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ASTM A788-05

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:
1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of the individual product specifications shall prevail over those of this specification.
1.3 The purchaser may specify additional requirements (see ) that do not negate any of the provisions of either this specification or of the individual product specifications. The acceptance of any such additional requirements shall be dependent on negotiations with the supplier and must be included in the order.
1.4 If, by agreement, forgings are to be supplied in a partially completed condition, that is, all of the provisions of the product specification have not been filled, then the material marking (see Section ) and certification (see Section ) shall reflect the extent to which the product specification requirements have been met.
1.5 As noted in the Certification Section (), the number and year date of this specification, as well as that of the product specification, are required to be included in the product certification.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2005
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A788-04a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Apr-2005
Replaced By
ASTM A788-05a - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Jun-2005

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ASTM A788-05 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General RequirementsASTM A788-05 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
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ASTM A788-05 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: A 788 – 05
Standard Specification for
1
Steel Forgings, General Requirements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 788; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
A 592 High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-
Alloy Steel Forged Fittings and Parts for
2
1.1 This specification covers a group of common require-
Pressure Vessels
ments that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product
A 649/A 649M Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Pa-
per Machinery
specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the
A 668/A 668M Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General
following specifications issued by ASTM:
Industrial Use
ASTM A 723/A 723M Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pres-
sure Component Application
Designation Title
A 266/A 266M Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel A 765/A 765M Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-
Vessel-Component Forgings with Manda-
Components
A 288 Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic tory Toughness Requirements
A 768 Vacuum-Treated 12 % Chromium Alloy Steel
Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators
A 289/A 289M Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retain- Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
A 837 Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applica-
ing Rings for Generators
tions
A 290 Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for
A 859/A 859M Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-
Reduction Gears
sure Vessel Components
A 291 Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions,
A 891 Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy
Gears, and Shafts for Reduction Gears
Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and
A 336/A 336M Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-
Wheels
Temperature Parts
A 909 Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Indus-
A 372/A 372M Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-
trial Use
Walled Pressure Vessels
A 940 Vacuum Treated Steel Forgings, Alloy, Differ-
A 427 Wrought Alloy Steel Rolls for Cold and Hot
entially Heat Treated, for Turbine Rotors
Reduction
A 965/A 965M Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and
A 469/A 469M Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator
High Temperature Parts
Rotors
A 1021 Martensitic Stainless Steel Forgings and
A 470 Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel
Forging Stock for High-Temperature Ser-
Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts
vice
A 471 Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Tur-
bine Rotor Disks and Wheels
1.2 In case of conflict in requirements, the requirements of
A 508/A 508M Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pres-
the individual product specifications shall prevail over those of
sure Vessels
this specification.
A 521 Steel, Closed-Impression Die Forgings for
1.3 The purchaser may specify additional requirements (see
General Industrial Use
A 541/A 541M Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy
4.2.3) that do not negate any of the provisions of either this
Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Compo-
specification or of the individual product specifications. The
nents
acceptance of any such additional requirements shall be
A 579 Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings
dependent on negotiations with the supplier and must be
included in the order.
1 1.4 If, by agreement, forgings are to be supplied in a
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
partially completed condition, that is, all of the provisions of
Stainless Steel, and RelatedAlloys, and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A1.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets.
the product specification have not been filled, then the material
Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originally
marking (see Section 17) and certification (see Section 16)
approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as A 788 – 04a.
2
shall reflect the extent to which the product specification
For ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code applications, see related Specifi-
cation SA–788 in Section II of that code. requirements have been met.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A788–05
1.5 As noted in the Certification Section (16), the number A 751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for
andyeardateofthisspecification,aswellasthatoftheproduct Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
specification, are required to be included in t
...

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ASTM A388/A388M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. The straight beam techniques include utilization of the DGS (Distance Gain-Size) method. See Appendix X3.  
1.2 This practice is to be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that forgings are to be subject to ultrasonic examination in accordance with Practice A388/A388M.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements of an optional nature are provided for use at the option of the purchaser. The supplementary requirements shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the purchase order or contract.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
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1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM A472/A472M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Heat Stability of Steam Turbine Shafts and Rotor Forgings

