prEN ISO/ ASTM 52945
(Main)Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification principles - Generic machine evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes (ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022)
Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification principles - Generic machine evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes (ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022)
This document defines the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive
environment using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AMmachine
evaluation and comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks,
preparation of purchase decisions, but also AM-machine evaluation within the machine
procurement, acceptance, and qualification process. The methodology and performance
characteristics are introduced to enable evaluation on an objective and quantitative basis. The
documentation resulting from the AM-machine evaluation is used to obtain a reliable orientation
selection and evaluation of PBF-LB/M AM-machines.
Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement,
production planning and production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed
understanding between machine supplier and machine customer with respect to the acceptance
criteria during the procurement process and evaluation of machine performance during running
production.
This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology LPBF-M defined in
ISO/ASTM 52900.
Additive Fertigung für die Automobilindustrie – Grundsätze der Qualifizierung – Generische Maschinenbewertung und Spezifikation von Leistungskennzahlen für PBF-LB/M-Prozesse (ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022)
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile - Principes de qualification - Évaluation de la machine générique et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M (ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022)
Aditivna proizvodnja v avtomobilski industriji - Kvalifikacija - Splošno vrednotenje strojev in specifikacija ključnih pokazateljev lastnosti za lasersko spajanje kovinskega prahu v postelji (PBF-LB/M) (ISO/ASTM/DIS 52939:2022)
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
01-september-2022
[Not translated]
Additive manufacturing for automotive - Qualification principles - Generic machine
evaluation and specification of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
(ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022)
Additive Fertigung für die Automobilindustrie – Grundsätze der Qualifizierung –
Generische Maschinenbewertung und Spezifikation von Leistungskennzahlen für PBF-
LB/M-Prozesse (ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022)
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile - Principes de qualification - Évaluation de la
machine générique et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les
procédés PBF-LB/M (ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO/ ASTM 52945
ICS:
25.030 3D-tiskanje Additive manufacturing
oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2022-07-13 2022-10-05
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification
of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de qualification — Évaluation de la machine
générique et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M
ICS: 25.030
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
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Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
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NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
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PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945
ISO/TC 261 Secretariat: DIN
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification
of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
Fabrication additive pour l'automobile — Principes de qualification — Évaluation de la machine
générique et spécifications des indicateurs clefs de performance pour les procédés PBF-LB/M
ICS: 25.030
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
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RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
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ii
© ISO/ASTM International 2022 – All rights reserved
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. © ISO/ASTM International 2022
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation . 2
4.1 Specification of Use-Cases . 2
4.1.1 General . 2
4.1.2 Use-Case 1 – Benchmarking of machines (evaluation reference according
to 4.2.5): . 2
4.1.3 Use-Case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test (according
to ISO/ASTM 52930-1): . 3
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design . 3
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards . 3
4.2.2 Build job design . 5
4.3 Machine performance characteristics . 8
4.3.1 Input data and framework . 8
4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics . 9
5 Definition of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) for AM-Machines .10
5.1 General . 10
5.2 Overview . 10
5.3 Considered plant operating time for OEE monitoring .12
5.4 Availability rate .12
5.5 Performance rate . 13
5.6 Quality rate . 13
5.7 OEE calculation . 14
Annex A (informative) Examples for clauses 4 and 5 .15
Bibliography .22
iii
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 261, Additive manufacturing, in
cooperation with ASTM Committee F42, Additive Manufacturing Technologies, on the basis of a
partnership agreement between ISO and ASTM International with the aim to create a common set of
ISO/ASTM standards on Additive Manufacturing.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
Introduction
This document provides a methodology to evaluate PBF-LB/M AM-machines in the context of automotive
on an objective basis. The need to provide a document standardizing this topic exists because in
high-volume industrial production, the reproducibility of the produced component is crucial to meet
production goals. Therefore, reproducibility and capability of the machines used for manufacturing
need to be evaluated upfront. A methodology and performance characteristics are introduced to enable
the evaluation on an objective and quantitative basis. The documentation resulting from the AM-
machine evaluation is used to obtain a reliable orientation selection and evaluation of PBF-LB/M AM-
machines.
