FprEN 1405

Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Sodium alginate

This document is applicable to sodium alginate used for treatment of water intended for human consumption. It describes the characteristics of sodium alginate and specifies the requirements and the corresponding test methods for sodium alginate. It gives information on their use in water treatment.

Produkte zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch - Natrium-Alginat

Dieses Dokument ist anwendbar für Natrium-Alginat zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch. Es beschreibt die Eigenschaften von Natrium-Alginat und legt die Anforderungen sowie die entsprechenden Prüfverfahren für Natrium-Alginat fest. Es enthält Angaben zu dessen Anwendung in der Wasseraufbereitung.

Produits chimiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau destinée à la consommation humaine - Alginate de sodium

Le présent document est applicable à l’alginate de sodium utilisé pour le traitement de l’eau destinée à la consommation humaine. Il décrit les caractéristiques de l’alginate de sodium et spécifie les exigences et les méthodes d’essai correspondantes pour ce composé. Il informe également sur son utilisation dans le cas du traitement de l’eau.

Kemikalije, ki se uporabljajo za pripravo pitne vode - Natrijev alginat

General Information

• Status: Not Published
• Publication Date: 06-Sep-2023
• ICS: 71.100.80 - Chemicals for purification of water
• Technical Committee: CEN/TC 164 - Water supply
• Drafting Committee: CEN/TC 164/WG 9 - Drinking water treatment
• Current Stage: 6055 - CEN Ratification completed (DOR) - Publishing
• Start Date: 14-Aug-2023
• Due Date: 25-Oct-2023
• Completion Date: 14-Aug-2023
• Ref Project: kSIST FprEN 1405:2023 - Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Sodium alginate

Relations

• Revises: EN 1405:2009 - Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Sodium alginate
• Effective Date: 19-Jan-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
01-julij-2022
Kemikalije, ki se uporabljajo za pripravo pitne vode - Natrijev alginat
Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human consumption - Sodium
alginate

Produkte zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den menschlichen Gebrauch - Natrium-Alginat

Produits chimiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau destinée à la consommation

humaine - Alginate de sodium
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 1405
ICS:
13.060.20 Pitna voda Drinking water
71.100.80 Kemikalije za čiščenje vode Chemicals for purification of
water
oSIST prEN 1405:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 1405
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
May 2022
ICS 71.100.80 Will supersede EN 1405:2009
English Version
Chemicals used for treatment of water intended for human
consumption - Sodium alginate

Produits chimiques utilisés pour le traitement de l'eau Produkte zur Aufbereitung von Wasser für den

destinée à la consommation humaine - Alginate de menschlichen Gebrauch - Natrium-Alginat

sodium

This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 164.

If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations

which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.

This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other

language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC

Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without

notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 1405:2022 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 6

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 6

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 6

4 Description .............................................................................................................................................. 6

4.1 Identification .......................................................................................................................................... 6

4.1.1 Chemical name(s) ................................................................................................................................. 6

4.1.2 Synonym(s) or common name(s) .................................................................................................... 6

4.1.3 Relative molecular mass .................................................................................................................... 6

4.1.4 Empirical formulae .............................................................................................................................. 6

4.1.5 Chemical formulae................................................................................................................................ 6

4.1.6 CAS Registry Numbers ........................................................................................................................ 7

4.1.7 EINECS reference .................................................................................................................................. 7

4.2 Commercial form .................................................................................................................................. 7

5 Physical properties .............................................................................................................................. 7

5.1 Appearance ............................................................................................................................................. 7

5.2 Bulk density ............................................................................................................................................ 7

5.3 Solubility .................................................................................................................................................. 8

5.4 Vapour pressure .................................................................................................................................... 8

5.5 Boiling point at 100 kPa .................................................................................................................... 8

5.6 Melting point .......................................................................................................................................... 8

5.7 Specific heat ............................................................................................................................................ 8

5.8 Viscosity dynamic ................................................................................................................................. 8

5.9 Critical temperature ............................................................................................................................ 8

5.10 Critical pressure .................................................................................................................................... 8

5.11 Physical hardness ................................................................................................................................. 8

6 Chemical properties ............................................................................................................................. 8

6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.2 Purity criteria ......................................................................................................................................... 8

6.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................... 8

6.2.2 Impurities and main by-products ................................................................................................... 9

