishes how to set up and prepare field maps for personnel to use in the field.  
4.4 Section 7 describes the uniform way of determining and communicating UTM coordinates.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes one method of setting up a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system on a base map for transfer to a field map.  
1.2 This guide provides a uniform way of communicating UTM coordinates.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be used with United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-min quadrangle topographical maps with a scale of 1:24 000, with or without UTM grid lines.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum level of obedience and agility required for canines to perform safely and effectively on a search dog team or crew.  
4.2 Obedience skills ensure that a dog is under the control of the handler, that it will not interfere with other resources such as search team members, rescue personnel, other search dogs, and members of the public, it can be left without the handler’s supervision, and it can be evacuated by someone other than the handler.  
4.2.1 All search dogs shall demonstrate the on-lead obedience skills defined in this guide.  
4.2.2 All search dogs that work off-lead shall also demonstrate the off-lead obedience skills defined in this guide.  
4.2.3 Off-lead obedience skills shall be demonstrated in the vicinity of a group of people and other dogs, with the accompanying noise and confusion common to search and rescue operations.  
4.3 Agility skills demonstrate the dog’s ability to negotiate terrain and obstacles that may be present in a search area. They also demonstrate the dog’s ability to work in an unfamiliar environment with unstable or loose objects underfoot.  
4.3.1 All search dogs shall demonstrate the agility skills defined in this guide.  
4.3.2 Off-lead search dogs shall perform all agility skills off-lead. On-lead search dogs may perform agility skills on or off lead, at the discretion of the handler. The use of a lead shall neither enhance nor diminish a dog’s ability to demonstrate its agility.  
4.3.3 Spotters should be provided for dogs demonstrating agility skills. The spotters, however, should neither enhance nor diminish a dog’s ability to demonstrate its agility.  
4.4 Handlers shall direct the dog with minimal commands.  
4.4.1 Continuous commands, or excessive talking to the dog, shall not be allowed.  
4.4.2 Occasional reminder commands and some praise shall be acceptable.  
4.5 This guide may be used by units, handlers, and requesting agencies to evaluate canine search resources. It ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum obedience and agility expected of canines that are part of a search dog team or crew.  
1.2 Further training is required for a canine before it may perform as a member of a search dog team or crew.  
1.3 This guide applies to canine members of all search resources classified in ASTM F1848 Standard Classification System for Canine Search Resources.  
1.3.1 The advanced obedience and agility skills required for canine members of Kind D (Disaster/Collapsed Structure Search) dog teams or crews are not defined in this guide.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are intended to provide reproducible data from which acceptance criteria, design data, and specifications can be developed for basket type rescue litters.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods enable the user to determine if a rescue litter meets the requirement for strength depending upon particular applications and methods of use.  
1.2 The test methods described in this standard are designed to test several parameters under “manner of use” conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard as it relates to general and specific knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA), for existing dispatchers, 911 operators and telecommunicators to be trained in the processing and dispatching of potential and actual search and rescue incidents. A person trained to this guide is a Level I (basic) SAR Dispatcher.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as an SAR Dispatcher shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and agencies having jurisdiction who wish to identify the minimum training standards for Level I SAR dispatcher.  
4.4 This guide is only the first level of training for Search and Rescue Dispatcher (SRD) personnel, and as such, only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to perform SAR Dispatch.  
4.5 Nothing in this guide precludes a user of this guide from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Level I SRD, but it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.7 It is up to the training authority to determine the depth or detail of training to meet its needs.  
4.8 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by the user.  
4.9 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content meets the necessary topics for training an SRD. Likewise, the guide can be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements of this guide.  
4.10 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements presented in the following sections are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.11 Except where a physical skill needs to be shown, it is up to the instructor, evaluator, or tester to determine the best...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard as it relates to general and specific knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA), for existing dispatchers (who have met the requirements of Practice F1258), 911 (emergency) operators, and telecommunicators to be trained for the processing and dispatch of potential and actual search and rescue incidents.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS receiver to navigate in the wilderness. A person trained to this guide shall be endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IIW Endorsed).  
