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ASTM G109-21

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods provide a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be used in concrete.  
3.2 The total integrated (coulombs) current is calculated to provide an indication of the corrosion that occurs due to the macrocell corrosion.  
3.3 These test methods are useful for development studies of corrosion inhibitors to be used in concrete.  
3.4 These test methods have been used elsewhere with good agreement between corrosion as measured by these test methods and corrosion damage on the embedded steel (1-4).4 These test methods might not properly rank the performance of different corrosion inhibitors, especially at concrete covers over the steel less than 40 mm (1.5 in.) or water-to-cement ratios above 0.45. The concrete mixture proportions and cover over the steel are chosen to accelerate chloride ingress. Some inhibitors might have an effect on this process, which could lead to results that would differ from what would be expected in actual use (5).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover a procedure for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of metals in concrete. These test methods can be used to evaluate materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of admixtures in a chloride environment.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Dec-2021
ICS
91.080.40 - Concrete structures
Technical Committee
G01 - Corrosion of Metals
Drafting Committee
G01.14 - Corrosion of Metals in Construction Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM G109-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride EnvironmentsASTM G109-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments
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ASTM G109-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments
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REDLINE ASTM G109-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride EnvironmentsREDLINE ASTM G109-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments
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REDLINE ASTM G109-21 - Standard Test Methods for Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to Chloride Environments
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: G109 − 21
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion
of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to
1
Chloride Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
Concrete by the Volumetric Method
1.1 These test methods cover a procedure for determining
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test
the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of metals in
Specimens in the Laboratory
concrete. These test methods can be used to evaluate materials
C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in
Concrete by the Pressure Method
concrete. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of
C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,
admixtures in a chloride environment.
Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
C876 Test Method for Corrosion Potentials of Uncoated
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C881/C881M Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Systems for Concrete
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
C1152/C1152M Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Mortar and Concrete
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Bridge Construction
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D632 Specification for Sodium Chloride
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ASTM Test Methods
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
G3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical
2. Referenced Documents
Measurements in Corrosion Testing
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-
G33 Practice for Recording Data from Atmospheric Corro-
Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
sion Tests of Metallic-Coated Steel Specimens
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Cor-
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement
rosion
Concrete
3
2.2 SSPC/NACE Standards:
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning
3. Significance and Use
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on
Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.14 on
3.1 These test methods provide a reliable means for predict-
Corrosion of Metals in Construction Materials.
ing the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2021. Published January 2022. Originally
used in concrete.
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as G109–07 (2013). DOI:
10.1520/G0109-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from The Association for Materials Protection and Performance
the ASTM website. (AMPP), 800 Trumbull Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15205, https://www.ampp.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G109 − 21
5,6
3.2 The total integrated (coulombs) current is calculated to 5.5 Two-part Waterproof Epoxy —This epoxy shall meet
provide an indication of the corrosion that occurs due to the the chemical resistance requirements of a Type IV, Grade 3,
macrocell corrosion. Class E of Specification C881/C881M.
3.3 These test methods are useful for development studies
5.6 Sulfuric Acid, 10 % by mass, for pickling
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: G109 − 07 (Reapproved 2013) G109 − 21
Standard Test MethodMethods for
Determining Effects of Chemical Admixtures on Corrosion
of Embedded Steel Reinforcement in Concrete Exposed to
1
Chloride Environments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G109; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 ThisThese test method coversmethods cover a procedure for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion
of metals in concrete. ThisThese test methodmethods can be used to evaluate materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced
corrosion of steel in concrete. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of admixtures in a chloride environment.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. after
SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
C33C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
C150C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C173/C173M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method
C192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory
C231C231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method
C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
Cements and Concretes
C876 Test Method for Corrosion Potentials of Uncoated Reinforcing Steel in Concrete
C881/C881M Specification for Epoxy-Resin-Base Bonding Systems for Concrete
C1152/C1152M Test Method for Acid-Soluble Chloride in Mortar and Concrete
1
ThisThese test method ismethods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.14
on Corrosion of Metals in Construction Materials.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013Dec. 15, 2021. Published July 2013January 2022. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
G109–07. –07 (2013). DOI: 10.1520/G0109-07R13.10.1520/G0109-21.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
G109 − 21
D448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction
D632 Specification for Sodium Chloride
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
G3 Practice for Conventions Applicable to Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing
G15G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion and Corrosion Testing (Withdrawn 2010)
G33 Practice for Recording Data from Atmospheric Corrosion Tests of Metallic-Coated Steel Specimens
G46 Guide for Examination and Evaluation of Pitting Corrosion
3
2.2 NACESSPC/NACE Standards:
SSPC-SP 5/NACE No. 1 White Metal Blast Cleaning
3. Significance and Use
3.1 ThisThese test method providesmethods provide a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of
admixtures to be used in concrete.
