EN 13445-6:2021
(Main)Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
This document specifies requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels and pressure vessel parts intended for use with a maximum allowable pressure, PS, equal or less than:
- 100 bar when containing gases or liquids in group 1 or 2
- 1000 bar when containing liquids in group 2 only.
and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, which are constructed of ferritic or austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron. The thickness limitation of the shell does not apply to thickness of flanges, reinforcements, bosses etc.
NOTE 1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades are principally used for high and low temperature applications and for their corrosion resistance properties.
NOTE 2 The allowable grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are listed in Tables 5.1-1 and 5.1-2. Service conditions are given in Clause 4.
This document, EN 13445-6, does not include lamellar graphite cast iron grades for ferritic and austenitic grades with, with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 % which are explicitly excluded. Requirements for the use of cast irons with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 % are given in EN 15776.
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
Diese Europäische Norm legt Anforderungen an Konstruktion, Werkstoffe, Herstellung und Prüfung von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus ferritischem oder austenitischem Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit fest, die für den Betrieb mit einem maximal zulässigen Druck PS gleich oder kleiner als:
- 100 bar bei Befüllung mit Gasen oder Flüssigkeiten der Gruppe 1 oder 2;
- 1 000 bar nur bei Befüllung mit Flüssigkeiten der Gruppe 2.
und einer maximalen Wanddicke von 60 mm vorgesehen sind. Die Grenzwerte für die Schalenwanddicke gelten nicht für die Dicke von Flanschen, Verstärkungen, Nocken usw.
ANMERKUNG 1 Austenitische Gusseisensorten mit Kugelgraphit werden hauptsächlich für Anwendungsfälle in hohen und niedrigen Temperaturbereichen und aufgrund ihrer Korrosionsbeständigkeit eingesetzt.
ANMERKUNG 2 Die zulässigen Gusseisensorten mit Kugelgraphit sind in den Tabellen 5.1-1 und 5.1-2 aufgelistet. Die Betriebs¬bedingungen sind in Abschnitt 4 angegeben.
Diese Europäische Norm, EN 13445 6, behandelt keine ferritischen und austenitischen Gusseisensorten mit Lamellengraphit mit einer Bruchdehnung ≤ 15 %, welche ausdrücklich ausgeschlossen sind. Anforderungen für die Verwendung von Gusseisen mit einer Bruchdehnung ≤ 15 % sind EN 15776 zu entnehmen.
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 6: Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression moulés en fonte à graphite sphéroïdal
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 6. del: Zahteve za konstruiranje in proizvodnjo tlačnih posod in tlačnih delov posode iz nodularne litine
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2021
Nadomešča:
SIST EN 13445-6:2014
SIST EN 13445-6:2014/A1:2016
SIST EN 13445-6:2014/A2:2019
Nekurjene tlačne posode - 6. del: Zahteve za konstruiranje in proizvodnjo tlačnih
posod in tlačnih delov posode iz nodularne litine
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the design and fabrication of
pressure vessels and pressure parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an die Konstruktion und Herstellung
von Druckbehältern und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit Kugelgraphit
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Partie 6: Exigences pour la
conception et la fabrication des récipients sous pression et des parties sous pression
moulés en fonte à graphite sphéroïdal
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 13445-6:2021
ICS:
23.020.32 Tlačne posode Pressure vessels
77.140.01 Železni in jekleni izdelki na Iron and steel products in
splošno general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
EN 13445-6
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2021
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 23.020.30 Supersedes EN 13445-6:2014
English Version