4.1.1 Every person who is endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.2 This guide is the second level of training for wilderness GPS/GNSS use, and only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to navigate with a GPS/GNSS receiver in a wilderness environment. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, a person endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall also be adequately trained to travel and work in a wilderness environment.  
4.4 Depending on the regulations or policies of the AHJ, additional knowledge, skills, or abilities may be required before a person who meets the requirements in this guide may use a GPS/GNSS receiver to navigate in a wilderness environment.  
4.4.1 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a complete training document. It only specifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for an individual to be endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use. This guide may, however, be used in the development of, or as part of, a complete training document or program.  
4.6 Though this guide establishes only minimum training, it does not imply that a person endorsed for Intermediate Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of an organization. The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for member or employee ratings.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the necessary topics for training a person to be endorsed ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS2 receiver to navigate in the wilderness.  
1.2 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver on land, on and off roads, and on small bodies of water, wherever GPS/GNSS signals can be received.  
1.3 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver in disaster areas where local positioning aids or references may be lost or damaged.  
1.4 This guide does not apply to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver on large bodies of water, at sea, or in the air.  
1.5 This guide does not imply that a GPS/GNSS receiver is a replacement for a map and compass. Use of the latter is strongly recommended as a backup for GPS/GNSS navigation.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The ICS framework is designed to be used for all emergencies and is applicable to small day-to-day situations as well as very large and complex incidents.  
3.2 The ICS framework, operating requirements, components, and procedures are designed for organizing and operating an on-scene management structure only.  
3.3 Users of this guide are expected to be familiar with the ICS.  
3.4 Neither this guide nor any of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved ICS courses or documents provide a specific plan for managing an SAR operation, but rather they outline a process for developing a management and coordination framework.  
3.5 It is not intended for this standard to conflict in any way with civil SAR responsibilities agreed to by the National Search and Rescue Plan of the United States, the International Aeronautical and Maritime Search and Rescue Manual (IAMSAR), or other appropriate international instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of the Incident Command System (ICS), as developed in the National Incident Management System (NIMS) in 2004, as the management framework for search and rescue (SAR) operations.  
1.2 Except as otherwise specified herein, the methods and requirements of this standard also include NIMS, ICS, and National Response Framework (NRF) requirements, when required, for search and rescue personnel that deploy within the United States of America.  
1.3 The ICS may be used outside of the United States for managing SAR operations, users of this standard need to be aware of other incident management requirements, guidelines, policies, procedures, and protocols within the area of ICS SAR operations.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide establishes a recommended procedure for a throwing rescue to ensure the safety of all water rescuers who may be involved in rescue techniques at a water rescue emergency.  
3.2 This water rescue technique can be utilized from land, boat, or any stable platform.  
3.3 All persons who are identified as water rescuers shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
3.4 This guide is intended to assist government agencies, state, local, and regional organizations; fire departments; rescue teams and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to water emergencies.  
3.5 The procedure outlined in the document may vary with the number and type of victims, and water conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the recommended procedures for throwing a water rescue throwbag.  
1.2 This guide is one in a series of water rescue techniques for the water rescuer.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS receiver to determine a position and collect navigational data in the wilderness. A person trained to this guide shall be endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use (GPS/GNSS-IW Endorsed).  
4.1.1 Every person who is endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.2 This guide is only the first level of training for wilderness GPS/GNSS use, and only establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to use a GPS/GNSS receiver to determine his or her location and collect navigational data in a wilderness environment. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, a person endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use shall also be adequately trained to travel and work in a wilderness environment.  
4.4 Depending on the regulations or policies of the AHJ, additional knowledge, skills, or abilities may be required before a person who meets the requirements in this guide may use a GPS/GNSS receiver in a wilderness environment.  
4.4.1 Nothing in this guide precludes an AHJ from adding additional requirements for its own members.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a complete training document. It only specifies the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for an individual to be endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use. This guide may, however, be used in the development of, or as part of, a complete training document or program.  