ABSTRACT
This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
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ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
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ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
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ASTM A788/A788M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel forgings for general use. Materials shall be produced primarily by either electric-furnace, basic oxygen, vacuum-induction (VIM), or open-hearth melting process. The primary melting may incorporate separate degassing or refining and may be followed by secondary melting, using electro slag (ESR) or vacuum arc remelting (VAR). Steel shall be forged by any of these three classes based on forging temperature: cold-worked forging, hot-cold-worked forging, or hot-worked forging. After forging, specimens shall be allowed to cool prior to reheating for heat treatment. Details of heat and product analyses for the evaluation of chemical composition are thoroughly discussed. Tension and hardness tests shall be conducted to evaluate mechanical properties such as percentage of elongation and reduction of area. Repair welding shall not be allowed unless permitted by the product specification.
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1.1 This specification2 covers a group of common requirements that, unless otherwise specified in the individual product specification, shall apply to steel forgings under any of the following specifications issued by ASTM:    
ASTM Designation  
Title  
A266/A266M  
Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A288  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Magnetic Retaining Rings for Turbine Generators    
A289/A289M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Nonmagnetic Retaining Rings for Generators  
A290/A290M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Rings for Reduction Gears  
A291/A291M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for Pinions, Gears, and Shafts for Reduction Gears    
A336/A336M  
Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts    
A372/A372M  
Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Thin-Walled Pressure Vessels    
A469/A469M  
Vacuum-Treated Steel Forgings for Generator Rotors  
A470/A470M  
Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotors and Shafts    
A471/A471M  
Vacuum-Treated Alloy Steel Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A473  
Stainless Steel Forgings  
A504/A504M  
Wrought Carbon Steel Wheels  
A508/A508M  
Quenched and Tempered Vacuum-Treated Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessels  
A541/A541M  
Quenched and Tempered Carbon and Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
A579/A579M  
Superstrength Alloy Steel Forgings  
A592/A592M  
High-Strength Quenched and Tempered Low-Alloy Steel Forged Parts for Pressure Vessels  
A646/A646M  
Premium Quality Alloy Steel Blooms and Billets for Aircraft and Aerospace Forgings  
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Forged Steel Rolls Used for Corrugating Paper Machinery    
A668/A668M  
Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use  
A705/A705M  
Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings  
A711/A711M  
Steel Forging Stock  
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Alloy Steel Forgings for High-Strength Pressure Component Application  
A729/A729M  
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Carbon Steel and Low-Alloy Steel Pressure-Vessel-Component Forgings with Mandatory Toughness Requirements  
A837/A837M  
Steel Forgings, Alloy, for Carburizing Applications  
A859/A859M  
Age-Hardening Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components  
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Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Forgings for Turbine Rotor Disks and Wheels    
A909/A909M  
Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use  
A965/A965M  
Steel Forgings, Austenitic, for Pressure and High Temperature Parts  
A982/A982M  
Steel Forgings, Stainless, for Compressor and Turbine Airfoils  
A983/A983M  
Continuous Grain Flow Forged Carbon and Alloy Steel Crankshafts for Medium Speed Diesel Engines  
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Magnetic Particle Examination of Cont...

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ASTM A181/A181M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings, for General-Purpose Piping

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the carbon steel forgings used for general-purpose piping. Two classes of material are covered, Classes 60 and 70, and classified according to their mechanical properties. Except for flanges of all types, up to and including NPS 4 may be machined from hot-rolled or forged bar. Elbows, return bends, tees, and header tees shall not be machined directly from bar stock. Forgings shall be protected against sudden or too rapid cooling from the rolling or forging while passing through critical range. Heat treatment is neither required nor prohibited, but when applied, it shall consist of tempering, annealing, normalizing, or normalizing and tempering. Heat analysis shall be made to determine the percentage of the following elements: carbon, manganese, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur. The mechanical properties of the material shall conform to the required tensile properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers nonstandard as-forged fittings, valve components, and parts for general service. Forgings made to this specification are limited to a maximum weight of 10 000 lb [4540 kg]. Larger forgings may be ordered to Specification A266/A266M.  
1.2 Two classes of material are covered, designated as Classes 60 and 70, respectively, and are classified in accordance with their mechanical properties as specified in 6.1.  
1.3 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.  
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Standard Specification for Age-Hardening Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers age-hardening stainless steel forgings for general use. Materials for forgings shall consist of billets or bars and shall either be forged, rolled, or cast or a section cut from an ingot. The steel specimens shall be solution annealed and age hardened and shall conform to the required values of tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, hardness and impact Charpy-V. The steel materials shall conform to the required chemical compositions of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, chromium, nickel, aluminum, molybdenum, titanium, copper, nitrogen, columbium, and tantalum.
SCOPE
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1.3 Unless the order specifies an “M” designation, the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
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ASTM A638/A638M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Precipitation Hardening Iron Base Superalloy Bars, Forgings, and Forging Stock for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot-finished or cold-finished precipitation hardening iron base superalloy bars, forgings, and forging stock for high-temperature service. The mechanical properties of these alloys are developed by suitable solution treating and precipitation hardening treatments. Two grades of iron base alloy are covered; Grade 660 and Grade 662 (bars and forgings). The material shall meet the requirements as to stress rupture properties specified. The material shall conform to the chemical, mechanical, and metallurgical properties requirements specified.
SCOPE
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ASTM A668/A668M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Carbon and Alloy, for General Industrial Use

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standard requirements for untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. This specification covers six classes of carbon steels (Class A to F) and seven classes of alloy steels (Class G, H, and J to N). Materials shall be forged by hot mechanical work. Except for Class A, all forgings shall be heat treated, depending on class, by the following techniques: annealed, or normalized, or normalized and tempered (Classes B, C, D, and G); normalized and tempered, or double-normalized and tempered (Class E); quenched and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes F); normalized and tempered (Class H); normalized and tempered, or normalized, quenched, and tempered (Class J); and normalized, quenched, and tempered (Classes K, L, M, and N). Steel specimens shall undergo heat and product analyses, and shall conform to required chemical compositions for manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. Steel forgings shall also be tested on their conformance to the following tensile requirements: tensile strength, yield point, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and Brinell hardness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers untreated and heat-treated carbon and alloy steel forgings for general industrial use. Other ASTM specifications for forgings are available for specific applications such as pressure vessels, railroad use, turbine generators, gearing, and others involving special temperature requirements.  
1.2 Hot-rolled or cold finished bars are not within the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Six classes of carbon steel and seven classes of alloy steel forgings are listed (see Section 7), which indicate their required heat treatments, as well as mechanical properties.  
1.4 Provision, with the suffix H for certification and marking, for the supply of forgings after hardness testing only.  
1.5 Supplementary requirements, including those in Specification A788/A788M, of an optional nature are provided. These shall apply only when specified by the purchaser.  
1.6 Appendix X1 lists the current classes corresponding to the various classes of Specifications A235, A237, and A243, which have been superseded by this specification.  
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard; within the text and tables, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.8 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification, the forgings shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Technical specification
    10 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off