EN 16450:2017

Ambient air - Automated measuring systems for the measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM10; PM2,5)

In order to be in compliance with EU Air Quality Directive requirements, the reference methods given in the Directive 2008/50/EC [1] for the measurement of mass concentrations of particulate matter are not commonly used for operation in routine monitoring networks. These networks usually apply automated continuous measurement systems (AMS), such as those based on the use of oscillating microbalances, ß-ray attenuation, or in-situ optical methods. Such AMS are typically capable of producing 24-hour average measurement values over a measurement range up to 1 000 µg/m3 and 1-hour average measurement values up to 10 000 µg/m3, if applicable, where the volume of air is the volume at ambient conditions near the inlet at the time of sampling.
The 1-hour average values may be used for:
a)   direct information of the public;
b)   aggregation to produce daily or yearly average concentration values for regulatory reporting purposes.
Directive 2008/50/EC allows the use of such systems after demonstration of equivalence with the reference method, i.e. after demonstration that these systems meet the Data Quality Objectives for continuous measurements. Guidelines for the demonstration of equivalence are given in Reference [2].
This European Standard lays down the minimum performance requirements and test procedures for the type approval of appropriate AMS for particulate matter. This includes the evaluation of its equivalence with the reference method as laid down in Directive 2008/50/EC.
Further, this European Standard describes minimum requirements for ongoing quality assurance – quality control (QA/QC) of AMS deployed in the field. These requirements are necessary to ensure that uncertainties of measured concentrations are kept within the required limits during extended periods of continuous monitoring in the field, and include procedures for maintenance, calibration and control checks.
Additional procedures are described that determine whether an instrument’s equivalence to the reference method is maintained through possible pollution climate changes, over periods longer than five years.
Lastly, this European Standard describes harmonized requirements and procedures for the treatment and validation of raw measurement data that are used for the assembly of daily or yearly average concentration values. Experience with existing methods for data treatment and validation – for similar AMS – has shown that the different ways of data treatment and validation applied may lead to significant differences in reported results for similar datasets [3].
When the European Standard is used for purposes other than measurements required by Directive 2008/50/EC, the range and uncertainty requirements may not apply.
This European Standard contains information for different groups of users.
Clauses 5 and 6 and Annex A contain general information about the principles of automated continuous measurement systems for particulate matter, and relevant equipment.
Clause 7 and Annexes B and C are specifically directed towards test houses and laboratories that perform type-approval testing of automated continuous measurement systems for particulate matter. These clauses contain information about:
c)   type-approval test conditions, test procedures and test requirements;
d)   system performance requirements;
e)   evaluation of the type-approval test results;
f)   evaluation of the uncertainty of the measurement results of the automated continuous measurement systems for particulate matter based on the type-approval test results.
Clauses 8 to 11 are aimed at monitoring networks performing the practical measurements of particulate matter in ambient air. These clauses contain information about:
g)   initial installation of the system in the monitoring network and acceptance testing;
h)   ongoing quality assurance/quality control;
i)   on-going verification of suitability;
j)   treatment, validation and reporting of measurement results.

Außenluft - Automatische Messeinrichtungen zur Bestimmung der Staubkonzentration (PM10; PM2,5)

Um den Anforderungen der EU-Luftqualitätsrichtlinie 2008/50/EG [1] zu entsprechen, werden die dort angeführten Referenzverfahren zur Messung der Staubmassenkonzentrationen beim Betrieb von Messnetzen in der Regel nicht für die Routineüberwachung angewendet. In diesen Messnetzen werden üblicherweise kontinuierlich messende automatische Messeinrichtungen (AMS) eingesetzt wie z. B. solche, die auf dem Prinzip der oszillierenden Mikrowaage, der ß-Strahlen-Absorption oder optischen In situ Verfahren beruhen. Derartige AMS sind üblicherweise in der Lage, 24-h-Mittelwerte der Messwerte über einen Messbereich von bis zu 1 000 µg/m3 und 1-h-Mittelwerte von bis zu 10 000 µg/m3 zu erzeugen, sofern anwendbar. Das zugrunde liegende Luftvolumen bezieht sich auf die Außenluftbedingungen in der Nähe des Lufteinlasses.
Die 1-h-Mittelwerte dürfen für Folgendes verwendet werden:
a)   zeitnahe Unterrichtung der Öffentlichkeit;
b)   Aggregation zur Erzeugung von Tages- oder Jahresmittelwerten der Konzentration für Berichtspflichten im gesetzlich geregelten Bereich.
ANMERKUNG   Nationale Berichtspflichten im gesetzlich geregelten Bereich können andere Mittelungszeiträume für die Durchschnittswerte erforderlich machen (z. B. monatlich).
Die EU-Luftqualitätsrichtlinie 2008/50/EG ermöglicht die Anwendung derartiger Messeinrichtungen nach dem Nachweis der Gleichwertigkeit mit dem Referenzverfahren, d. h. nach dem Nachweis, dass diese Messeinrichtungen die Datenqualitätsziele für kontinuierliche Messungen einhalten. Die Leitlinien zum Nachweis der Gleichwertigkeit sind in Literaturhinweis [2] angeführt.
Diese Europäische Norm legt die Mindestleistungsanforderungen und Eignungsprüfverfahren geeigneter AMS für Staub fest. Die Norm schließt die Bewertung der Gleichwertigkeit mit dem Referenzverfahren nach der Richtlinie 2008/50/EG ein.
Außerdem werden in dieser Europäischen Norm die Mindestanforderungen an die laufende Qualitätssicherung/Qualitätslenkung (QA/QC) von im Feld eingesetzten AMS beschrieben. Diese Anforderungen sind notwendig, um sicherzustellen, dass die Unsicherheiten der gemessenen Konzentrationen über einen längeren Zeitraum der kontinuierlichen Messung im Feld innerhalb der geforderten Grenzen bleiben; sie schließen Verfahren für Wartung, Überprüfung und Kalibrierung ein.
Zusätzliche Verfahren werden beschrieben, um die Gleichwertigkeit eines Geräts mit dem Referenzverfahren unter möglichen Luftverunreinigungs- und Klimaveränderungen über einen Zeitraum von mehr als fünf Jahren sicherzustellen.
Schließlich werden in dieser Europäischen Norm harmonisierte Anforderungen an und Verfahren zur Verarbeitung und Validierung von Rohmessdaten beschrieben, die zur Berechnung von Tages- oder Jahresmittelwerten verwendet werden. Erfahrungen mit bestehenden Verfahren zur Verarbeitung und Validierung von Daten - für gleichartige AMS - haben gezeigt, dass verschiedene angewendete Methoden der Datenverarbeitung und -validierung bei gleichartigen Datensätzen zu signifikanten Unterschieden bei den in Berichten angeführten Ergebnissen führen können [3].
Wird diese Europäische Norm zu anderen Zwecken als den nach der Richtlinie 2008/50/EG geforderten Messungen angewendet, treffen die Anforderungen an Messbereich und Unsicherheit möglicherweise nicht zu.
Diese Norm enthält Informationen für verschiedene Nutzergruppen.
Die Abschnitte 5 und 6 sowie Anhang A enthalten allgemeine Angaben zu den Prinzipien von kontinuierlich messenden automatischen Messeinrichtungen für Staub sowie zu der entsprechenden Ausrüstung.
Abschnitt 7 sowie die Anhänge B und C richten sich speziell an Prüfinstitute und -laboratorien, die Eignungsprüfungen von kontinuierlich messenden automatischen Messeinrichtungen für Staub durchführen. Diese Abschnitte enthalten Informationen zu Folgendem:
c)   Eignungsprüfbedingungen, -verfahren und -anforderungen;
d)   Anforderungen an die Leistungsfähigkeit der Einrichtung;
(...)