4.6 Though this guide establishes only minimum training, it does not imply that a person endorsed for Basic Wilderness GPS/GNSS Use is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of an organization. The AHJ is responsible for determining the requirements and qualifications for member or employee ratings.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a document to determine if its content includes the nec...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities required to use a GPS/GNSS2 receiver to determine one’s position, and collect location data, in the wilderness.  
1.2 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver on land, on and off roads, and on small bodies of water, wherever GPS/GNSS signals can be received.  
1.3 This guide applies to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver in disaster areas where local positioning aids or references may be lost or damaged.  
1.4 This guide does not apply to the use of a GPS/GNSS receiver on large bodies of water, at sea, or in the air.  
1.5 A person who meets the requirements in this guide is only prepared to operate a GPS/GNSS receiver to determine his or her location, and collect position and movement information, in a wilderness environment.  
1.6 This guide does not imply that a GPS/GNSS receiver is a replacement for a map and compass. Use of the latter is strongly recommended as a backup for GPS/GNSS navigation.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice establishes a single person cold water survival/rescue procedure.  
3.2 All persons who are identified as water rescuers shall meet the requirements of this practice.  
3.3 This practice is intended to assist government agencies, state, local, or regional organizations; fire departments; and rescue teams and others who are responsible for establishing a minimum performance for personnel who respond to water emergencies.  
3.4 A rescuer needs to be wearing a personal flotation device to perform this technique. These devices should conform to standards set by the appropriate national regulatory authority, that is, the U.S. Coast Guard in the United States, and be in good and serviceable condition.  
3.5 A water rescuer sometimes may be immersed in cold water for prolonged periods of time. They are unable to get to shore or shore is too far away, rescue is not imminent, no boat is available to get into or on top of, and no flotsam is available. The water rescuer needs to assume a defensive posture to conserve heat and increase survival time.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the recommended water rescue procedure for performing the heat escape lessening posture (HELP) position.  
1.2 This practice is one in a set of self-rescue techniques for the water rescuer.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers six mechanical tests, one corrosion resistance test, and the minimum performance requirements for these tests. This specification applies to carabiners designed specifically for use by rescue personnel during both training exercises and actual rescue operations. Two different types of carabiners are defined, a heavy-duty rescue carabiner and a light-duty rescue carabiner. The mechanical tests are: gate function test, gate locking mechanism function load test, major axis gate closed function load test, major axis gate closed ultimate strength test, major axis gate open ultimate strength test, and minor axis gate closed ultimate strength test. Carabiners may disengage or eject parts from the test fixture. Use a safety screen and wear safety glasses while testing.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gate Function Load Test—This test verifies that the gate can be opened (with the gate locking mechanism in the unlocked position) and that the gate can not be opened (with the gate locking mechanism in the locked position) while loaded with Function Test Force #1 along the major axis.  
5.2 Gate Locking Mechanism Function Load Test—This test verifies that the gate locking mechanism can be unlocked, after Function Test Force #2 has been applied along the major axis and released.  
5.3 Major Axis Gate Closed Function Load Test—This test verifies that the gate functions as originally intended, after Function Test Force #3 has been applied and released.  
5.4 Major Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength Test—This test is intended to show the ultimate strength of the carabiner in the major axis with the gate closed.  
5.5 Major Axis Gate Open Ultimate Strength Test—This test is intended to show the ultimate strength of the carabiner in the major axis with the gate open.  
5.6 Minor Axis Gate Closed Ultimate Strength Test—This test is intended to show the ultimate strength of the carabiner in the minor axis with the gate closed.  
5.7 Corrosion Test—This test is intended to verify that the carabiner is produced from a corrosion-resistant material, or adequately covered with a protective coating.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers six mechanical tests, one corrosion resistance test, and the minimum performance requirements for these tests. This specification applies to carabiners designed specifically for use by rescue personnel during both training exercises and actual rescue operations. This specification does not apply to recreational use carabiners.  
1.2 Two different types of carabiners are defined in this specification, a heavy-duty rescue carabiner and a standard-duty rescue carabiner.  
1.3 Tests contained herein are destructive in nature. Carabiners subjected to any of these tests shall not be used in any way after testing except in evaluation the results of such testing.  