Moreover, the document provides guidelines for machine production KPIs which can be used in
procurement, production planning and production to improve the understanding between the machine
manufacturer and user.
The requirements regarding quality and planning of build jobs are specific for the automotive industry.
The introduced generic approach can be expanded to other industries.
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
Additive manufacturing for automotive — Qualification
principles — Generic machine evaluation and specification
of key performance indicators for PBF-LB/M processes
1 Scope
This document defines the methodology for generic AM-machine evaluation in automotive environment
using objective test criteria and provides the framework for an objective AM-machine evaluation and
comparison. This document finds application in benchmarks, in the preparation of purchase decisions,
but also in AM-machine evaluation within the machine procurement, acceptance, and qualification
processes.
Furthermore, this document specifies machine KPIs in the context of machine procurement, production
planning and production of PBF-LB/M components. It aims to reach a detailed understanding between
machine supplier and machine user with respect to the acceptance criteria during the procurement
process and evaluation of machine performance during running production.
This document is applicable to the additive manufacturing technology PBF-LB/M. The terminology in
this document is defined in ISO/ASTM 52900.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/ASTM 52900, Additive manufacturing — General principles — Fundamentals and vocabulary
ISO/ASTM 52902, Additive manufacturing — Test artifacts — Geometric capability assessment of additive
manufacturing systems
ISO/ASTM 52928, Additive manufacturing — Feedstock materials — Powder life cycle management
ISO/ASTM/TS 52930, Additive manufacturing — Qualification principles — Installation, operation and
performance (IQ/OQ/PQ) of PBF-LB equipment
ISO 3369, Impermeable sintered metal materials and hardmetals — Determination of density
ISO 4499-4, Hardmetals — Metallographic determination of microstructure — Part 4: Characterisation of
porosity, carbon defects and eta-phase content
ISO 6892-1, Metallic materials — Tensile testing — Part 1: Method of test at room temperature
ISO 25178 (all parts), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Areal
ASTM E8M, Standard test methods for tension testing of metallic materials
VDI 3423, Technical availability of machines and production lines — Terms, definitions, determination of
time periods and calculation
VDI 3405, Additive manufacturing processes, rapid manufacturing — Basics, definitions, processes
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions of ISO/ASTM 52900 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
performance characteristics
defined characteristics which are measured in a defined framework (in this document based on generic
build jobs and produced specimens) and can be used to evaluate machines on an objective basis
3.2
machine KPIs
performance indicators that measure the performance of a production machine in a defined framework
(e.g. timeframe, defined production lots, etc.)
EXAMPLE overall equipment effectiveness
3.3
quality level
defined ranges of values for a specified set of quality parameters such as relative density, surface
roughness, mechanical properties, etc.
3.4
specimen package
set of different specimens according to Table 5
4 Methodology for generic machine evaluation
4.1 Specification of Use-Cases
4.1.1 General
This clause introduces the methodology of generic machine evaluation. The generic machine evaluation
shall be used to carry out an assessment to evaluate the performance of a PBF-LB/M machine on a
defined objective basis.
The methodology of generic machine evaluation introduced here is not intended to define and verify
compliance of target metrics, but should instead be used to generate information and efficiency metrics
to enable machine assessment and comparison. Further details of the machine acceptance process are
shown in ISO/ASTM TS 52930.
The generic machine evaluation shall be used to generate a sufficient, neutral, and documented
evaluation basis for two different use-cases, which are described 4.1.2 and 4.1.3.
4.1.2 Use-Case 1 – Benchmarking of machines (evaluation reference according to 4.2.5):
The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall be used in the context of benchmarking
of machines. Therefore, a minimum of 1 run of the described build jobs according to 4.2.2 shall be
produced and tested in the described way. To strengthen the statistical significance of the benchmark,
production and evaluation of additional build jobs shall be necessary. This is an option at the discretion
of the machine manufacturer or the user.