Unfired pressure vessels - Part 6: Requirements for the
design and fabrication of pressure vessels and pressure
parts constructed from spheroidal graphite cast iron
Récipients sous pression non soumis à la flamme - Unbefeuerte Druckbehälter - Teil 6: Anforderungen an
Partie 6: Exigences pour la conception et la fabrication die Konstruktion und Herstellung von Druckbehältern
des récipients sous pression et des parties sous und Druckbehälterteilen aus Gusseisen mit
pression moulés en fonte à graphite sphéroïdal Kugelgraphit
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 24 February 2021.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2021 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13445-6:2021 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
Contents
Page
European foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms, definitions units and symbols . 7
3.1 Terms and definitions . 7
3.2 Units . 9
3.3 Symbols . 9
3.4 Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions .11
4 Service conditions .11
4.1 Cyclic loading .11
4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content .12
5 Requirements .12
5.1 Materials .12
5.2 Design .14
5.2.1 Technical documentation .14
5.2.2 Design methods .14
5.3 Founding .21
5.3.1 General .21
5.3.2 Welding .21
6 Material testing .21
6.1 General .21
6.2 Frequency and number of tests .21
6.3 Chemical analysis .22
6.4 Graphite structure .22
6.5 Inspection documents .22
7 Testing and final assessment .22
7.1 Testing .22
7.1.1 General .22
7.1.2 Testing requirements for C = 0,8 .23
Q
7.1.3 Testing requirements for C = 0,9 .23
Q
7.1.4 Surface imperfections .24
7.1.5 Cracks, laps, cold shut and non-fused chaplets .24
7.1.6 Ultrasonic testing and/or sectioning .24
7.1.7 Magnetic particle testing (only for ferritic grades) .24
7.1.8 Penetrant testing .25
7.1.9 Radiographic testing .25
7.1.10 Surface roughness .25
7.1.11 Minimum wall thickness .25
7.1.12 Wall thickness tolerances .25
7.1.13 Other dimensions .25
7.1.14 Qualification of testing personnel .26
7.2 Final assessment .26
7.2.1 General .26
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7.2.2 Hydraulic test pressure . 26
8 Pressure vessels constructed of a combination of parts in different materials . 26
9 Marking and documentation . 26
9.1 Marking of castings . 26
9.2 Name plate for the complete pressure vessel . 27
9.3 Documentation . 27
(normative) Technical data for the design calculations. 28
A.1 Purpose . 28
A.2 Technical data . 28
A.2.1 Ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron according to EN 1563:2018 . 28
A.2.2 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron according to EN 13835:2012 . 29
(informative) Ductility . 30
(informative) Determination of the minimum local wall thickness and minimum
required burst test pressure . 32
(normative) Assessment of fatigue life . 34
D.1 Purpose . 34
D.2 Specific definitions . 34
D.3 Specific symbols and abbreviations . 34
D.4 Limitations . 35
D.5 General . 35
D.6 Simplified fatigue assessment . 35
D.6.1 Pseudo-elastic stress range . 35
D.6.2 Correction factors . 36
D.6.3 Fatigue design curves . 37
D.6.4 Allowable number of cycles . 43
∆σ
D.6.5 Allowable stress range . 43
D.7 Detailed fatigue assessment . 43
D.7.1 Pseudo-elastic stress ranges . 43
D.7.2 Corrections to stress range . 44
D.7.3 Fatigue design curves . 45
D.7.4 Allowable number of cycles . 46
D.7.5 Allowable stress range . 47
D.8 Assessment rule for total fatigue damage . 47
D.9 Repairs of surface imperfections . 47
(normative) Design by analysis for castings . 48
E.1 Introduction . 48
E.2 Special requirements to EN 13445-3:2021, Annex B . 48
E.2.1 Addition to B.8.2.3: Design checks for normal operating load cases . 48
E.2.2 Addition to B.8.2.4: Design checks for testing load cases . 48
E.3 Additions to EN 13445-3:2021, Annex C . 48
E.4 Requirements . 49
(informative) Recommendations for in-service validation and inspection . 50
F.1 Purpose . 50
F.2 Tests during operation . 50
F.3 Measures to be taken when the calculated allowable fatigue lifetime has been reached . 51
F.3.1 General . 51
F.3.2 Testing of vessels and pressure parts at end of life without indicated damages . 51