1.4 This specification does not imply approval of any method of use of rescue carabiners. In addition, the tests described are laboratory tests and do not duplicate field conditions. Furthermore, the test load values contained herein are not to be interpreted as the forces which a rescue carabiner may be subjected to, or may be expected to sustain, in actual field use.  
1.5 Quality control is solely the responsibility of the manufacturer or purchaser, or both, and is not addressed by this specification.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles f...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The base map and overlays are used in managing a search by graphically tracking progress, resource allocation, and results. Standard symbols and markings allow a person to visually scan the map to obtain the status of the search without the need for a briefing or reading search documents.  
4.2 Overlays are used for symbols which are likely to change during the search, that will cover other symbols or base map features, to prevent marking the base map, and to avoid too many markings at one time.  
4.3 The symbols and colors have been chosen to be compatible with the symbols defined in Incident Command System Field Operations Guide ICS-420. This compatibility is either exact (for example, incident command post) or functional (for example, search area boundaries).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the symbols and markings to be used with land search maps to show resources, search coverage, status, and results.  
1.2 Operational usage of these symbols and markings, the resources they represent, and maps are not included in this practice.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This guide will give SAR personnel options in choosing a form that will fit their specific need. These forms will assist in the organization, management, and documentation of a search or rescue incident.  
3.2 Additional forms will be categorized by topics such as management, investigation, training documentation, equipment maintenance, and reports. This guide will compare the original ICS forms with samples of those developed to parallel them for SAR.  
3.3 Once categorized, an explanation will be given for each type of form. Some examples of these forms will be shown. Some contributors have included detailed instruction for the use of their forms.  
3.4 This guide may serve as the basis for new forms to be created using some information found here.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide gives examples of forms used in the SAR community.  
1.2 It is not the intent of this guide to recommend one form over another, but to make the user aware of the many different types of forms used. This guide does not purport to contain every form used in SAR, only a few examples of forms in each category.  
1.3 These forms cover a great variety of the many aspects involved in SAR. This guide will attempt to give a few versions of forms used for each aspect identified. The user may choose which form best fits his particular need.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers six mechanical tests and the corresponding minimum performance and design requirements for steel or aluminum alloy carabiners fabricated specifically for the sports of climbing and mountaineering. Two different types of carabiners are defined, namely, non-locking carabiners and locking carabiners. The mechanical tests to which the representative carabiners shall be evaluated on are gate function during body weight test, major axis gate closed 70 % force test, locking mechanism test, major axis gate closed ultimate strength test, major axis gate open ultimate strength test, and minor axis gate closed ultimate strength test. These tests are destructive in nature. Hence, carabiners subjected to any of these tests shall not be used in any way after testing, except in evaluating the results of such testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers six mechanical tests and the minimum performance requirements for carabiners designed specifically for the sports of climbing and mountaineering.  
1.2 Two different types of carabiners are defined in this standard, non-locking carabiners and locking carabiners.  
1.3 Tests contained herein are destructive in nature. Carabiners subjected to any of these tests shall not be used in any way after testing except in evaluating the results of such testing.  
1.4 This specification does not imply approval of any method of use of climbing and mountaineering carabiners. In addition, the test load values contained herein are not to be interpreted as the forces which a climbing and mountaineering carabiner may be subjected to, or expected to sustain in actual field use.  
1.5 This specification is limited to carabiners made of steel or aluminum alloys only.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum knowledge, skills, and abilities that a person must have to perform as a Tracker. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Tracker shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.2.1 Nothing in this guide precludes the AHJ from adding additional requirements for its personnel.  
4.3 Training to this guide is not an indication that a person possesses adequate field skills or knowledge to make mission critical decisions.  
4.4 Though this guide establishes a basic training standard, it does not imply that a Tracker is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar team member designation of an organization.  
4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for a Tracker is the responsibility of the AHJ.  
4.5 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Tracker or AHJ.  
4.6 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating Tracker endorsed personnel.  