Air ambiant - Systèmes automatisés de mesurage de la concentration de matière particulaire (PM10; PM2,5)

Pour se conformer aux exigences de la Directive de l’Union européenne sur la qualité de l'air, les méthodes de référence indiquées dans la Directive 2008/50/CE [1] pour le mesurage de la concentration massique de la matière particulaire ne sont pas systématiquement appliquées en routine dans les réseaux de surveillance. Ces réseaux utilisent en règle générale des systèmes de mesurage continu automatisés (AMS) tels que ceux s'appuyant sur l'utilisation de microbalances oscillantes ou l'atténuation du rayonnement bêta, ou sur des méthodes optiques in situ. Ces AMS sont, en règle générale, capables de produire des mesures moyennes sur vingt-quatre heures pour une plage allant jusqu'à 1 000 µg/m3 et des mesure moyennes sur une heure jusqu'à 10 000 µg/m3, le cas échéant, pour un volume d’air rapporté aux conditions ambiantes au niveau de l’orifice d’entrée d’échantillonnage lors du prélèvement.
Les valeurs moyennes sur une heure peuvent :
a)   fournir une information directe du public ;
b)   être agrégées pour produire des valeurs de concentrations moyennes journalières ou annuelles destinées à satisfaire aux exigences réglementaires de rapportage.
La Directive 2008/50/CE autorise l'utilisation de ces systèmes sous réserve qu'ils aient démontré leur équivalence à la méthode de référence, c'est-à-dire lorsqu'il est démontré que ces systèmes répondent aux objectifs de qualité des données en matière de mesurage en continu. La Référence [2] donne les lignes directrices relatives à la démonstration de cette équivalence.
La présente norme stipule les exigences de performance minimales et les modes opératoires d'essais pour l'approbation de type d’AMS adaptés à la matière particulaire. Ceci inclut l'évaluation de leur équivalence à la méthode de référence telle que stipulée dans la Directive 2008/50/CE.
En outre, la présente norme décrit les exigences minimales en matière d'assurance qualité/contrôle qualité (AQ/CQ) en continu des AMS déployés sur site. Ces exigences sont nécessaires pour garantir que les incertitudes des concentrations mesurées se maintiennent dans les limites requises pendant des périodes prolongées de surveillance continue sur site. Elles comportent des modes opératoires d'entretien, d'étalonnage et de vérification de contrôle.
Il est également procédé à la description de modes opératoires additionnels qui déterminent si l'équivalence d'un instrument à la méthode de référence est toujours valide en dépit des variations possibles des caractéristiques de la pollution sur des périodes supérieures à cinq ans.
Enfin, la présente norme décrit des exigences et des modes opératoires harmonisés se rapportant au traitement et à la validation des données de mesure brutes agrégées pour la production de concentrations moyennes journalières ou annuelles. L'expérience acquise avec les méthodes existantes de traitement et de validation des données, pour des AMS semblables, montre que les différents modes de traitement et de validation des données appliqués peuvent conduire à des différences importantes dans les résultats reportés pour des ensembles de données similaires [3].
Lorsque la présente norme est utilisée à des fins autres que les mesurages exigés par la Directive 2008/50/CE, les exigences en matière de plage et d'incertitudes peuvent ne pas s'appliquer.
La présente norme comporte des informations à l'usage de groupes d'utilisateurs différents.
Les Articles 5 et 6, ainsi que l'Annexe A, comportent des informations générales sur les principes de fonctionnement de systèmes automatisés de mesurage continu de la matière particulaire, ainsi que sur l'instrumentation correspondante.
(...)

Zunanji zrak - Avtomatski merilni sistemi za merjenje koncentracije delcev (PM10; PM2,5)