F.3.3 Hydraulic testing of vessels and vessel parts with indicated damages. 51
(normative) Specific design requirements . 52
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G.1 Scope .52
G.2 Design .52
G.2.1 General .52
G.2.2 Cover crown thickness, pressure to convex side .53
G.2.3 Cover crown thickness, pressure to concave side .53
G.2.4 Flange thickness .53
(normative) Experimental cyclic pressure testing procedure .54
H.1 Purpose .54
H.1.1 General .54
H.1.2 Experimental methods and other design methods .54
H.2 Validity .54
H.3 Tests requirements .54
H.3.1 General .54
H.3.2 Number of parts .54
H.3.3 Procedure.55
H.3.4 Material tests .57
H.4 Allowable number of cycles .57
(informative) History of EN 13445-6 .60
Y.1 Differences between EN 13445-6:2014 and EN 13445-6:2021 .60
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the essential
requirements of Directive 2014/68/EU (Pressure equipment Directive) aimed to be
covered.61
Bibliography .63
Issue 1 (2021-05)
European foreword
This document (EN 13445-6:2021) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 54 “Unfired pressure
vessels”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2021, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn
at the latest by November 2021.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document has been prepared under a standardization request given to CEN by the European Commission
and the European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive 2014/68/EU.
For relationship with EU Directive 2014/68/EU, see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.
list of all parts in the EN 13445 series can be found on the CEN website.
Although these Parts may be obtained separately, it should be recognised that the Parts are inter-dependent.
As such the manufacture of unfired pressure vessels requires the application of all the relevant Parts in order
for the requirements of the Standard to be satisfactorily fulfilled.
Corrections to the standard interpretations where several options seem possible are conducted through the
Migration Help Desk (MHD). Information related to the Help Desk can be found at http://www.unm.fr
(en13445@unm.fr). A form for submitting questions can be downloaded from the link to the MHD website.
After subject experts have agreed an answer, the answer will be communicated to the questioner. Corrected
pages will be given specific issue number and issued by CEN according to CEN Rules. Interpretation sheets
will be posted on the website of the MHD.
This document supersedes EN 13445-6:2014. This new edition incorporates the Amendments which have
been approved previously by CEN members, and the corrected pages up to Issue 5 without any further
technical change. Annex Y provides details of significant technical changes between this European Standard
and the previous edition.
Amendments to this new edition may be issued from time to time and then used immediately as alternatives
to rules contained herein. It is intended to deliver a new Issue of EN 13445:2021 each year, starting with the
precedent as Issue 1, consolidating these Amendments and including other identified corrections.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Issue 1 (2021-05)
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for the design, materials, manufacturing and testing of pressure vessels
and pressure vessel parts intended for use with a maximum allowable pressure, PS, equal or less than:
— 100 bar when containing gases or liquids in group 1 or 2
— 1000 bar when containing liquids in group 2 only.
and shell wall thicknesses not exceeding 60 mm, which are constructed of ferritic or austenitic spheroidal
graphite cast iron. The thickness limitation of the shell does not apply to thickness of flanges, reinforcements,
bosses etc.
NOTE 1 Austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron grades are principally used for high and low temperature applications
and for their corrosion resistance properties.
NOTE 2 The allowable grades of spheroidal graphite cast iron are listed in Tables 5.1-1 and 5.1-2. Service conditions
are given in Clause 4.