4.7 This guide can be used to evaluate a book or other document to determine if its content includes the information required for training a Tracker. Likewise, this guide may be used to evaluate an existing training program to see if it meets the requirements of this guide.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities defined in this guide are not presented in any particular order and do not represent a training sequence.  
4.9 A Tracker shall document his or her training, as directed by the AHJ, which might include the completion of a position task book, compliant with Guide F3068, or by field demonstration under qualified supervision.  
4.9.1 Unless stated otherwise, an ability or proficiency in a skill shall be demonstrated for initial qualification and then as often as required by the AHJ.  
4.9.2 Except where a physical skill or ability must be demonstrated, the AHJ sh...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training, including knowledge, skills, and abilities, required for personnel operating as Trackers in support of a land search effort.  
1.2 A Tracker Endorsement alone is not sufficient to indicate that an individual has the knowledge, skills, or abilities to perform any specific duties, including search and rescue operations, beyond those defined within this guide.  
1.3 A Tracker tracks on the surface of the land only, including urban or disaster areas that may be isolated or have lost supporting infrastructure.  
1.4 This guide does not provide the minimum training requirements for tracking in partially or fully collapsed structures, in water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.5 Human land SAR resources that may utilize personnel trained to this guide are classified in Classification F1993.  
1.5.1 Individuals trained to this guide are qualified to operate on teams or crews classified as Category – Land Search of Kind – Tracking.  
1.5.2 Further training may be required before Tracking Land Search personnel may participate on particular Category or Kind of SAR resource, depending on local needs, regulations, or policies of the Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ).  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training a Helicopter SAR Technician, who is a crewmember with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function within a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation. A person trained to this guide shall be recognized as a Helicopter SAR Technician crewmember.  
4.2 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the requirements of this guide.  
4.3 This guide is to be used by individuals and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJs) that wish to identify the minimum training standards for Helicopter SAR Technician.  
4.4 This guide is the first level of training for Helicopter SAR Ttechnician and as such, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skills required to perform during helicopter operations.  
4.5 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Helicopter SAR Technician, and it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.6 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Helicopter SAR Technician.  
4.7 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, it does not imply that a Helicopter SAR Technician is “in training,” “on probation,” or in any other similar AHJ member status. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements and qualifications for member ratings.  
4.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities requirements presented in the following sections are not presented in any particular order and do not represent any specific training sequence.  
4.9 A Helicopter SAR Technician shall meet the ASTM standards for the environments for which the technician will be working and shall be able to interface with ground SAR resources.  
4.9.1 In order to operate safely around or in a given sub-environment within this area of specializ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for a helicopter inland search and rescue technician (hereafter known as Helicopter SAR Technician) with focus on the general, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function as a member of the crew with a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation.  
1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas of operation, including flood and swiftwater rescue operations.  
1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as a crewmember with helicopters only; no fixed-winged operations are included.  
1.4 General, field, and search and rescue specific knowledge and skills related to inland search and rescue are found in the following referenced ASTM documents: F1591, F1633, F1739, F1846, F2209, F2685, and F2751. The training identified in this guide supplements and enhances the search and rescue technician’s existing training, knowledge, and skills.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 It is presumed for the purposes of this practice that the legal authority (agency) having responsibility for emergency services in a given jurisdiction also has a legal responsibility to provide workers’ compensation Insurance coverage for regular paid employees.  
3.2 Emergency services volunteers are presumed to be requested irregularly to provide special skills or assistance on behalf of the agency. As such, these volunteers act as part-time employees of the agency and are empowered to act to provide these services when specifically requested to do so, or pursuant to an approved plan or schedule, or under the supervision of a full-time employee.  
3.3 The legal authority incurs workers’ compensation insurance responsibility for emergency services volunteers (ESVs) while the ESV is actively providing services to the agency as defined in Section 5 of this practice. This period of activity shall be considered to be employment as defined by the state workers’ compensation statutes of the agency.  
3.4 When a legal authority (agency) requests the services of emergency services volunteers as defined by this practice to provide services, the agency shall assume responsibility for the injuries, medical treatment, loss of wages, and death of those emergency services volunteers while providing services as described in this practice.  