6.3 Composition of commercial product ............................................................................................. 9

6.4 Chemical parameters........................................................................................................................... 9

7 Test methods .......................................................................................................................................... 9

7.1 Sampling ................................................................................................................................................... 9

7.2 Analyses.................................................................................................................................................. 10

7.2.1 General.................................................................................................................................................... 10

7.2.2 Main product ........................................................................................................................................ 10

7.2.3 Impurities .............................................................................................................................................. 16

8 Labelling - transportation – storage............................................................................................. 16

8.1 Means of delivery ................................................................................................................................ 16

8.2 Labelling according to the EU Legislation .................................................................................. 16

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)

8.3 Transportation regulations and labelling ................................................................................. 16

8.4 Marking .................................................................................................................................................. 16

8.5 Storage .................................................................................................................................................... 16

8.5.1 Long term stability ............................................................................................................................. 16

8.5.2 Storage incompatibilities ................................................................................................................. 17

Annex A (informative) General information on sodium alginate ..................................................... 18

A.1 Origin ...................................................................................................................................................... 18

A.1.1 Raw materials ...................................................................................................................................... 18

A.1.2 Manufacturing process ..................................................................................................................... 18

A.2 Use ............................................................................................................................................................ 18

A.2.1 Function ................................................................................................................................................. 18

A.2.2 Form in which it is used ................................................................................................................... 18

A.2.3 Treatment dose ................................................................................................................................... 18

A.2.4 Means of application.......................................................................................................................... 18

A.2.5 Secondary effects ................................................................................................................................ 18

A.2.6 Removal of excess product .............................................................................................................. 19

A.3 Rules for safe handling and use ..................................................................................................... 19

A.4 Emergency procedures ..................................................................................................................... 19

A.4.1 First aid .................................................................................................................................................. 19

A.4.2 Spillage ................................................................................................................................................... 19

A.4.3 Fire ........................................................................................................................................................... 20

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 21

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
European foreword

This document (prEN 1405:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 164 “Water

supply”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
This document will supersede EN 1405:2009.

In comparison with the previous edition EN 1405:2009, the following technical modifications have been

made:
a) updating in line with current legislation;

b) modification of 8.3 on transportation regulations and labelling, adding the sentence “The user must

be aware of the incompatibilities between transported products.”;

c) modification of 8.4 on marking. The requirements of marking are also applied to the accompanying

documents.
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
Introduction

In respect of potential adverse effects on the quality of water intended for human consumption, caused

by the product covered by this document:

1) this document provides no information as to whether the product may be used without restriction

in any of the Member States of the EU or EFTA;

2) it should be noted that, while awaiting the adoption of verifiable European criteria, existing national

regulations concerning the use and/or the characteristics of this product remain in force.

NOTE Conformity with this document does not confer or imply acceptance or approval of the product in any of

the Member States of the EU or EFTA. The use of the product covered by this document is subject to regulation or

control by national authorities.

WARNING — The use of this document may involve hazardous substances, materials, operations

and equipment. This document does not purport to address all the safety aspects associated with

its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and

health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
1 Scope

This document is applicable to sodium alginate used for treatment of water intended for human

consumption. It describes the characteristics of sodium alginate and specifies the requirements and the

corresponding test methods for sodium alginate. It gives information on their use in water treatment.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN ISO 3696:1995, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods (ISO 3696:1987)

ISO 3165:1976, Sampling of chemical products for industrial use — Safety in sampling

ISO 6206:1979, Chemical products for industrial use — Sampling — Vocabulary

ISO 8213:1986, Chemical products for industrial use — Sampling techniques — Solid chemical products in

the form of particles varying from powders to coarse lumps
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
4 Description
4.1 Identification
4.1.1 Chemical name(s)
Sodium alginate.

NOTE Linear glycuronoglycan consisting mainly of (1-4) linked β-D-mannuronic acid units and (1-4) linked α-

L-guluronic acid units in pyranose ring form.
4.1.2 Synonym(s) or common name(s)
Algin.
4.1.3 Relative molecular mass
Typically in the range of 10 000 to 250 000 Daltons.
4.1.4 Empirical formulae
— - (C O H Na) -
6 6 7
where
n is variable depending on the product.
4.1.5 Chemical formulae

The following formula (Figure 1) illustrates typical structures of Sodium alginate (with D-mannuronic

acid units):
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
Figure 1 — Sodium alginate (with D-mannuronic acid units)
where
n is variable depending on the product.
4.1.6 CAS Registry Numbers
9005-38-3
4.1.7 EINECS reference

The EINECS inventory lists alginic acid but does not apply numbers to the salts of alginic acid. The EINECS

number for alginic acid is 232-68-01.