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ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
4.1.3 Use-Case 2 – Generic evaluation in factory/site acceptance test (according to ISO/
ASTM 52930-1):
The framework and methodology introduced in 4.3.1 shall furthermore be used in the machinery
procurement process, more specific in the factory and site acceptance test. Before using the methodology
the specific target values for the performance, indicators shall be agreed on between user and machine
manufacturer. During factory and site acceptance test, at least one build job run is mandatory.
This methodology can also be used to evaluate build job-to-build job performance. For a better
evaluation of the machine, further evaluations of build jobs with specific relevant part designs can
be taken into consideration. The frame conditions for such specific build jobs can be derived from the
framework of the expected (future) build jobs, or be pre-arranged by agreement between machine
manufacturer and user.
4.2 Specification of specimen and build job design
4.2.1 Specification of generic specimen and testing standards
In the following, the test specimens used in the generic construction jobs and for the evaluation of
these construction jobs as well as the associated tests are defined. This clause gives an overview of
the relevant use cases for the generic machine evaluation and introduces the framework for the data
generation (specimens used, test methods, build job design and quality requirements).
Since specimens are not sufficiently described in ISO/ASTM 52902, new specimen geometries to be
used throughout the generic build job are introduced in Table 1.
Part, as well as build job powder removal methods cannot be changed, in order to maintain consistent
mechanical and surface quality of the specimen. The surface measurement shall be performed prior to
the porosity measurement.
The introduced methodology is applied to quasi-static mechanical properties, relative density, and
surface. Further properties (e.g. dynamic and cyclic properties) are excluded on purpose and can be
included in individually designed build jobs following this methodology or individual agreements
between user and machine manufacturer.
3
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
Table 1 — Specification of specimen for measurement of surface roughness, relative density
and tensile strength
Test specimen Test standard, purpose & description Test procedure and criteria
Surface measurement: — Measurement (according
to ISO/ASTM 52902) of
— Test standard: ISO 25178
S , S , S and S , on each
z a sk ku
of the 4 surfaces for 45°,
— Test specimen:10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm
90°, 135° angle against the
diamond surface/density specimen
build plate
— Test purpose:
— Determination of mean
Measurement of surface roughness on: value and quantiles for
each cube
— 45°
— Area of measurement
— 90° and
shall be the complete area
that is available in each
— 135° surfaces
direction
— Test specimen surface:
— Typically used
measurement
powder removed with pressured gas (no
filters according to
surface modification)
ISO/ASTM 52902
Porosity measurement:
— Test standard:
— Preparation: ISO 4499-4
— Cross section cut through
the diamond specimen
— Porosity measurement: ISO 4499-4
— Preparation of the cross
— Test specimen:
section cut according to
the test standard
10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm diamond surface/
density specimen
— Measurement of the
relative density according
— Test purpose:
to the test standard in 25 x
measurement relative density in cross magnification
section
— A testing with the Archimedes method
according to ISO 3369 can be added
Tensile test (as-built surface): — Testing according
to test standard and
— Test standard: ISO 6892-1
measurement of R , R
m p0,2
and A
— Test specimen:
Near net shape tensile specimen (according
to ASTM E8M, the requirement regarding
surface roughness maybe waived)
— Tensile testing near net shape with as-built
surface (no post processing)
— Enabling tensile strength trend analysis
over height
4
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Test specimen Test standard, purpose & description Test procedure and criteria
Tensile test (machined surface): — Machining of the cylinder
according to ASTM E8M
— Test standard: ISO 6892-1
— Testing according
— Test specimen:
to test standard and
measurement of R , R
Machined tensile/packing density specimen m p0,2
and A
(according to ASTM E8M) (optional)
— Enabling density & surface trend analysis
over height in multiple layers
— Creation of packing density
Specimen package: — Test procedure according
to the description for the
— Test specimen:
individual components of
the specimen package (see
combined diamond surface/density, near net
above)
shape tensile and machined tensile/packing
density specimen
— This combination of specimen is named
specimen package and should be used in the
following for build job design considerations
— The specimen package has a height of
112 mm
4.2.2 Build job design
In Figure 1, the representation of the generic build job for two different kinds of machines (in this
example 400 mm cubic/cylindrical build envelope) is shown.