3.5 Responsibility for the injuries, medical treatment, loss of wages, and death of those emergency services volunteers while providing services as described in this practice shall be at the statutory limits of the workers’ compensation laws of the state of the agency requesting the services of the emergency services volunteer, and shall be administered in accordance with that agency's state workers’ compensation laws and regulations.  
3.6 Responsibility for workers’ compensation for members of emergency services units shall be the same as outlined in 3.1, and shall be provided by the agency normally directing the activities of the ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines the application of insurance benefits for emergency services volunteers and units in the manner and extent as provided for under the workers’ compensation statutes of the state in which the volunteer or unit provides services.  
1.2 This practice identifies the basic types of emergency service volunteer, and the types of activities that should be covered by workers’ compensation insurance.  
1.3 This practice includes both emergency service units who operate as organized resources to a public authority legally responsible for the provision of search and rescue and other emergency services, as well as those volunteers who respond to a general request to the public for their services.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The types of rope rescue systems to which this test method apply use a tensioned mainline and untensioned belay line. If a fall occurs because of a mainline system failure or misuse, considerable energy must be absorbed by the belay for a successful arrest. This drop test method simulates a “worst case” condition when systems are operated as designed, and is designed to help evaluate and compare the performance of various rope rescue belay systems under such conditions. (See Note 1.) The successful catching of a load does not imply that the tested system is suitable for any and all belaying. See X1.2.
Note 1: Higher forces may be encountered under some circumstances, such as the belay being operated with excessive slack.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers drop test procedures to measure rope rescue belay system performance. It applies only to belay systems consisting of an untensioned rope connecting the load to an anchored belay device. This test method does not address other types of belays, such as self-belays or belays for lead climbing, nor does it test the rescuer's belaying ability.  
1.2 This test method may be used to help measure a rescue belay system's performance under controlled drop test conditions, but it will not necessarily provide guidance as to which belay method is most suited to a particular application. Other considerations, such as ease of handling, performance on different types and diameters of rope, portability, versatility, system safety factor, cost, and automatic operation that do not require the positive action of the belayer may influence the selection of a belay system and are not dealt with in this test method. See X1.1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Additional precautions for this test method are given in 8.1 and 8.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training intermediate level rope rescuers as it relates to their general, field, and rope rescue specific knowledge and skills. A person trained to this guide is an Intermediate Rope Rescuer.  
4.1.1 Every person who is identified as an Intermediate Rope Rescuer shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.2 This guide is only the second level of training for rope rescue personnel and, in conjunction with Guides F2209 and F2752, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skills required for a person to perform Intermediate Rope Rescue. No other advanced skills are included or implied.  
4.1.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, an Intermediate Rope Rescuer shall also be adequately trained to function safely and effectively in the environment in which he or she is expected to work (that is, wilderness, urban, etc.).  
4.2 Intermediate Rope Rescue endorsement is not an indication that a person possesses adequate field skills or knowledge to make mission-critical decisions. Under qualified supervision an Intermediate Rope Rescuer is qualified to work in an area with high fall exposure and/or falling hazard potential, including high angle terrain.  
4.3 This guide by itself is not a complete training document. It is only an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an Intermediate Rope Rescuer or by an AHJ. It may, however, be used in the development of, or as part of, a complete training document or program.  
4.3.1 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by an Intermediate Rope Rescuer or by an AHJ.  
4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards, it does not imply that an Intermediate Rope Rescuer is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of an organization.  
4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for land rescue team members is the responsib...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide, in conjunction with, and as an add-on to, Guides F2751 and F2752 (or equivalents for other environments) defines the training required for a person who participates in rope rescue operations at an intermediate level of responsibility and complexity as part of larger rescue duty.  
1.1.1 Specifically, this guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to assist, support, and direct rope rescue operations at an intermediate level, including patient packaging, litter rigging, ascending and descending fixed ropes in a high angle environment, constructing raising and lowering systems, and directing simple low angle rescue operations, in conjunction with other rescue duties.  