Da bi bile skladne z zahtevami Evropske direktive o kakovosti zraka, se referenčne metode za merjenje masne koncentracije delcev, navedene v Direktivi, pogosto ne uporabljajo v rutinskih mrežah za spremljanje stanja. Te mreže ponavadi uporabljajo avtomatizirane sisteme za neprekinjeno merjenje (AMS), kot so tisti, ki temeljijo na uporabi oscilirajočih mikroravnotežij ali znižanju ravni beta žarkov, in optične metode na kraju samem. Taki avtomatizirani merilni sistemi običajno lahko proizvedejo 24-urne povprečne merilne vrednosti do 1000 μg/m3 in 1-urne merilne vrednosti do 10.000 μg/m3, če je potrebno, ko je prostornina zraka prostornina pri sobnih pogojih blizu dovoda v času vzorčenja. 1-urne povprečne vrednosti se lahko uporabijo za: – neposredno obveščanje javnosti, – združevanje rezultatov za določanje dnevnih ali letnih koncentracij za namene regulativnega poročanja. Evropska direktiva o kakovosti zraka 2008/50/ES dovoljuje uporabo takih sistemov, če je bila dokazana enakovrednost z referenčno metodo, oz. po prikazu, da so ti sistemi skladni s cilji o kakovosti podatkov za neprekinjene meritve. V tem standardu so navedene minimalne zahteve glede zmogljivosti in preskusni postopki za izbiro primernih avtomatiziranih sistemov za merjenje delcev (homologacija). To vključuje oceno enakovrednosti z referenčno metodo. Ta standard prav tako opisuje minimalne zahteve za neprekinjeno zagotavljanje kakovosti – nadzor kakovosti (QA/QC) avtomatiziranega sistema na terenu. Te zahteve so potrebne za zagotavljanje, da so merilne negotovosti izmerjenih koncentracij v daljših obdobjih spremljanja na terenu znotraj zahtevanih omejitev in sistemi vključujejo vzdrževalne postopke, kalibracijo in kontrolne preglede. Opisani so dodatni postopki za zagotavljanje enakovrednosti instrumenta z referenčno metodo v obdobjih, daljših od petih let, zaradi morebitnih podnebnih sprememb, ki nastanejo kot posledica onesnaženja. Nazadnje pa ta standard opisuje zahteve in postopke za obravnavo in validacijo neobdelanih izmerjenih podatkov, ki bodo uporabljeni za izdelavo dnevnih ali letnih povprečnih vrednosti koncentracije. Izkušnje z obstoječimi metodami za obdelavo podatkov in validacijo – za podobne avtomatizirane merilne sisteme – so pokazale, da različni načini obdelave podatkov in validacije lahko vodijo do pomembnih razlik v rezultatih pri podobnih naborih podatkov. Če se ta standard uporablja za druge namene in ne za namene Direktive EU, zahteve glede razponov in negotovosti ne veljajo.  Ta standard vsebuje informacije za različne skupine uporabnikov. Točki 5 in 6 ter dodatek A vsebujejo splošne informacije o načelih avtomatiziranih sistemov za neprekinjeno merjenje delcev in s tem povezane opreme. Osrednji predmet obravnave točke 7 in prilog B in C so laboratoriji, ki izvajajo homologacijske preizkuse avtomatiziranih sistemov za neprekinjeno merjenje delcev. Te točke vsebujejo informacije o naslednjem: – pogoji homologacijskega preskusa, preskusni postopki in zahteve; zahteve za delovanje sistema; – ocena rezultatov homologacijskega preskusa; – ocena negotovosti rezultatov meritev avtomatiziranih sistemov za neprekinjeno merjenje delcev na podlagi rezultatov homologacijskega preskusa. Osrednji predmet obravnave točk od 8 do 11 je spremljanje mrež, ki opravljajo praktične meritve delcev v zunanjem zraku. Te točke vsebujejo informacije o naslednjem: – začetna namestitev sistema v mreži za spremljanje stanja in preskušanje ustreznosti; – neprekinjeno zagotavljanje kakovosti/nadzor kakovosti; – preverjanje enakovrednosti; – obravnava, validacija in poročanje rezultatov merjenja.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 14-Mar-2017
• Withdrawal Date: 29-Sep-2017
• ICS: 13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 264 - Air quality
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 264/WG 15 - Ambient Air - Reference gravimetric measurement method and equivalence procedure for the determination of the PM 2,5 micronmillimeters mass fraction of suspended particulate matter.
• Current Stage: 9093 - Decision to confirm - Review Enquiry
• Start Date: 06-Oct-2022
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2025
• Directive: 1999/30/EC - Limit values for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter and lead in ambient air
• Directive: 2008/50/EC - Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe
• Mandate: M/503 - Mandate to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in support of the Implementation of the Ambient Air Quality Legislation
• Ref Project: SIST EN 16450:2017 - Ambient air - Automated measuring systems for the measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM10; PM2,5)

Relations

• Replaces: CEN/TS 16450:2013 - Ambient air - Automated measuring systems for the measurement of the concentration of particulate matter (PM10; PM2,5)
• Effective Date: 22-Mar-2017

Overview

EN 16450:2017 (CEN) defines minimum performance requirements, type‑approval test procedures and field quality assurance for automated measuring systems (AMS) that determine ambient concentrations of particulate matter (PM10; PM2.5). The standard supports compliance with the EU Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC) by specifying how continuous AMS (e.g., oscillating microbalances, ß‑ray attenuation, in‑situ optical/light‑scattering devices) can be demonstrated as equivalent to the reference (gravimetric) method for regulatory and public‑information use.

Key topics and technical requirements

• Type approval and testing: Procedures for type testing, performance characteristics and pass/fail criteria. Includes orthogonal regression and calibration methods described in normative annexes.
• Measurement ranges and averaging: Typical capability described - 24‑hour averages up to 1 000 µg/m3 and 1‑hour averages up to 10 000 µg/m3 (volumetric basis at ambient inlet conditions).
• Equivalence & uncertainty: Requirements to demonstrate equivalence with the reference method (EN 12341) and to evaluate measurement uncertainty based on type‑test results.
• QA/QC for field operation: Minimum ongoing quality assurance/quality control procedures including maintenance, calibrations, control checks and criteria for unattended operation.
• Data handling and validation: Harmonized rules for treatment, validation and aggregation of raw AMS data to produce daily/yearly averages and for reporting.
• Long‑term suitability: Procedures to verify maintained equivalence through pollution climate changes and over periods longer than five years.
• Targeted clauses/annexes: Clauses 5–6 (principles, sampling), Clause 7 and Annexes B/C (test houses and laboratories), Clauses 8–11 (monitoring networks, installation, QA/QC, data reporting), Annex A (example AMS principles).

Applications

• Demonstrating AMS equivalence for regulatory monitoring required by the EU Air Quality Directive.
• Type‑approval testing of PM measurement instruments.
• Designing and operating ambient air monitoring networks that use continuous AMS for public information and regulatory reporting.
• Establishing QA/QC programs, calibration schedules, data validation workflows and long‑term performance checks.