This document, EN 13445-6, does not include lamellar graphite cast iron grades for ferritic and austenitic
grades, with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 % which are explicitly excluded. Requirements
for the use of cast irons with an elongation after fracture equal or less than 15 % are given in EN 15776.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 287-6:2018, Qualification test of welders — Fusion Welding — Part 6: Cast iron
EN 764-2:2012, Pressure equipment — Part 2: Quantities, symbols and units
EN 764-5:2014, Pressure equipment — Part 5: Compliance and inspection documentation of materials
EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
EN 837-3:1996, Pressure gauges — Part 3: Diaphragm and capsule pressure gauges — Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
EN 1011-8:2004, Welding — Recommendations for welding of metallic materials — Part 8: Welding of cast irons
EN 1369:2012, Founding — Magnetic particle testing
EN 1370:2011, Founding — Examination of surface condition
EN 1371-1:2011, Founding — Liquid penetrant testing — Part 1: Sand, gravity die and low pressure die castings
EN 1559-1:2011, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 1: General
Issue 1 (2021-05)
EN 1559-3:2011, Founding — Technical conditions of delivery — Part 3: Additional requirements for iron
castings
EN 1563:2018, Founding — Spheroidal graphite cast irons
EN 12680-3:2011, Founding — Ultrasonic testing — Part 3: Spheroidal graphite cast iron castings
EN 12681:2003, Founding — Radiographic examination
EN 13445-1:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 1: General
EN 13445-3:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 3: Design
EN 13445-5:2021, Unfired pressure vessels — Part 5: Inspection and testing
EN 13835:2012, Founding — Austenitic cast irons
EN ISO 945-1:2008, Microstructure of cast irons — Part 1: Graphite classification by visual analysis
(ISO 945-1:2008)
EN ISO 8062-1:2007, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for
moulded parts — Part 1: Vocabulary (ISO 8062-1:2007)
EN ISO 8062-3:2007, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) — Dimensional and geometrical tolerances for
moulded parts — Part 3: General dimensional and geometrical tolerances and machining allowances for castings
(ISO 8062-3:2007)
EN ISO 15614-3:2008, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding
procedure test — Part 3: Fusion welding of non-alloyed and low-alloyed cast irons (ISO 15614-3:2008)
3 Terms, definitions units and symbols
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp.
3.1.1
critical zone
highly stressed area where a fracture is expected to occur in a burst test or where surface fatigue cracks are
expected to be initiated due to fluctuating pressure loads
Note 1 to entry: Critical zones may occur, for example, by any of the following:
— sudden change in cross section;
— sharp edges;
— sharp radii;
Issue 1 (2021-05)
— peak stresses;
— bending stresses;
— stresses due to other than membrane stress;
— changes in curvature.
Note 2 to entry: A critical zone is analysed by any appropriate method, e.g. holographic, interferometric, strain gauge
methods, burst test, fatigue testing, FEM analysis etc.
Note 3 to entry: Additionally, thermal gradients and thermal stresses due to different operating wall temperatures
need to be considered in defining critical zones.
3.1.2
purchaser
individual or organisation that buys pressure equipment, including assemblies or parts, for its own use or on
behalf of the user and/or operator
3.1.3
manufacturer
individual or organisation responsible for the design, fabrication, testing, inspection, installation of pressure
equipment and assemblies where relevant
Note 1 to entry: The manufacturer may subcontract one or more of the above mentioned tasks under its responsibility.
3.1.4
casting manufacturer
subcontractor that produces the castings used in the manufacture of pressure equipment
3.1.5
testing factor
A reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of possible manufacturing deficiencies
3.1.6
temperature factor
A reduction factor applied to the 0,2 % proof strength to take account of temperature influence
3.1.7
wall thickness factor
a reduction factor applied to the nominal design stress to take account of reduced mechanical properties
3.1.8
ferritic spheroidal graphite cast iron
cast material, iron and carbon based (carbon being present mainly in the form of spheroidal graphite particles)
with a predominantly ferritic matrix
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3.1.9
austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron
cast material with an austenitic matrix which is iron and carbon based and alloyed with nickel and manganese,
copper and/or chromium in order to stabilize the austenitic structure at room temperature
3.2 Units
For the purposes of this document, the units given in EN 764-2:2012 apply.
3.3 Symbols
Symbols used in this document are listed in Table 3.3-1.