Figure 1 — Example build job design for cubic (quadratic) (left) and cylindrical (right) build
envelopes in different views (isometric and top view)
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
The requirements for the generic build job are:
— The specimen packages shall be stacked in z for the maximum z-height possible within the present
machine design (e.g. for a 400 mm z-height shall be 3 layers of specimen packages, 112 mm each);
— The specimen packages shall be distributed homogeneously and with equal distances;
— The build job shall contain a packing density of approximately 30 % containing specimen packages
and measured from the volume in the bounding box of the full build envelope in x-y and the height
of the build job (z);
— The machine manufacturer shall provide the exact packing density and spacing used for the
assessment as part of the documentation.
For further testing and evaluation of the specimen packages and single specimen from the
specimen packages, distinctive naming shall be assigned. The distinctive naming is described in
Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Key
X X-axis
Y Y-axis
1 example specimen label A8
Figure 2 — Build job labelling x-y-direction
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
Key
Z Z-axis 1 example A8_C
A A-level of density/surface specimen 2 example A8_2_m
B B-level of density/surface specimen 3 example A8_1_ap
a
A-level of tensile specimen as built.
b
B-level of tensile specimen as built.
Figure 3 — Build job labelling z-direction and specimen differentiation
For the machine evaluation, a representative number of each specimen package layer shall be tested.
Due to the different ability of machines to realize full field laser exposure, the build envelope is divided
in 4 equal areas. From these areas, a minimum of 21 specimens per layer (for round build envelopes), or
a minimum of 25 specimens per layer (for square build envelopes), shall be taken for evaluation. Upon
agreement, a different number of specimens can be considered.
The specific positions are marked in red in Figure 4. In case the build envelope is restricted due to screw
holes the specimen package that need to be taken into consideration, it shall be shifted accordingly.
Figure 4 — Definition of specimen selection for rectangular and cylindrical build envelopes
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oSIST prEN ISO/ASTM 52945:2022
ISO/ASTM DIS 52945:2022(E)
4.3 Machine performance characteristics
4.3.1 Input data and framework
To be able to calculate the machine performance characteristics following the generic build job
production, data input shall be provided and recorded. The data input shall be divided into three areas:
1. Technical data from the machine data sheet (Table 2)
Table 2 — Data input from technical machine data sheet
Characteristic Unit
Available laser power W
Number of lasers -
Beam diameter (adjustable from … to …) µm
Laser Working mode (e.g. continuous mode,
-
pulsed mode)
Preheating temperature (max.) °C
Build space [x-y-z*] *less build plate thickness mm × mm × mm
2
Required space for installation m
Weight of machine kg
2. Technical data describing the PBF-LB/M process for generating the generic build job (Table 3)
Table 3 — Minimum data input from PBF-LB/M process
Characteristic Unit
Number of lasers used -
Laser power used (hatch) W
Layer thickness (hatch) µm
Scanning speed (hatch) mm/s
Hatch distance (hatch) µm
Laser power used (contour) W
Layer thickness (contour) µm
Scanning speed (contour) mm/s
3
Volume build job (V ) cm
BJ
Duration build job (t ) h
BJ
The data input shown in Table 3 is the minimum amount of data required to generate an understanding
of the process used by the machine manufacturer to produce the generic build job. In addition to that,
the machine manufacturer should provide data that helps the user to further understand the machine
and the process used. An explanation of which parameters were used according to ISO/ASTM DIS 52902
can be added.
3. Technical data describing the raw material used in the PBF-LB/M process
The alloy used in the PBF-LB/M process may be chosen by the machine manufacturer. Feedstock
data used throughout the methodology shall be provided in a material data sheet according to
ISO/ASTM 52928. In the use-case factory and side acceptance test, the alloy used may be individually
agreed on between user and machine manufacturer.
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4.3.2 Definition of the machine performance characteristics
The machine performance characteristics introduced here are metrics for efficiency measurement and
inf
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