Who should use this standard

• Environmental monitoring networks and site operators
• Instrument manufacturers and test houses/laboratories performing type approval
• Competent authorities and regulators responsible for ambient air quality
• Data managers validating and reporting PM10/PM2.5 concentrations

Related standards and references

• EN 12341 - Reference gravimetric method for PM10/PM2.5 (normative reference)
• Directive 2008/50/EC - Ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe (equivalence guidance)

EN 16450:2017 is essential for anyone implementing or validating automated PM monitoring systems intended for regulatory reporting, public information, or long‑term air quality surveillance.

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2017
1DGRPHãþD
SIST-TS CEN/TS 16450:2013
Zunanji zrak - Avtomatski merilni sistemi za merjenje koncentracije delcev (PM10;
PM2,5)
Ambient air - Automated measuring systems for the measurement of the concentration of
particulate matter (PM10; PM2,5)
Außenluft - Automatische Messeinrichtungen zur Bestimmung der Staubkonzentration
(PM10; PM2,5)
Air ambiant - Systèmes automatisés de mesurage de la concentration de matière
particulaire (PM10; PM2,5)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16450:2017
ICS:
13.040.20 Kakovost okoljskega zraka Ambient atmospheres
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN 16450
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
March 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.040.20 Supersedes CEN/TS 16450:2013
English Version
Ambient air - Automated measuring systems for the
measurement of the concentration of particulate matter
(PM10; PM2,5)
Air ambiant - Systèmes automatisés de mesurage de la Außenluft - Automatische Messeinrichtungen zur
concentration de matière particulaire (PM10; PM2,5) Bestimmung der Staubkonzentration (PM10; PM2,5)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 January 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16450:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3
1 Scope . 4
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 9
5 Principle . 10
6 Sampling . 12
7 Type testing . 13
8 Field operation and ongoing quality control . 29
9 Data handling, validation and data reports . 38
10 Reporting of AMS data . 39
11 Test reports and documentation – Field operation . 39
Annex A (informative) Examples of principles of AMS for monitoring particulate matter . 40
A.1 Oscillating microbalance . 40
A.2 ß-ray attenuation . 41
A.3 Light scattering . 42
A.4 System consisting of a central instrument and an array of regional instruments . 42
Annex B (normative) Orthogonal regression algorithms . 43
Annex C (normative) Performing calibrations of the AMS . 45
Annex D (normative) Elements of type testing report . 47
Annex E (informative) Elements of suitability evaluation report . 49
Bibliography . 50