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Table 3.3-1 — Symbols
Symbol Quantity Unit
Corrosion allowance mm
c
Required thickness mm
e
Analysis thickness mm
ea
Actual thickness mm
eact
Minimum thickness as specified on drawing mm
e
min
Modulus of elasticity MPa
E
Nominal design stress MPa
f
Fatigue factor related to 99,8 % survival
F
a
Actual burst test pressure
P
b,act MPa
a
Minimum required bursting pressure
Pb
MPa
a
Design pressure
P
d MPa
a
Maximum allowable pressure
PS, P
MPa
s
a
PT, P Test pressure
t MPa
Material strength parameter MPa
RM
0,2 %-proof strength MPa
Rp0,2
Tensile strength MPa
R
m
RM3 Average material strength from 3 test samples for DBE MPa
purposes
Minimum / maximum allowable temperature °C
TS TS
min , max
Calculation temperature °C
T
Volume L
V
Wall thickness factor
C
e
Temperature factor
C
T
Testing factor
CQ
Factor depending on shape of shell
n
Thickness correction factor
f
e
Mean stress correction factor
fm
Surface finish correction factor
fs
Safety factor
S
Partial safety factor
γR
Casting tolerance mm
δ
Extra thickness due to casting process mm
ε
Poisson’s ratio
ν
a
MPa for calculation purpose only, otherwise the unit is bar (1 MPa = 10 bar)
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3.4 Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions
Key
e is the required thickness
is the analysis thickness
ea
e is the minimum thickness including corrosion allowance as indicated on drawings
min
eact is the actual thickness
c is the corrosion allowance
ε is the extra thickness due to casting process
δ is the casting tolerance
Figure 3.4-1 — Inter-relation of thicknesses definitions
4 Service conditions
4.1 Cyclic loading
Spheroidal graphite cast iron pressure vessels and vessel parts can be used for cyclic operation if the stress
factor is limited to 3. If the calculated number of cycles is close to a limit number of cycles mentioned in
Table 4.1-1 below to determine the need for fatigue analysis, a worst-case model shall be implemented for this
determination.
If it is expected that under service conditions the maximum number of full pressure cycles will exceed the limit
number according to Table 4.1-1, or exceeds more than the equivalent number of cycles with smaller
amplitude, then a fatigue analysis shall be performed according to Annex D.
Table 4.1-1 — Number of full pressure cycles for cyclic loading consideration
Maximum number of full pressure cycles without
Testing factor
mandatory fatigue analysis according to Annex D
C = 0,9 1 000
Q
40 000
if 2,5 < stress factor ≤ 3
C = 0,8
Q
200 000 If stress factor ≤ 2,5
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NOTE 1 A testing factor of 0,9 implies the application of higher nominal design stresses and consequently results in a
lower maximum number of full pressure cycles without mandatory fatigue analysis.
NOTE 2 A stress factor (ratio of peak stress to fatigue stress) of more than 3, determined by any of the design methods
given in 5.2 can be the result of inappropriate design. By enlarging radii or other small changes, an acceptable design may
be generated.
For pressure cycles at a pressure difference ΔP less than the full pressure, the number of equivalent full cycles
i
is given by Formula (4.1-1):
8,6
i=N
ΔP
i
n = n ⋅ (4.1-1)
eq i
∑
P
max
i=1
where
N is the total number of envisaged types of pressure cycles with different amplitude;
n is the number of cycles of amplitude ΔP;
i
ΔP is the pressure cycle amplitude;
i
P is the maximum permissible pressure, as defined in EN 13445-3:2021, 3.15.
max
4.2 Limitations on temperature and energy content
The minimum and maximum allowable temperatures TS and TS shall be in accordance with the limits
min max
given in Tables 5.1-1 and 5.1-2.
The product PS · V for a single casting shall not exceed 100 000 bar⋅L.