1.1.2 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for an Intermediate Rope Rescuer as related to general, field, and rope rescue-specific knowledge and skills.  
1.1.3 An Intermediate Rope Rescuer may directly supervise low angle rope rescue operations.  
1.1.4 An Intermediate Rope Rescuer must work under the direct supervision of qualified rope rescue personnel during high angle or complex rope rescues.  
1.2 An Intermediate Rope Rescuer endorsement applies only to rescues on the surface of the land; additional endorsements are required to perform this level of rope rescue in other environments. This guide alone does not define the minimum training requirements for rescuing in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.3 An Intermediate Rope Rescuer is required to have knowledge and skill sets pertaining to the intermediate roped evacuation and carryout component of rescue. These include but are not limited to patient packaging, construction of an anchor system, construction of simple, compound, and complex rope mechanical advantage systems, and construction and use of lowering (fixed-brake) rope systems....

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes a minimum standard for training rope rescuers in regard to their rope rescue specific knowledge and skills. A person trained to this guide is an advanced rope rescuer.  
4.1.1 Every person who is identified as an advanced rope rescuer shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.2 This guide is the third level of training for rope rescue personnel and, in conjunction with Guides F2751, F2752, and F2954, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skills required for a person to perform or lead advanced rope rescue. No other skills are included or implied.  
4.1.3 In addition to meeting the requirements of this guide, an advanced rope rescuer shall also be adequately trained to operate safely and effectively in the environment in which he or she is expected to work (i.e., wilderness, urban, etc.).  
4.2 Advanced rope rescue endorsement is an indication that a person possesses adequate field skills and knowledge to make mission-critical decisions. A person so endorsed is qualified to support or direct a rope rescue team in an area with high fall exposure and/or falling hazard potential, including high angle environments.  
4.3 This guide by itself is not a complete training document. It is only an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating an advanced rope rescuer. It may, however, be used in the development of, or as part of, a complete training document or program.  
4.3.1 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by an advanced rope rescuer or for an authority having jurisdiction (AHJ) to properly evaluate a training program or text.  
4.4 Though this guide establishes only minimum standards, it does not imply that an advanced rope rescuer is a “trainee,” “probationary,” or other similar term member of an organization.  
4.4.1 Determining the requirements and qualifications for land rescue team members is the responsibility of t...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide, in conjunction with, and as an add-on to, Guides F2751, F2752, and F2954 (or equivalent for other environments), defines the basic training required for a person who participates in rope rescue at the highest level of responsibility and complexity, as part of a larger rescue duty.  
1.1.1 Specifically, this guide defines the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for a person to support or direct a rope rescue team in advanced rope rescue functions including pre-planning and size-up of rope rescue operations, designing and directing the construction of rope systems for moving a victim in low and high angle environments, directing the construction and operation of highline and related rope systems, and performing advanced rope rigging functions, in conjunction with other rescue duties.  
1.1.2 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for an advanced rope rescue endorsed person in regard to general, field, and rope rescue-specific knowledge and skills.  
1.2 An advanced rope rescuer performs rope rescues in all terrain and is capable of directing basic and intermediate rope rescuers.  
1.2.1 An advanced rope rescuer endorsement applies only to rescues on the surface of the land; additional endorsements are required to perform this level of rope rescue in other environments. This guide alone does not define the minimum training requirements for performing or assisting with rescues in partially or fully collapsed structures, in or on water, in confined spaces, or underground (such as in caves, mines, and tunnels).  
1.2.2 This guide alone does not define the minimum training requirements for climbing Class 52 or higher rock and/or ice to perform a rescue.  
1.3 An advanced rope rescuer is required to have knowledge and skill sets pertaining to the advanced roped evacuation components of rescue. These include, but are not limited to, advanced knots and rigging, functioning as a litter att...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide establishes the minimum standard for training a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief with focus on the general knowledge and skills needed to function within a helicopter in support of an inland search and rescue operation. A person trained to this guide is a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief.  
4.1.1 Every person who is identified as a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall have met the requirements of this guide.  
4.1.2 This guide is to be used by individuals and authorities having jurisdiction (AHJ) that wish to identify the minimum training standards for a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief.  