European foreword
This document (EN 16450:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 264 “Air quality”,
the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2017, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/TS 16450:2013.
This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
1 Scope
In order to be in compliance with EU Air Quality Directive requirements, the reference methods given in
the Directive 2008/50/EC [1] for the measurement of mass concentrations of particulate matter are not
commonly used for operation in routine monitoring networks. These networks usually apply automated
continuous measurement systems (AMS), such as those based on the use of oscillating microbalances,
ß-ray attenuation, or in situ optical methods. Such AMS are typically capable of producing 24-h average
measurement values over a measurement range up to 1 000 µg/m and 1-h average measurement
values up to 10 000 µg/m , if applicable, where the volume of air is the volume at ambient conditions
near the inlet.
The 1-h average values may be used for:
a) direct information of the public;
b) aggregation to produce daily or yearly average concentration values for regulatory reporting
purposes.
NOTE National regulatory reporting purposes could require other time basis for averages (i.e. monthly).
Directive 2008/50/EC allows the use of such systems after demonstration of equivalence with the
reference method, i.e. after demonstration that these systems meet the Data Quality Objectives for
continuous measurements. Guidelines for the demonstration of equivalence are given in Reference [2].
This European Standard lays down the minimum performance requirements and test procedures for
the type testing of appropriate AMS for particulate matter. The standard includes the evaluation of its
equivalence with the reference method as laid down in Directive 2008/50/EC.
Further, this European Standard describes minimum requirements for ongoing quality assurance –
quality control (QA/QC) of AMS deployed in the field. These requirements are necessary to ensure that
uncertainties of measured concentrations are kept within the required limits during extended periods
of continuous monitoring in the field, and include procedures for maintenance, calibration and control
checks.
Additional procedures are described that determine whether an instrument’s equivalence to the
reference method is maintained through possible pollution climate changes, over periods longer than
five years.
Lastly, this European Standard describes harmonized requirements and procedures for the treatment
and validation of raw measurement data that are used for the assembly of daily or yearly average
concentration values. Experience with existing methods for data treatment and validation – for similar
AMS – has shown that the different ways of data treatment and validation applied may lead to
significant differences in reported results for similar data sets [3].
When the European Standard is used for purposes other than measurements required by
Directive 2008/50/EC, the range and uncertainty requirements may not apply.
This European Standard contains information for different groups of users.
Clauses 5 and 6 and Annex A contain general information about the principles of automated continuous
measurement systems for particulate matter, and relevant equipment.
Clause 7 and Annexes B and C are specifically directed towards test houses and laboratories that
perform type testing of automated continuous measurement systems for particulate matter. These
clauses contain information about:
c) type testing conditions, test procedures and test requirements;
d) system performance requirements;
e) evaluation of the type testing results;
f) evaluation of the uncertainty of the measurement results of the automated continuous
measurement systems for particulate matter based on the type testing results.
Clauses 8 to 11 are aimed at monitoring networks performing the practical measurements of
particulate matter in ambient air. These clauses contain information about:
g) initial installation of the system in the monitoring network and acceptance testing;
h) ongoing quality assurance/quality control;
i) on-going verification of suitability;
j) treatment, validation and reporting of measurement results.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 12341, Ambient air - Standard gravimetric measurement method for the determination of the PM10 or
PM2,5 mass concentration of suspended particulate matter
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
ambient air
outdoor air in the troposphere, excluding workplaces as defined by Directive 89/654/EEC [4] where
provisions concerning health and safety at work apply and to which members of the public do not have
regular access
[SOURCE: Directive 2008/50/EC [1]]
3.2
automated measuring system
AMS
entirety of all measuring instruments and additional devices necessary for obtaining a measurement
result
3.3
availability of the AMS
fraction of the time period for which valid measuring data of the ambient air concentration is available
from an AMS
[SOURCE: EN 14211 [5]]
3.4
calibration
operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity
values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding
indications with associated measurement uncertainties and, in a second step, uses this information to
establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication
Note 1 to entry: A calibration may be expressed by a statement, calibration function, calibration diagram,
calibration curve, or calibration table. In some cases, it may consist of an additive or multiplicative correction of
the indication with associated measurement uncertainty.
Note 2 to entry: Calibration should not be confused with adjustment of a measuring system, often mistakenly
called “self-calibration”, nor with verification of a calibration.
[SOURCE: JCGM 200:2012 (VIM) [6]]
3.5
combined standard uncertainty
standard uncertainty of the result of a measurement when that result is obtained from the values of a
number of other quantities, equal to the positive square root of a sum of terms, the terms being the
variances or covariances of these other quantities weighted according to how the measurement result
varies with changes in these quantities
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 [7]]
3.6
competent authority
organization which implements the requirements of EU Directives and regulates installations, which
shall comply with the requirements of applicable European Standards
Note 1 to entry: In ambient air quality monitoring this is an authority that performs one or more of the tasks
listed in Article 3 of Directive 2008/50/EC.
3.7
competent body
organization which can demonstrate its competence for a specific task to the competent authority in the
Member State
3.8
coverage factor
numerical factor used as a multiplier of the combined standard uncertainty in order to obtain an
expanded uncertainty
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 [7]]
3.9
data capture
percentage of the time for which the AMS has produced valid data to the time for which the aggregated
value is to be calculated, excluding periods of regular calibration or normal maintenance
[SOURCE: Directive 2008/50/EC [1]]
3.10
detection limit
smallest concentration of a measurand that can be reliably detected by a specific measurement process
3.11
equivalent method
method other than the reference method for the measurement of a specified air pollutant meeting the
data quality objectives for fixed measurements specified in the relevant Air Quality Directive [1]
Note 1 to entry: Equivalence is granted for defined (regional) situations within a Member State, but may be
granted for situations encompassing more than one region or Member State.
3.12
expanded uncertainty
quantity defining an interval about the result of a measurement that may be expected to encompass a
large fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
Note 1 to entry: The fraction may be viewed as the coverage probability or level of confidence of the interval.
Note 2 to entry: To associate a specific level of confidence with the interval defined by the expanded uncertainty
requires explicit or implicit assumptions regarding the probability distribution characterized by the measurement
result and its combined standard uncertainty. The level of confidence that may be attributed to this interval can be
known only to the extent to which such assumptions may be justified.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 [7]]
3.13
interferent
component of the air sample, excluding the measured constituent, that affects the output signal
3.14
limit value
