prEN ISO 20509

Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of oxidation resistance of non-oxide monolithic ceramics (ISO 20509:2003)

ISO 20509:2003 describes the method of test for determining the oxidation resistance of non-oxide monolithic ceramics, such as silicon nitride, sialon and silicon carbide at high temperatures. This International Standard is designed to provide an assessment of the mass and dimensional changes of test pieces following oxidation at high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere, and to assess whether oxidation has a significant effect on the subsequent strength. This test method may be used for materials development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes.

Hochleistungskeramik - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit von nichtoxidischer monolithischer Keramik gegen Oxidation (ISO 20509:2003)

Céramiques techniques - Détermination de la résistance à l'oxydation des céramiques monolithiques (ISO 20509:2003)

Fina keramika (sodobna keramika, sodobna tehnična keramika) - Ugotavljanje oksidacijske odpornosti neoksidne monolitne keramike (ISO 20509:2003)

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 09-Aug-2023
• ICS: 81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 184 - Advanced technical ceramics
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 184 - Advanced technical ceramics
• Current Stage: 4060 - Closure of enquiry - Enquiry
• Start Date: 09-Feb-2023
• Due Date: 03-Sep-2023
• Completion Date: 09-Feb-2023
• Ref Project: oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023 - Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of oxidation resistance of non-oxide monolithic ceramics (ISO 20509:2003)

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023
01-januar-2023
Fina keramika (sodobna keramika, sodobna tehnična keramika) - Ugotavljanje
oksidacijske odpornosti neoksidne monolitne keramike (ISO 20509:2003)

Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of

oxidation resistance of non-oxide monolithic ceramics (ISO 20509:2003)
Hochleistungskeramik - Bestimmung der Beständigkeit von nichtoxidischer
monolithischer Keramik gegen Oxidation (ISO 20509:2003)

Céramiques techniques - Détermination de la résistance à l'oxydation des céramiques

monolithiques (ISO 20509:2003)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 20509
ICS:
81.060.30 Sodobna keramika Advanced ceramics
oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023
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oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20509
First edition
2003-12-01
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics,
advanced technical ceramics) —
Determination of oxidation resistance of
non-oxide monolithic ceramics
Céramiques techniques — Détermination de la résistance à l'oxydation
des céramiques monolithiques
Reference number
ISO 20509:2003(E)
ISO 2003
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oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023
ISO 20509:2003(E)
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Published in Switzerland
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oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023
ISO 20509:2003(E)
Contents Page

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .......................................................................................................................... 1

4 Apparatus ............................................................................................................................................. 2

5 Test pieces ........................................................................................................................................... 3

6 Test procedure ..................................................................................................................................... 3

7 Calculations ......................................................................................................................................... 5

8 Test report ............................................................................................................................................ 7

Annex A (informative) Useful information .................................................................................................. 8

Annex B (informative) Interlaboratory evaluation of the test method ..................................................... 9

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 11

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oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023
ISO 20509:2003(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies

(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO

technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been

established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and

non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International

Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards

adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an

International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 20509 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 206, Fine ceramics.
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oSIST prEN ISO 20509:2023
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20509:2003(E)
Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical
ceramics) — Determination of oxidation resistance of non-oxide
monolithic ceramics
1Scope

This International Standard describes the method of test for determining the oxidation resistance of non-oxide

monolithic ceramics, such as silicon nitride, Sialon and silicon carbide at high temperatures. This International

Standard is intended to provide an assessment of the mass and dimensional changes of test pieces following

oxidation at high temperature in an oxidizing atmosphere, and to assess whether oxidation has a significant

effect on the subsequent strength. This test method may be used for materials development, quality control,

characterization, and design data generation purposes.
2 Normative references

The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated

references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document

(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3611:1978, Micrometer callipers for external measurement
ISO 6906:1984, Vernier callipers reading to 0,02 mm

ISO 7500-1:— , Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part1:

Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system

ISO 14704:2000, Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) — Test method for flexural

strength of monolithic ceramics at room temperature
IEC 60584-1:1995, Thermocouples — Part 1: Reference tables
IEC 60584-2:1989, Thermocouples — Part 2: Tolerances
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
oxidation resistance

resistance against oxidation of a non-oxide ceramic material due to reaction with oxygen in the surrounding

atmosphere, including any internal reactions as a result of the presence of open porosity or of diffusion of ions

to or from the ceramic surface
3.2
flexural strength
maximum nominal stress at fracture of a specified elastic beam loaded in bending

1) Sometimes written SiAlON is the acronym for a ceramic that contains silicon, aluminium, oxygen and nitrogen.