5 Requirements
5.1 Materials
All cast iron grades subject to internal or external pressure shall comply with EN 1563 for ferritic spheroidal
graphite cast iron and EN 13835 for austenitic spheroidal graphite cast iron.
The material grades listed in Table 5.1-1 and Table 5.1-2 may be produced in the as-cast or heat-treated
condition (see EN 1563:2018, Clause 6).
The ferritic material grades given in Table 5.1-1 shall be used for applications where the minimum allowable
°
temperature is higher or equal to –10 C.
The material grades listed in Table 5.1-2 are intended for low temperature or high temperature design
conditions.
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Table 5.1-1 — Allowable material grades for usual design temperatures (-10 °C up to 300 °C)
Material standard a Design temperature limits
Material designation
°C
Symbol Number
EN-GJS-350-22-RT 5.3101 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJS-350-22 5.3102 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 1563:2018 EN-GJS-400-18-RT 5.3104 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJS-400-18 5.3105 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJS-450-18 5.3108 -10 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical documentation
defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for European approval for
materials (EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).
Table 5.1-2 — Allowable material grades for low or high temperature design conditions
a Design temperature limits
Material designation
Material standard °C
Symbol Number
EN-GJS-350-22-LT 5.3100 -40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 1563:2018
EN-GJS-400-18-LT 5.3103 -20 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN-GJSA-XNiMn23-4 5.3501 -196 ≤ TS ≤ 300
EN 13835:2012 EN-GJSA-XNi22 5.3503 -40 ≤ TS ≤ 540
EN-GJSA-XNiMn13-7 5.3506 -40 ≤ TS ≤ 300
a
When materials specified in these tables are not available, other suitable materials may be used when the technical documentation
defining the characteristics of the materials has been accepted in accordance with the requirements for European approval for materials
(EAM) or particular material appraisal (PMA).
Material grades EN-GJS-350-22-LT or EN-GJS-350-22U-LT can be used at design temperatures down to –60 °C.
When used between (–40 ± 2) °C and (–60 ± 2) °C, impact testing at the minimum design temperature shall
be:
— mean value from 3 tests 12 J for e ≤ 60 mm;
act
— 10 J for 60 mm ≤ e ≤ 200 mm;
act
— individual value 9 J for e ≤ 60 mm and 7 J for 60 mm ≤ e ≤ 200 mm.
act act
The applicable requirements for the delivery conditions given in EN 1559-1:2011 and EN 1559-3:2011 shall
also apply.
NOTE The use of materials working in the creep domain is not applicable to this standard since stress ranges are
limited to elastic behaviour.
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5.2 Design
5.2.1 Technical documentation
The manufacturer shall document those items listed in EN 13445-5:2021, Clause 5 prior to fabrication.
5.2.2 Design methods
5.2.2.1 Generality
5.2.2.1.1 Principle
The loadings to be accounted for shall be in accordance with EN 13445-3:2021, Clause 5.
The service conditions of Clause 4 shall be accounted for.
Design methods shall be in accordance with this document and, when applicable, with the relevant clauses of
EN 13445-3:2021.
If the geometry of the component or the loading case do not allow calculation by the formulas given in EN
13445-3:2021 and Annex G, design by analysis (DBA) (see Annex E) or design by experiment (DBE) (see
Annex H) shall be applied.
Depending on the complexity of the component, the loading conditions and the level of NDT testing, the
designer may choose one of the following available design methods mentioned below. Guidance is given on
the correlation between safety factor, testing factor and the method to assess dynamic loading (see Table 5.2-
1).
NOTE 1 Testing factors (0,8 or 0,9) are already accounted for in determining nominal design stress in 5.2.2.2 of this
Part 6.
NOTE 2 For non-circular sections (rectangular sections), see EN 13445-3:2021, Clause 15 (see remark about fatigue
design and radius requirements in 5.2.2.7).
5.2.2.1.2 Static loading
In order to design the part for static loading, the following options can be considered by the designer.