level fixed on the basis of scientific knowledge, with the aim of avoiding, preventing or reducing harmful
effects on human health and/or the environment as a whole, to be attained within a given period and
not to be exceeded once attained
[SOURCE: Directive 2008/50/EC [1]]
3.15
monitoring station
enclosure located in the field in which an AMS has been installed to measure particulate matter in such
a way that its performance and operation comply with the prescribed requirements
3.16
parallel measurement
measurement from measuring systems, sampling from the same air over the same time period
3.17
performance characteristic
one of the parameters assigned to an AMS in order to define its performance
3.18
performance criterion
limiting quantitative numerical value assigned to a performance characteristic, to which conformance is
tested
3.19
period of unattended operation
time period over which the drift is within the performance criterion for long term drift
3.20
PM
x
particulate matter suspended in air which passes through a size-selective inlet at a constant flow with a
50 % efficiency cut-off at x µm aerodynamic diameter
Note 1 to entry: By convention, the size-selective standard inlet designs prescribed in EN 12341 — used at the
prescribed flow rates – possess the required characteristics to sample the relevant PM fraction suspended in
ambient air.
Note 2 to entry: The efficiency of the size selectiveness of other inlets used could have a significant effect on the
fraction of PM surrounding the cut-off, and, consequently on the mass concentration of PMx determined.
3.21
reference method
RM
measurement method(ology) which, by convention, gives the accepted reference value of the
measurand
3.22
sampled air
ambient air that has been sampled through the sampling inlet and sampling system
3.23
sampling inlet
entrance to the sampling system where ambient air is collected from the atmosphere
3.24
span
a means to produce an instrument response different from zero suitable to evaluate the sensitivity of
the AMS
3.25
standard uncertainty
uncertainty of the result of a measurement expressed as a standard deviation
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 [7]]
3.26
surrounding temperature
temperature of the air directly surrounding the AMS (temperature inside the monitoring station or
laboratory)
3.27
time coverage
percentage of the reference period of the relevant limit value for which valid data for aggregation have
been collected
3.28
type approval
decision taken by a competent authority that the pattern of an AMS conforms to the requirements as
laid down in this document
3.29
type testing
examination of two or more AMS of the same pattern which are submitted by a manufacturer to a
competent body for testing of performance requirements
3.30
uncertainty (of measurement)
parameter associated with the result of a measurement that characterizes the dispersion of the values
that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008 [7]]
3.31
zero air
air containing particulate matter at a level ≤ 1,0 µg/m
3.32
zero level
average of the results of a number of replicate measurements of zero air
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols and abbreviated terms apply.
a, c intercept of orthogonal regression of results of AMS vs. reference method results
A availability of the AMS
b, d slope of orthogonal regression of results of AMS vs. reference method results
k coverage factor
L limit value
∆P pressure difference determined for the time interval ∆t (leak test)
P pressure at t = 0 (leak test)
T is the surrounding air temperature
s
T is the surrounding air temperature at the laboratory
s,lab
∆t time interval needed for the pressure rise (leak test)
t time during which valid data have been collected (field test)
valid
tcal,maint time spent for scheduled calibrations and maintenance (field test)
t total duration of the field test
field
V volume leak rate (leak test)
L
V estimated total volume of the system (dead volume)
sys
u standard uncertainty
u uncertainty of the intercept of the regression formula
a
u uncertainty of the slope of the regression formula
b
u between-AMS uncertainty
bs,AMS
u between-RM uncertainty
bs,RM
u random uncertainty of reference method results
RM
w relative uncertainty
W expanded relative uncertainty
x individual measurement result of AMS
i
y individual reference measurement result
i
AMS Automated Measuring System
EU European Union
GDE Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence of Ambient Air Monitoring Methods
GUM Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
JCGM Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology
PM Particulate Matter
QA/QC Quality Assurance / Quality Control
RM Reference Method(ology)
RSS Residual Sum of Squares
5 Principle
5.1 General
A number of measuring principles may be used to determine the mass concentration of particulate
matter in ambient air. This European Standard is not limited to the application of a single system for the
automated continuous measurement. In general (but not necessarily), the measuring system will
consist of:
a) a size-selective inlet for PM or PM (when using an optical system for size classification of
10 2,5
particulate matter a size-selective inlet is not required);
b) a sample tube of a length needed to meet the specific sampling height requirements given in
Reference [1];
c) a measuring section;
d) a vacuum pump;
e) flow meters and flow controllers;
f) temperature and pressure sensors;
g) hardware and software for data collection, storage and calculation of measurement results.
Auxiliary equipment may include:
h) sample tube heaters;
i) systems for (partial) drying of the sampled air;
j) humidity sensors;
k) hardware/software for performing compensation measurements, i.e. measurements to compensate
for unwanted effects of interferents or random variations in the PM mass determination.
5.2 Measurement principles
Several measurement principles are currently applied in routine monitoring practice. Descriptions of
the most common principles – which do not preclude other principles – are given in Annex A.
5.3 Type testing
The type testing of an AMS according to Clause 7 and subsequent QA/QC and verification procedures
according to Clause 8 provide evidence that the defined requirements concerning data quality
objectives laid out in relevant EU Directives can be satisfied. A competent body shall perform the type
testing. The type testing shall be awarded by, or on behalf of, the competent authority of a Member
State.
The type testing is based on the evaluation of performance characteristics determined under a
prescribed series of tests. In this European Standard, test procedures are described for the
determination of the actual values of the performance characteristics for at least two AMS in a
laboratory and the same two AMS in the field. The evaluation for type testing of an AMS includes the
calculation of the expanded uncertainty of the measuring result based on the numerical values of the
tested performance characteristics and comparison with a prescribed maximum uncertainty.
Appropriate experimental evidence shall be provided by:
a) type testing performed under conditions of intended use of the specified method of measurement,
and
b) calculation of expanded uncertainty of results of measurement.
5.4 Suitability testing
Before putting a type-approved AMS into operation, the body responsible for the field operation shall
test its suitability for its specific field conditions. If the specific conditions have already been covered by
the type testing, then the suitability test is not necessary. If these conditions have not been covered by
the type testing field tests, suitability tests shall be performed at locations representative of these
specific field conditions.
5.5 Field operation and quality control
After the initial installation of the AMS at the monitoring station its correct functioning shall be tested.
Requirements for quality assurance and quality control are given for the operation and maintenance of
the AMS, to ensure that the uncertainty of subsequent measurement results obtained in the field is not
compromised.
5.6 Data handling and validation
Practical experience with existing methods for data handling and validation – for similar AMS – has
shown that the different ways of data treatment and validation applied may lead to significant
differences in reported results for similar data sets [3].
Hence, requirements and recommendations are given for the treatment and validation of raw
measurement data collected by the AMS (see Clause 9).
6 Sampling
6.1 General
Conditions and layout of the sampling equipment will contribute to the uncertainty of the