4.1.3 This guide is only the first level of training for a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief and as such, only establishes the minimum knowledge and skills required for a person to perform during helicopter operations.  
4.1.4 This guide by itself is not a training document. It is only an outline of the topics required for training or evaluating a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief, but it can be used to develop a training document or program.  
4.1.5 This guide does not stand alone and must be used with the referenced documents to provide the specific information needed by a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief.  
4.1.6 Though this guide establishes the minimum standards, it does not imply that a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief is “in training,” “on probation,” or in any other similar AHJ member status. It is up to the AHJ to determine the requirements and qualifications for member ratings.  
4.1.7 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall be trained in the normal operational response areas. Examples include but are not limited to the following regions: mountainous, desert, wilderness and over inland bodies of water.  
4.1.8 The knowledge, skills, and abilities presented in the following sections are not presented in any particular order and do not represent any specific training sequence.  
4.1.9 A Helicopter SAR Crew Chief shall meet the minimum SAR requirements for their environments while working as a crewmember with a...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for a Helicopter Inland Search and Rescue (SAR) Crew Chief (hereafter known as Helicopter SAR Crew Chief) with focus on the general and crew chief specific knowledge, skills, and abilities needed to function as a member of the helicopter crew in support of an inland search and rescue operation.  
1.2 This guide is focused on inland, non-oceanic areas of operation, including flood and swiftwater rescue operations.  
1.3 This guide is focused on persons functioning as a Helicopter SAR Crew Chief with helicopters only; no fixed-winged operations are included.  
1.4 The training discussed in this guide will supplement and enhance the Helicopter SAR Crew Chief’s existing training, knowledge, skills, and abilities.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Communications Errors and Delays—Communications systems, including their procedures and channels, are subject to errors due to noise, interference, weak signals, mistakes, and other causes. They are also subject to delays due to the necessity to detect and correct these errors. There may also be errors and delays due to the lack of trained and experienced operators.  
4.2 Error Control—Phonetics enables the control of errors through error detection, and usually prompt correction, for words and characters in speech and printed text. It employs an error correcting system of symbols and procedures that are standardized and easily recognized under adverse or high error communications conditions.  
4.3 Symbol Characteristics—The phonetic alphabet is an error detecting and correcting code composed of phonetic symbols that are carefully selected to have distinctive sounds or appearances (or other unique characteristics) that improve detection under adverse conditions (such as severe noise or high errors) and enhance differentiation from each other.  
4.3.1 Phonetics are inherently language-dependent. For English text letters, there are 26 phonetic alphabet symbols, that correspond to the 26 letters (from A to Z) that may be used to compose the words in a message. Additional symbols are used for numerals and punctuations.  
4.3.2 Phonetic symbols (including an alphabet, numerals, and punctuation) must have unique characteristics as mentioned above, and they should not be restricted to only one communications media.  
4.4 Procedures for Error Detection and Correction:  
4.4.1 Phonetic communications procedures are used to minimize or eliminate information errors and to facilitate the correct transmission of messages using trained operators.  
4.4.2 The phonetic procedures are carefully structured to enable symbol differentiation and error detection based on simple examination of the received data. Using forward error correction (FEC), in most cases the symbols ca...
SCOPE
1.1 Establishment of Phonetics—This practice covers the establishment of phonetics (including an alphabet, numerals, and punctuations), and the procedures for their use, in communications.  
1.2 Performance—This practice is intended to facilitate the performance of communications personnel and systems under adverse communications conditions. This objective is achieved by employing easily recognized and used symbols and procedures that are highly resistant to errors. This system may be used with speech, print, or other media.  
1.3 Interoperability—This practice is intended to facilitate the interoperability of communications personnel and systems among different organizations, especially if they use different internal practices. This system is also recommended for use within any organization for improved internal communications and uniformity of operations.  
1.4 English as Common Language—This practice is intended for use with English. English has been designated by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and others as a common interoperability language that is widely used in search and rescue, emergency, and international operations such as aviation, maritime, and military.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.