2) To be published. (Revision of ISO 7500-1:1999)
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ISO 20509:2003(E)
4 Apparatus

4.1 High temperature furnace, e.g. any suitable air atmosphere furnace with a nominal temperature

capability of at least 1 500 C.

The furnace chamber shall have an inlet for a sufficient supply of oxidation gas to ensure that the atmosphere

does not stagnate and become oxygen deficient. The temperature shall be capable of being raised to that

◦ −1 ◦

required for testing at a minimum of 5 C min , of being controlled to better than ± 5 C at all oxidation

◦ −1 ◦

temperatures, and of being cooled at more than 5 C min to below 800 C. Before commencing oxidation

tests, the furnace chamber shall be baked out using the same atmosphere as proposed for testing and at a

temperature at least as high as the intended oxidation test temperature for a period of at least 10 h in order to

remove contaminants.
4.2 Support or supporting stand, for oxidation tests.

The test pieces shall be supported using techniques that minimize contact area, degree of adhesion and extent

of reaction with the test piece (see Figure 1). Preferably this should be done using point or line contact only. Any

contact of the supports with the regions of the test piece surfaces to be subjected later to loading roller contact

in flexural strength testing shall be avoided. Examples of suitable support methods include the use of a block

with drilled holes no more than 3mm deep such that the test pieces can stand near vertically with a minimum of

end and edge contact. The samples can also be situated on horizontal supports on rollers of silicon carbide or

mullite, on small diameter platinum wires, either suspended or resting on a clean non-reactive ceramic surface,

or on semi-rings which can be cut from ceramic tubes (alumina, mullite, silicon carbide, or silicon nitride).

a) b) c) d)

a) a refractory block with appropriate-sized holes in it, suitable for muffle furnace;

b) a support system based on tubes and discs with holes, suitable for vertical tube furnace;

c) a pair of supported parallel rods spaced near the ends of the test-pieces and with an adequate gap underneath,

suitable for a muffle furnace;
d) a test-piece supported by its ends on a ceramic semi-ring.
Figure 1 — Examples of support systems for flexural strength test pieces

NOTE 1 It may be necessary to perform some preliminary assessments to ensure that the supporting material is

sufficiently non-reactive as to not significantly contribute to the mass changes in the sample.

NOTE 2 Candidate materials for supporting test pieces include silicon carbide, mullite, platinum wire and alumina. Silicon

carbide and mullite may be the most suitable materials. Alumina may react with test pieces, and platinum is inappropriate for

non-oxide ceramics containing free metallic species, such as silicon carbide containing silicon.

◦ ◦
4.3 Oven, capable of maintaining a temperature of 105 C to 120 C.

4.4 Testing machine for flexural strength, capable of applying a uniform crosshead speed. The testing

machine shall be in accordance with ISO 7500-1:— Class 1 with an accuracy of 1% of indicated load at

fracture.
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4.5 Testing fixture for flexural strength, of three- or four-point flexure configuration in accordance with 5.2

of ISO 14704:2000. The recommended fixture is fully articulated and of the four-point-1/4 point configuration

with the two outer bearings at a distance of 40 mm. The corresponding total length of test piece is � 45 mm.

4.6 Micrometer, such as shown in ISO 3611:1978 but with a resolution of 0,002 mm for measuring the test

piece dimensions. The micrometer shall have flat anvil faces such as shown in ISO 3611:1978. The micrometer

shall not have a ball tip or sharp tip since these might damage the test piece. Alternative dimension measuring

instruments may be used provided that they have a resolution of or finer.
0,002 mm

4.7 Vernier calliper, with a resolution of 0,05 mm or finer for measuring the length of the test piece, in

accordance with ISO 6906. Alternative dimension measuring instruments may be used provided that they have

a resolution of 0,05 mm or finer.

4.8 Balance, capable of weighing up to 200 g with a sensitivity of at least 0,05 mg.

4.9 Thermocouple, of type R or type S in accordance with IEC 60584-2, permitting the use of the calibration

table given in IEC 60584-1.
5 Test pieces

If the strength changes are to be determined, flexural strength test pieces in accordance with Clause 6 of

ISO14704:2000 shall be used. The standard test specimens shall have cross-sectional dimensions of

3,00 mm ± 0,20 mm thickness and 4,00 mm ± 0,20 mm width. The length shall be more than 35 mm for

30 mm test fixtures or more than 45 mm for 40 mm test fixtures. All the surfaces shall be machined, and edges

shall be rounded or chamfered. Any machining procedure and the surface quality of the test pieces shall be

reported. The minimum number of test pieces shall be 10 for each oxidation condition to be tested, plus 10 test

pieces as an unoxidized control. Means shall be taken to identify individually, similar test pieces, but shall not be

marked or scribed in a way that might affect the result of the test. If strength changes are not to be determined,

any test piece, in terms of size and shape, may be used.