measurement; to minimize this contribution to the measurement uncertainty, performance criteria for
the sampling equipment are given in the following subclauses.
NOTE In Annex A, examples of equipment are schematically presented.
6.2 Sampling location
The location where the ambient air shall be sampled and analysed is not specified as this depends
strongly on the category of a monitoring station (such as measurements in, e.g. a traffic or urban
background area).
NOTE For guidance on sampling points on a micro scale, see reference [1].
6.3 Sample inlet and sampling line
Each AMS is equipped with its own sample inlet and sampling line. Sampling inlets may be – but are not
restricted to – size-selective inlets for PM or PM .
10 2,5
NOTE Examples of designs of size-selective inlets for PM or PM can be found in EN 12341.
10 2,5
The manufacturer should provide information on the design of the sample inlet and the sampling line.
The sample inlet and sampling line shall be made of an inert, non-corroding, electrically conducting
material, preferably stainless steel, or anodized aluminium or aluminium alloy. The inlet shall be
constructed in such a way that ingress of rainwater into the sampling line (or system) is prevented.
The construction of the sampling line shall be such that deposition losses of particulate matter by
kinetic processes as well as losses due to thermal, chemical or electrostatic processes are minimized.
Contact of the sampled air with cold surfaces may cause condensation and shall be avoided. If heating of
surfaces is applied, the instrument shall be tested with this facility in operation as part of the type
testing.
The air flow velocity in the sampling line shall be such that significant losses of particulate matter due
to diffusion or turbulent inertial impaction are minimized.
6.4 Control and regulation of sample flow rate
Correct operation of the AMS requires calibration and control of sampling flow rate, and measurement
of ambient temperature and pressure.
The sample flow rate into the AMS shall be maintained within the specifications as laid down in Table 1.
6.5 Expression of concentrations
Results shall be reported in units of mass per unit volume expressed at ambient conditions. The air
temperature needed for the conversion to ambient conditions shall be measured close to the sampling
inlet. The air pressure needed for the conversion shall be obtained from on-site measurements, or from
measurements at a representative meteorological site nearby.
When using data from meteorological sites, care shall be taken to convert these to the correct altitude of
the sampling site, if relevant.
It is essential that any conversion to ambient conditions is clearly and unambiguously identified by the
manufacturer. The manufacturer shall inform the test laboratory or test house whether any built-in
corrections are applied. Where no internal corrections are applied, the manufacturer shall provide the
test laboratory or test house with any algorithms that are required for the conversion of the AMS
readings to different temperatures and/or pressures.
7 Type testing
7.1 Performance requirements
This test programme describes a procedure for determining whether an AMS is suitable to be
considered equivalent to the EU Reference Methods for the measurement of particulate matter in
ambient air. Tested AMS will have to meet the Data Quality Objectives of Reference [1]. This test
programme is suitable to evaluate AMS for monitoring different fractions – PM or PM – of
10 2,5
suspended particulate matter in ambient air.
This process of evaluation of the values of the performance characteristics comprises laboratory and
field tests, and the calculation of the expanded uncertainty. Two AMS of the same pattern shall be
included in the full test programme. Both of the AMS submitted for type testing are required to pass all
of the tests listed under Clause 7.
A competent body shall perform the type testing. The type testing shall be awarded by or on behalf of
the competent authority. The competent body performing the required tests shall be able to
demonstrate that it works in conformity with the requirements of internationally accepted standards
for test laboratories.
NOTE 1 EN ISO/IEC 17025 [9] is the harmonized internationally accepted standard that applies.
NOTE 2 A formal accreditation by a member body of the European Accreditation Organization to
EN ISO/IEC 17025 is a demonstration of conformity.
7.2 Relevant performance characteristics and performance criteria
The performance characteristics which shall be determined during a laboratory and field test, and their
related performance criteria, are given in Table 1.
Table 1 — Relevant performance characteristics and criteria
Performance Requirement Location Clause
characteristic (Lab/Field)
3 3
1 Measuring 0 µg/m to 1 000 µg/m as a 24-h L
ranges average value
3 3
0 µg/m to 10 000 µg/m as a 1-h
average value, if applicable
2 Negative signals Shall not be suppressed L
3 Zero level and Zero level: ≤ 2,0 µg/m L 7.4.3
detection limit 3
Detection limit: ≤ 2,0 µg/m
4 Flow rate ≤ 2,0 % L 7.4.4
a
accuracy
− at 5 °C and 40 °C by default for
installation in a temperature-
controlled environment or
− at minimum and maximum
temperatures specified by the
manufacturer if these deviate from
the default temperatures.
5 Constancy of ≤ 2,0 % sampling flow (averaged flow) F 7.4.5
sample
≤ 5 % rated flow (instantaneous flow)
volumetric flow
6 Leak tightness of ≤ 2,0 % of sample flow rate L 7.4.6
the sampling
system
7 Dependence of ≤ 2,0 µg/m L 7.4.7
zero on
− from 5 °C to 40 °C by default for
surrounding
installation in a temperature-
a
temperature
controlled environment or
− at minimum and maximum
temperatures specified by the
manufacturer if these deviate from
the default temperatures.
8 Dependence of ≤ 5 % from the value at the nominal L 7.4.7
measured value test temperature
on surrounding
− from 5 °C to 40 °C by default for
a
temperature
installation in a temperature-
controlled environment or
− at minimum and maximum
temperatures specified by the
manufacturer if these deviate from
the default temperatures.
9 Influence of ≤ 5 % from the value at the nominal L 7.4.8
mains voltage on test voltage
measured signal
Performance Requirement Location Clause
characteristic (Lab/Field)
10 Effect of failure of Instrument parameters shall be L
mains voltage secured against loss. On return of
mains voltage the instrument shall
automatically resume functioning.
11 Effect of ≤ 2,0 µg/m in zero air when cycling L 7.4.9
humidity on relative humidity from 40 % to 90 %
measured value and back
12 Zero checks Absolute value ≤ 3,0 µg/m F 7.5.3
13 Recording of Measuring systems shall be able to F 7.5.4
operational provide data of operational states for
parameters telemetric transmission of – at
minimum – the following parameters:
− flow rate;
− pressure drop over sample filter (if
relevant);
− sampling time;
− sample volume (if relevant);
− mass concentration of relevant PM
fraction(s);
− ambient temperature;
− ambient pressure;
− air temperature in measuring
section;
− temperature of sampling inlet if
heated inlet is used.
14 Daily averages or The AMS shall allow for the formation F 7.5.5
values of daily averages or values.
15 Availability At least 90 % F 7.5.6
16 Between-AMS ≤ 2,5 µg/m F 7.5.8.4
uncertainty
17 Expanded ≤ 25 % at the level of the relevant limit F 7.5.8.8
uncertainty value related to 24-h average results
(if required, after calibration, see
7.5.8.5)
18 Maintenance At least 14 d F 7.5.7
interval/period
of unattended
operation
19 Automatic Shall be possible for the AMS F 7.5.4
diagnostic check
Performance Requirement Location Clause
characteristic (Lab/Field)
20 Checks of Shall be checked for the AMS to be F 7.5.2
temperature within the following criteria
sensors, pressure
±2 °C
and/or humidity
±1 kPa
b
sensors
±5 % RH
a
Limitations, e.g. operation below or above a certain temperature, shall be specified in the type
testing report.
b
For some instruments such checks are not possible in situ because of the positioning of the
sensors within the AMS. Therefore, these checks are restricted to sensors that are accessible in
the field (typically in the sampling head). If checks are not possible this shall be documented.
7.3 Design changes
When the manufacturer makes design changes (software and/or hardware) to a type-approved AMS it
should follow the requirements of e.g. [14 and 15].
7.4 Laboratory test procedures
7.4.1 General
A competent body shall perform the determination of the performance characteristics in the laboratory
as a part of the type testing. The quality of the materials and equipment used in the described test
procedures shall be in accordance with the requirements given in this European Standard.