3.2 The total integrated (coulombs) current is
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods provide a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be used in concrete.  
3.2 The total integrated (coulombs) current is calculated to provide an indication of the corrosion that occurs due to the macrocell corrosion.  
3.3 These test methods are useful for development studies of corrosion inhibitors to be used in concrete.  
3.4 These test methods have been used elsewhere with good agreement between corrosion as measured by these test methods and corrosion damage on the embedded steel (1-4).4 These test methods might not properly rank the performance of different corrosion inhibitors, especially at concrete covers over the steel less than 40 mm (1.5 in.) or water-to-cement ratios above 0.45. The concrete mixture proportions and cover over the steel are chosen to accelerate chloride ingress. Some inhibitors might have an effect on this process, which could lead to results that would differ from what would be expected in actual use (5).
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1.1 These test methods cover a procedure for determining the effects of chemical admixtures on the corrosion of metals in concrete. These test methods can be used to evaluate materials intended to inhibit chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosivity of admixtures in a chloride environment.  
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3.1 These test methods provide a reliable means for predicting the inhibiting or corrosive properties of admixtures to be used in concrete.  
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1.2 Deterioration in concrete bridge decks is manifested by the corrosion of embedded reinforcement or the decomposition of concrete, or both. The most serious form of deterioration is that which is caused by corrosion of embedded reinforcement. Corrosion may be initiated by deicing salts, used for snow and ice control in the winter months, penetrating the concrete. In arid climates, the corrosion can be initiated by chloride ions contained in the mix ingredients. Deterioration may also be initiated by the intrusion of water and aggravated by subsequent freeze/thaw cycles, causing damage to the concrete and subsequent debonding of the reinforcing steel with the surrounding compromised concrete.  
1.2.1 As the reinforcing steel corrodes, it expands and creates a crack or subsurface fracture plane in the concrete at or just above the level of the reinforcement. The fracture plane, or delamination, may be localized or may extend over a substantial area, especially if the concrete cover to the reinforcement is small. It is not uncommon for more than one delamination to occur on different planes between the concrete surface and the reinforcing steel. Delaminations are not visible on the concrete surface. However, if repairs are not made, the delaminations progress to open spalls and, with continued corrosion, eventually affect the structural integrity of the deck.  
1.2.2 The portion of concrete contaminated with excessive chlorides is generally structurally deficient compared with non-contaminated concrete. Additionally, the chloride-contaminated concrete provides a pathway for the chloride ions to initiate corrosion of the reinforcing steel. It is therefore of particular interest in bridge deck condition investigations to locate not only the areas of active reinforcement corrosion, but also areas of chloride-contaminated and otherwise deteriorated concrete.  
1.3 This test method may not be suitable for evaluating bridges with delaminations that are localized over the diameter of the reinforcement, or for those bridges that have cathodic protection (coke breeze as cathode) installed on the bridge or for which a conductive aggregate has been used in the asphalt (that is, blast furnace slag). This is because metals are perfect reflectors of electromagnetic waves, since th...

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ASTM
ASTM A1044/A1044M-22a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Stud Assemblies for Shear Reinforcement of Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers steel stud assemblies for shear reinforcement of concrete. Stud assemblies consist of either single-headed studs (Type 1) attached to a structural steel base rail by structural welding or stud welding, or double-headed studs (Type 2) mechanically crimped into a non-structural steel shape or attached to a steel plate by spot welding or tack welding. These stud assemblies are not intended for use as shear connectors in steel-concrete composite construction.
Note 1: The configuration of the studs for stud assemblies is much different than the configuration of the headed-type studs prescribed in Clause 9, Figure 9.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M. Ratios of the cross-sectional areas of the head-to-shank of the AWS D1.1/D1.1M studs range from about 2.5 to 4. In contrast, this specification requires the area of the head of the studs for stud assemblies to be at least 10 times the area of the shank. Thus, the standard headed-type studs in Clause 9, Figure 9.1 of AWS D1.1/D1.1M do not conform to the requirements of this specification for use as stud assemblies for shear reinforcement.  
1.2 This specification is applicable for orders in either inch-pound units or in SI units.  
1.3 The values stated either in inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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