The conformity of polymers to EINECS is assessed on the basis of the monomers of which they are

composed. Thus, EINECS reference numbers do not exist for polymers.

Polymers are exempt from registration according to EU Regulation 1907/2006/EC (see [3]), REACH.

Monomer substance(s) and any other substance(s) in the form of monomeric units and chemically bound

substance(s) may have to be REACH registered according to Article 6 of EU Regulation 1907/2006/EC.

4.2 Commercial form

Sodium alginate as specified in this document is available as a solid containing a small amount of residual

moisture.
For additional information on sodium alginate, see Annex A.
5 Physical properties
5.1 Appearance
The product is a white to pale yellowish-brown solid in the form of powder.
5.2 Bulk density
3 3
The bulk density of the product is typically in the range 0,7 g/cm to 1,0 g/cm .
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number.
European Inventory of Existing Commercial Chemical Substances.
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
5.3 Solubility

The product is soluble in hot or cold water. Its solubility is limited only by viscosity, with a paste being

formed at concentrations of approximately 50 g/l and above.
5.4 Vapour pressure
Not applicable.
5.5 Boiling point at 100 kPa
Not applicable.
5.6 Melting point
The product will decompose typically at approximately 200 °C.
5.7 Specific heat
Not applicable.
5.8 Viscosity dynamic
Not applicable.
5.9 Critical temperature
Not applicable.
5.10 Critical pressure
Not applicable.
5.11 Physical hardness
Not applicable.
6 Chemical properties
6.1 General

Sodium alginate is a non-hazardous material and not intrinsically reactive. However, in common with

many other organic compounds, a strong exothermic reaction will occur if it is brought into contact in the

dry state with a strong acid or strong oxidizing agent.

NOTE In dilute solution there can be a reaction with, or destruction by, some of the disinfection and oxidizing

agents used in water treatment.
6.2 Purity criteria
6.2.1 General

This document specifies the minimum purity requirements for sodium alginate used for the treatment of

water intended for human consumption. Limits are given for impurities commonly present in the

product. Depending on the raw material and the manufacturing process other impurities may be present

and, if so, this shall be notified to the user and when necessary to relevant authorities.

100 kPa = 1 bar.
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)

Limits have been given for impurities and chemical parameters where these are likely to be present in

significant quantities from the current production process and raw materials. If the production process

or raw materials lead to significant quantities of impurities, by-products or additives being present, this

shall be notified to the user.

Users of this product should check the national regulations in order to clarify whether it is of appropriate

purity for treatment of water intended for human consumption, taking into account raw water quality,

required dosage and contents of other impurities and additives used in the product not stated in the

product standard.
6.2.2 Impurities and main by-products

Based on the raw materials and manufacturing process (see A.1), there are no significant concentrations

of additional reactants or by products which are relevant to the application of these products in drinking

water treatment.
6.3 Composition of commercial product

The product consists of sodium alginate, moisture and minor levels of inorganic salts (i.e. sodium chloride

and sodium sulfate).
The following requirements shall apply to sodium alginate:
— there shall be no visible extraneous matter;

— sodium alginate content shall be minimum 80 % mass fraction calculated with reference to the dried

substance;
— moisture content shall be less than 15 % mass fraction;
— ash content shall be 18 % mass fraction to 32 % mass fraction on a dry basis;
— pH shall be in the range 4,8 to 8,8 at 1 % mass fraction solution at 20 °C.

NOTE Various parameters can be checked as part of assessment of product quality (see 7.2.2).

6.4 Chemical parameters

Chemical parameters as defined above are not relevant at a reference dose of 0,5 mg/l.

NOTE Other chemical parameters and indicator parameters as listed in EU Directive 98/83/EC (see [1]) are

not relevant to sodium alginate because the raw materials used in the manufacturing process are free of them and

they are not by-products of the manufacturing process.
7 Test methods
7.1 Sampling

Sampling shall be in accordance with ISO 8213:1986 and the recommendations given in ISO 3165:1976

and ISO 6206:1979 shall be followed.