Manufacturers shall submit the following items:
a) two AMS of the same pattern;
b) calibration devices;
c) all necessary components for operation under field conditions, e.g. sample inlet, sampling line;
temperature sensors; pressure and/or humidity sensors;
d) provisions for acquisition of digital (e.g. RS232) or analogue (e.g. 4-20 mA) signals;
e) provisions for formation of daily averages.
7.4.2 Test conditions
7.4.2.1 General
Before operating the AMS, the operating instructions of the manufacturer shall be followed particularly
with regard to the set-up of equipment (e.g. checks of critical parameters) and the quality and quantity
of the consumable products necessary.
Manufacturers shall make available suitable instructions for checks and/or calibrations of critical
parameters that affect the measurement. The instructions of the manufacturer for the control of
performance characteristics should be taken into account if relevant.
The AMS shall be allowed to warm up during the time specified by the manufacturer before undertaking
any tests. If the warm-up time is not specified, a minimum of 4 h is recommended.
The auto rescaling function and self-correction for drift shall be disabled during the laboratory tests.
The possibility of calibration of temperature sensors, pressure and/or humidity sensors shall be
checked and documented.
For optical instruments, these functions may be a part of the compensation for contamination of optical
surfaces.
When applying zero air to the AMS, the zero air generation system shall be operated sufficiently long
before starting the tests in order to ensure the input of zero air to the AMS.
Most AMS are able to give an output signal as a moving average over an adjustable period of time and
some systems automatically change this integration time as a function of the frequency of the
fluctuations in concentration in the PM concentrations. These options are typically used in order to
smooth output data. During laboratory and field tests for the type testing the settings of the monitor
shall be as specified by the manufacturer, apart from the auto zeroing and auto-scaling capabilities,
which shall be disabled during the lab tests. All settings shall be noted down in the test report.
7.4.2.2 Parameters
During the laboratory tests for each individual performance characteristic, the values of the following
parameters shall be stable within the specified range given in Table 2.
Table 2 — Set points and stability of test parameters
Parameter Set points Stabilit
y
Surrounding air 20 °C to 23 °C (except for the flow rate accuracy ±2 °C
temperature test, see 7.4.4, and the surrounding air temperature
test, see 7.4.7)
Electrical voltage At nominal line voltage and within manufacturer’s ±1 %
specifications (except for the voltage dependence
test, see 7.4.8)
Sample flow to the AMS Manufacturer’s specification ±1 %
7.4.2.3 Zero air
For the determination of some performance characteristics, zero air is used. The zero air shall contain
particulate matter at a level ≤ 1,0 µg/m .
NOTE Zero air can be generated by passing ambient air or indoor air through a HEPA filter provided by the
manufacturer of the AMS or by dedicated zero-air generation systems.
7.4.3 Zero level and detection limit
The zero level and detection limit of the AMS shall be determined by measurement of 15 24-h average
readings obtained by sampling from zero air (no rolling or overlapped averages are permitted). The
mean of these 15 readings is used as the zero level. The detection limit is calculated as 3,3 times the
standard deviation of the 15 readings [9]. Both shall fulfil the requirements in Table 1.
7.4.4 Flow rate accuracy
The mean flow rate shall be measured at two temperatures of surrounding air:
— 5 °C and 40 °C by default or
— at minimum and maximum temperatures specified by the manufacturer if these deviate from the
default temperatures; these temperatures shall then be specified in the type testing report.
The measurements shall be performed using a reference flow meter having a relative expanded
uncertainty (95 % confidence) of ≤ 1,0 % of the controlled flow rate.
It is recommended to use a low pressure-drop flow meter.
At each temperature, at least 10 measurements shall be taken over a minimum period of one hour at the
operational flow rate specified by the manufacturer. The measurements shall be performed at equal
intervals over the measurement period. For each temperature, the mean of the measurement results
shall be compared with the operational flow rate.
The relative difference between the two values shall fulfil the performance requirement in Table 1.
7.4.5 Constancy of sample flow rate
This test requires the use of a continuous reading flow meter, e.g. a mass flow meter.
It is recommended to use a low pressure-drop flow meter.
The test is based on the sampling of ambient air during the test period. During a period of at least 24 h
the sample flow, temperature and pressure are monitored continuously and recorded as a one minute
average.
During actual sampling the instantaneous flow rate and the flow rate averaged over the sampling period
shall fulfil the performance requirements in Table 1.
7.4.6 Leak tightness of the sampling system
The leak tightness (leak rate) of the complete air flow path of the AMS (sample inlet, sampling line,
measuring system) shall be tested according to the manufacturer’s specification. A leak test integrated
in an AMS can be used, provided that the stringency of such a test is suitable for a proper assessment of
the instrument’s leak tightness.
If the complete system cannot be tested for technical reasons, the leak rate can be determined
separately for each element of the flow path. In cases where the proper sealing of the sample inlet is
impossible, the inlet may be excluded from the test.
This test may require the use of either a pressure measuring device, or a volumetric flow meter.
The leak tightness shall fulfil the performance requirement in Table 1 or shall be within the
specifications of the manufacturer of the AMS with fulfilment of required DQO.
7.4.7 Dependence of zero and span on surrounding temperature
These tests require the use of zero and span calibration devices.
If an AMS is not providing a span calibration device or the provided device is not suitable, this shall be
explicitly pointed out in the type testing report. For this case, suitable additional QA actions are to be
considered.
The dependence of the zero reading and span value, measured by applying a calibration artefact on the
surrounding temperature, shall be determined at the following temperatures:
= 20 °C;
— at a nominal temperature TS,n
— at a default minimum temperature T = 5 °C;
S,1
— at a default maximum temperature T = 40 °C;
S,2
— at minimum and maximum temperatures specified by the manufacturer if these deviate from the
default temperatures.
At each temperature setting three individual measurement results at zero and at span shall be recorded.
At each temperature setting the criteria for warm-up or stabilization time are to be met according to
7.4.2.1.
The tests are performed in the temperature sequence T - T - T - T - T .
S,n S,1 S,n S,2 S,n
In order to exclude any possible drift due to factors other than temperature, the measurements at T
S,n
are averaged.
The differences between readings at both extreme temperatures and T shall be determined.
S,n
The differences found shall comply with the performance criteria given in Table 1.
7.4.8 Dependence of span on supply voltage
The dependence of the value measured by applying a calibration artefact on the supply voltage shall be
determined at the following voltages (see EN 50160 [10]; within the specifications of the
manufacturer):
— at the nominal voltage Vs,n = 230 V;
— at a minimum voltage Vs,1 = 195 V;
— at a maximum voltage Vs,2 = 253 V.
These tests require the use of span calibration devices.
At each voltage setting three individual measurement results at span shall be recorded.
At each voltage setting the criteria for warm-up or stabilization time are to be met according to 7.4.2.1.
The tests are performed in the voltage sequence V - V - V - V - V .
S,n S,1 S,n S,2 S,n
In order to exclude any possible drift due to factors other than voltage, the measurements at V are
S,n
averaged.
The differences between readings at both extreme voltages and V shall be determined.
S,n
The differences found shall comply with the performance criteria given in Table 1.
For reporting the dependence on voltage the highest value of the result at span level shall be taken.
For an AMS operating on direct current the testing of voltage variation shall be carried out over the
range of ± 10 % of th
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