Test pieces shall be clean and free from preparation residues and contamination due to handling which can

influence the initial mass measurement and/or the oxidation rate. The test-piece cleaning procedure shall be

stated in the report.

For materials with no significant open porosity and contaminated by handling, and/or by mounting or machining

coolant residues, submerge the test-pieces in ethanol in an ultrasonic bath and agitate for at least 10 min. In

order to avoid damage, test pieces shall not be allowed to contact either each other or a hard surface during this

operation. For materials containing open porosity, internally entrained organic residues can be removed only by

heating in air. The maximum temperature to which this should be done will depend on the material type, but

◦ ◦

typically a temperature of 500 C to 600C1 for a least h is required to oxidize carbonaceous residues.

Material with intentionally present free carbon shall be treated at a maximum temperature of 350 C to avoid

oxidation.
6 Test procedure
6.1 Measurements of dimensions and mass of specimens

For flexural strength test pieces, measure the width, bh, and thickness, , of each test piece at several places

using the micrometer (4.5) with a resolution of 0,002 mm. Measure the overall length, L , with the vernier

callipers (4.6) with a resolution of 0,05 mm. For other shapes of test piece, measure relevant dimensions at

several different places (e.g. diameter and thickness of a disc). Wash and degrease the test pieces (see

◦ ◦

Clause 5). Place in the oven (4.3) and heat to a temperature of 105 C to 120 C until their mass is constant.

Remove and store in a desiccator. When cooled to room temperature, weigh each test piece to the nearest

0,05 mg using the balance (4.7). Store in the desiccator until tested.
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6.2 Baking out in the oxidation furnace

Unless used for a similar measurement immediately prior to the test, pre-condition the furnace (4.1) and the test

piece support system (4.2) at a temperature similar to or greater than that intended for the oxidation test under

the intended flowing gas atmosphere. The maximum temperature shall be maintained for at least 10 h.

6.3 Oxidation test
6.3.1 Materials with high oxidation resistance

6.3.1.1 Place the test pieces on their supports (4.2) in the centre of the hot zone of the furnace (4.1) ensuring

sufficient space between test pieces and their supports for adequate circulation of air. Ensure that contact with

supports is minimized (see Figure 1). The contacts shall always be at locations outside the outer span used for

the flexural test. The minimum spacing between test pieces as well as that between a test piece and furnace

furniture shall be 5mm.

NOTE 1 It is preferred that each batch of a least 10 test pieces per oxidation condition is exposed at the same time in the

same facility. Separated exposure at separate times may result in slightly different results.

NOTE 2 The minimum spacing between components or test-pieces under test should be increased with increasing

component or test-piece size to ensure unimpeded gas flow between neighbouring oxidizing surfaces.

6.3.1.2 Position a type R or type S thermocouple (4.8) in accordance with IEC 60584-2 adjacent to the test

pieces for the purposes of monitoring test piece temperature during the oxidation period. Close the furnace.

6.3.1.3 Supply the oxidizing gas at a rate sufficient to provide atmosphere circulation within the furnace cavity

and around the test pieces such that stagnation and oxygen depletion is avoided, but not at such a rate that

results in inhomogeneous or fluctuating furnace temperature. For testing in normal air, a natural flow of the air

through the furnace cavity shall be facilitated. Note that a gas flow rate is recommended of between typically 0,5

and 50 volume changes per hour, but not less than 0,1 changes per hour.

6.3.1.4 Heat the furnace to the test temperature as indicated by the measuring thermocouple adjacent to the

test pieces. Maintain this temperature to within 5 C for the required oxidation period. Cool the furnace at the

maximum rate of cooling of the furnace and carefully remove the test pieces from their supports and place in a

desiccator. To avoid contamination, do not touch the test pieces with naked fingers until after the final weighing.

Ensure that loose deposits on the test piece surface are retained intact as far as possible.