5.2.2.1.2.1 Design by formula (DBF)
Formulae for the calculation of the various components of the pressure part are given in EN 13445-3:2021
and Annex G. Annex G gives additional formulae for non-standard shaped parts often used in casting design.
5.2.2.1.2.2 Design by analysis (DBA)
The following applies:
1) decide whether the direct route (limit load – EN 13445-3:2021, Annex B) or the stress categorisation
method (EN 13445-3:2021, Annex C) will be followed. Decide whether linear or non-linear approach
will be used;
2) base modelling and interpretation of calculation results shall be based on analysis thicknesses (e )
a
and material characteristics at operation temperature;
Issue 1 (2021-05)
3) for interpretation of calculation results, follow the evaluation procedures and assessment criteria in
order to evaluate the fitness for purpose of the real structure. These design checks and related
procedures are typical for the failure mode to be dealt with. For the different failure modes see
EN 13445-3:2021.
5.2.2.1.2.3 Design by experiment (DBE)
Where design by formulae according to EN 13445-3:2021 is not considered appropriate due to complex shape
of the component, then a hydraulic burst test to determine the analysis thickness ea and the minimum
thickness e shall be performed according to the procedure in 5.2.2.1.6. This test is also a part of the technical
min
documentation.
This design method may be used without additional calculations if P · V < 60 00 bar⋅L.
d
If P · V > 6 000 bar⋅L for the complete vessel, this method can be used in addition to DBA or DBF.
d
The minimum required thickness at a specific location is given by:
n
S ⋅⋅PS RM3
ee ⋅ (5-1)
a act
P ⋅R ⋅⋅⋅C C C
b,act p0,2 Q T e
e ≥e +c (5-2)
min a
where
e is the minimum measured wall thickness at the specific location;
act.
R is in accordance with Annex A;
p0,2
P is the actual obtained value of burst pressure or the highest pressure during the test;
b,act
n = 1 for curved surfaces (cylinders, spheres) or cones with angles α ≤ 60°, stayed surfaces and stressed
parts if bending stress is less than 2/3 of the total stress;
n = 2 for all other surfaces.
For determining RM3 three tensile test specimens shall be performed in accordance with EN 1563:2018 or
EN 13835:2012 material standards for each of the required positions taken from the same cast.
The specimen positions shall be in accordance with the specifications in the technical delivery conditions of
the product form for materials for pressure equipment. In addition to the requirements of the material
standards, the manufacturer and the purchaser may agree on the properties required at stated positions in
the casting. These properties shall be determined by testing machined test pieces cut from the casting at these
stated positions. The mean value of the three specimens shall be used to determine the ratio of RM3/Rm.
=
Issue 1 (2021-05)
Specimens may be taken before the burst test on an identical part or on the same part after burst test. It is not
1)
allowed to use scaled-down part of the part under investigation.
The position on the casting from where the sample is cut shall be in an area where the casting wall thickness
is close to the relevant wall thickness of the casting. For the purpose of determining the size of the test pieces
to be used, the purchaser shall, by the time of acceptance of the order, indicate to the manufacturer which are
the important sections. In the absence of any direction by the purchaser, the manufacturer may choose the
size of the test piece to be used according to the relevant standard.
No specimen may show a lower value than the minimum value of Rm stated in the respective material
standards of the material grade under investigation, taking into account the corresponding thickness.
The preferred test piece diameter is 14 mm, but, for technical reasons and for test pieces machined from
castings, it is permitted to use a test piece of different diameter or equivalent diameter.
Retesting shall be carried out if a test is not valid. A test is not valid if there is:
— a faulty mounting of the test piece or defective operation of the test machine;
— a defective test piece because of incorrect pouring or incorrect machining;
— a fracture of the tensile test piece outside the gauge length;
— a casting defect in the test piece, evident after fracture.
In all cases, a new test piece shall be taken from the same sample or a duplicate sample cast at the same time.
The result
...
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