6.3.2 Materials with low oxidation resistance

The procedure outlined in 6.3.1 can be also used in the testing of materials with low oxidation resistance or

those producing low melting oxidation products, such as B O formed during the oxidation of borides. Some

2 3

modifications are suggested for the samples that react significantly with or stick to the support fixture. In these

cases, it is recommended to use a system supporting each individual sample, such as the semi-rings [Figure 1

d)], so that the sample and the support can be weighed together before and after the test.

Additionally, the samples should be inserted into a furnace, preheated to the test temperature, and then air-

quenched after the test to retain the high temperature condition of the surface layer for room temperature

microscopic evaluation. Nevertheless, the quenching of the samples can affect the strength as a result of

thermal shock.
6.4 Selecting test conditions

Test conditions (temperature, atmosphere, duration, etc.) shall be selected according to the technical

requirements for undertaking the test and on agreement between parties.

NOTE 1 The test condition recommended for silicon nitrides and Sialons is 1 300 C for 100 h or 200 h, and that for silicon

carbides and advanced grades of silicon nitrides is 1 400 C for 100 h or 200 h. Such conditions provide a means of readily

distinguishing performances of similar materials.
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ISO 20509:2003(E)

NOTE 2 The oxidation behaviour of other non-oxide ceramics (such as borides, carbides, nitrides and silicides) varies

widely, and the test conditions should be selected on the basis of preliminary experiments. Test results should be

documented carefully in the report.
6.5 Measurements of mass and dimensional changes

Weigh the test pieces individually with their adherent oxidation products to the nearest 0,05 mg. Weigh any

loose spallation products separately. If spallation products from individual test cannot be weighed separately,

weigh them altogether. If appropriate, remeasure the external dimensions of the test pieces for the

determination of dimensional changes.

NOTE It is generally not realistically possible to measure spallation that is adherent to or reacting with furnace or test piece

support parts.
6.6 Measurements of flexural strength

Measure the flexural strength of the oxidized and the control test pieces in accordance with Clause 7 of

ISO 14704:2000. If the nature of the oxidized surface has to be changed in order to undertake the strength tests

this must be mentioned in the report.

NOTE 1 A fully articulating fixture should be used for flexural strength measurements of the oxidized specimens because

they may not meet the parallelism requirements given in ISO 14704 for use of a semi-articulating fixture.

NOTE 2 A semi-articulating fixture may be used if the parallelism requirements are satisfied. One surface of an as-oxidized

part may be machined to help minimize twisting or warping effects. The machined surface should be placed in contact with

the inner bearings (specimen compression side) during testing.
6.7 Particular features

Record any particular features associated with the condition of the oxidized surfaces, the appearance of

fractured cross-sections, etc.

NOTE Phase analysis of the oxide layer using an X-ray diffraction technique and microstructure observation of the oxide

layer in the cross section using scanning electron microscopy may be useful characterization methods.

7 Calculations
7.1 Flexural strength

If flexural strength has been measured, compute the flexural strength using the relevant formula for the jig type,

whether three-point or four-point bending, as in ISO 14704. Compute the average strength and standard

deviation for the control batch and for each oxidation condition. Report the outer and inner spans and whether

semi-articulating or fully articulating.
7.2 Mass change

If the mass change is required, compute the mass change per unit nominal surface area of test piece (C) in

accordance with the formula:
W −W
f i
C= (1)
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where

W and W are final and initial mass of test piece respectively, expressed in grams;

f i

A is the nominal external surface area of test piece based on initial dimensions expressed in

square meters.

Compute the average result and the standard deviation for each oxidation condition employed.

i=1
C= (2)
(C −C)
S= (3)
n− 1
where
C is the average value;
n is the total number of specimens;
S is the standard deviation.

NOTE If the material is porous and has oxidized internally, it may be more appropriate to express the oxidation behaviour

as a mass change per unit volume, or as a percentage mass change. In both cases, these calculations will be averages for

the test piece, and will not reflect spatial variations in oxidation behaviour within the test piece.

7.3 Nominal dimensional change

If the change in dimensions is required, compute the absolute changes in the linear dimensions bh and , and

express them in mm:
∆h=h −h (4)
f i
∆b=b −b (5)
f i
where
h is the final test piece thickness, expressed in millimetres;
h is the initial test piece thickness, expressed in millimetres;
b is the final test piece width, expressed in millimetres;
b is the initial test piece width, expressed in millimetres.

Compute the average absolute change and the standard deviation for each oxidation condition.

i=1
∆h= (6)
� (∆h −∆h)
i=1
S= (7)
n− 1
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i=1
∆b= (8)
� (∆b −∆b)
i=1
S= (9)
n− 1
where
∆h and ∆b is the average value;
n is total number of specimens;
S is standard deviation.
8 Test report
The results of oxidation tests shall include the following:
a) name and address of the testing establishment;

b) date of the test, a unique identification of the report and of each page, customer name and address, and

signatory of the report;

c) reference to this International Standard, i.e., determined in accordance with ISO 20509;

d) description of the test apparatus used, including details of the type of oxidation furnace, the materials used

in construction of the hot-zone, test piece support system used, the materials in direct contact with the test

pieces, the heating and cooling rates used, details of the rate of supply of test gas, its composition and

moisture content, if appropriate, the type of flexural test, etc.;

e) description of the test material (manufacturer, type, batch number, date of manufacture, etc.);

f) description of the details of the test piece preparation, including nominal dimensions and surface finishing

procedures, cleaning procedures, strength test conditions, in accordance with the provisions of ISO 14704;

g) individual determinations of test pieces mass before and after testing, the computed mass change for each

test piece at each test condition, the mean and standard deviation for each test condition, expressed in

gram per square metre;

h) mass of the collected spallation products, expressed in grams, and the average spallation mass per unit

surface area of test piece;

i) individual fracture load in strength tests, expressed in newtons, and computed nominal fracture stress

expressed in megapascals (or meganewtons per square metre) for each test piece at each test condition

including unoxidized control test pieces, the mean results and standard deviations for each condition;

j) individual results of mean test piece dimensions before and after testing, and the computed size changes at

each test condition, the mean results and standard deviation;

k) any comments about the test or the results, including observations on the surface condition of the test

pieces following oxidation and the oxidation layer, such as scanning electron micrographs of oxidized layer,

phases in the oxidized layer and thickness of oxidized layer, on whether the surface condition was modified

in order to conduct strength tests, on the appearance of fracture surfaces, and on the likely interference

caused by oxide scale spalling or adhesion to the support system.
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Annex A
(informative)
Useful information
A.1 General

Evaluation of oxidation resistance is important when non-oxide ceramics are used in oxidizing environments at

high temperatures. Oxidation in non-oxide ceramics usually occurs as a result of substitution of non-oxygen

non-metallic species by oxygen, which develops a surface skin of altered composition. Mass change is a

common measure to evaluate oxidation resistance. Another measure of oxidation resistance is the strength

variation, since the strength-determining flaw can be altered by the generation of oxidation-induced flaws and

crack healing. When non-oxide ceramics are used at high temperatures as structural components, oxidation

resistance is often evaluated via mass and strength variations.
A.2 Oxidation mechanisms and the formation of oxides

Oxidation of non-oxide ceramics usually occurs when oxygen in air reacts with the ceramic substance. Once the

reaction occurs, an oxide layer is often formed on the surface. If the layer is protective, further oxidation is

retarded and the oxidation rate is governed by the diffusion rate in the oxidation layer. In this case, the oxidation

rate of mass gain should obey a parabolic law and a dense oxide layer is formed on the surface [1]-[12].

However, when the oxide layer is not protective, the reaction at the original surface of the material determines

the rate, and the reaction rate exhibits a linear dependence over time [11]-[14]. In some cases, the oxide

products may not adhere to the sample, but tend to flake off as a result of disruptive forces caused by volume

changes, phase changes and thermal expansion mismatches [13], [14]. For materials with open porosity, such

as reaction-bonded silicon nitride and some silicon carbides, oxidation will generally occur through continuous

pores that are initially surface connected, although these may become blocked as oxidation proceeds [15]. As a

result of oxidation of silicon nitride and silicon carbide, the major phase formed on the surface is amorphous

silica that contains the ions originally doped in the bulk [5], [16]. The presence of water vapour influences the

oxidation rate [6], [10], [17], and can enhance the crystallization of the oxide layer [18].

Oxidation kinetics depend not only on the materials but also the oxidation conditions. The oxidation rates of

refractory carbides tend to follow a parabolic rate law under conditions of high oxygen partial pressure and low

oxidation temperature, and a linear dependence is found in high temperature oxidation [11]. La O -Y O

2 3 2 3

doped-silicon nitride obeys parabolic oxidation dependence at temperatures < 1 450 C for short exposure

periods, while linear oxidation dependence governs at higher temperatures for longer exposures [12]. A porous

(21,5 % porosity)
...