A representative sample of the solid product, of sufficient mass, shall be obtained immediately after

manufacture or from a newly opened package(s). The sample shall be clearly labelled with product

name/code, batch number, type of container(s) sampled and date sampled. Reference samples shall be

retained for the storage life of the product as claimed by the manufacturer/supplier.

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
7.2 Analyses
7.2.1 General

Unless otherwise specified, all reagents shall be of recognized analytical grade. The water used shall

conform to grade 2 specified in EN ISO 3696:1995.
7.2.2 Main product

If additional requirements are agreed between the customer and the manufacturer/supplier, the latter

shall provide the necessary test methods, if requested, so that the customer can carry out his own quality

checks.

A certificate of analysis shall be provided by the manufacturer/supplier if requested.

NOTE A number of physical/chemical measurements can be used by manufacturers to ensure the consistent

quality of products delivered to customers. For example, solution viscosity is commonly measured, this being done

under strictly controlled conditions. The viscosity value obtained provides a reliable indication of relative molecular

mass when comparing batches of a particular product, but has no significance in absolute terms, since it is highly

dependent on the composition of the product, the solution preparation procedure, the measuring device and test

conditions used. Other tests which can be carried out include solubility, particle size and infrared spectroscopic

analysis, depending on the product and manufacturer/supplier.
7.2.2.1 Sodium alginate content
7.2.2.1.1 General

This method is applicable to sodium alginates with alginate content in the range 50 % mass fraction to

100 % mass fraction.
7.2.2.1.2 Principle

The sodium alginate ( Na Alg ) is converted to alginic acid by the action of dilute hydrochloric acid in the

presence of propan-2-ol. The alginic acid formed is washed with a propan-2-ol/water mixture to remove

excess hydrochloric acid. The alginic acid is then titrated with standard volumetric solution alkali.

Propan-2-ol is present to prevent solubilisation of low molecular weight fractions of the sodium alginate.

The following formulae illustrate the chemical reactions:
NaAlg+HCl →HAlg+NaCl
HAlg+NaOH →NaAlg+HO
7.2.2.1.3 Apparatus
Ordinary laboratory apparatus and glassware together with the following:

7.2.2.1.3.1 Filter crucible, pore size index P16 (diameter of pores 10 μm to 16 μm), 35 ml capacity,

clean and dry.
7.2.2.1.3.2 Vacuum pump or water vacuum pump.
7.2.2.1.3.3 Filter flask, 250 ml, fitted with rubber cone.
7.2.2.1.3.4 Stirrer, variable speed, with propeller paddle.
---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
7.2.2.1.3.5 Burette, 25 ml, graduated in 0,1 ml divisions.
7.2.2.1.4 Reagents
7.2.2.1.4.1 Propan-2-ol (isopropanol).
7.2.2.1.4.2 Hydrochloric acid (HCl), c(HCl) = 2 mol/l.

7.2.2.1.4.3 Propan-2-ol diluted solution (50 + 50) (V1 + V2) of Propan-2-ol (7.2.2.1.4.1) with

Hydrochloric acid (7.2.2.1.4.2).

7.2.2.1.4.4 Propan-2-ol diluted solution (75 + 25) (V1 + V2) of Propan-2-ol (7.2.2.1.4.1) with

water.
7.2.2.1.4.5 Sodium hydroxide solution, c(NaOH) = 0,5 mol/l.
7.2.2.1.4.6 Phenolphthalein indicator solution.
7.2.2.1.5 Procedure

WARNING — Concentrated Hydrochloric acid causes severe burns. Produces harmful vapours and

irritates eyes, respiratory tract and skin. Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wear rubber

gloves and eye protection when handling. Hydrochloric acid is not combustible but can produce

corrosive vapours when heated. Hydrochloric acid reacts with many metals to form hydrogen,

which forms an explosive mixture with air.

WARNING — Propan-2-ol is highly flammable. Vapours are potentially explosive with low

temperature flash point. Propan-2-ol irritates the eyes; vapours can cause drowsiness and

dizziness. Liquid and vapour are toxic. Avoid breathing vapour and any contact particularly with

eyes and mouth. Use only where fume extraction is provided. Do not use near a naked light or

other exposed heat house.
7.2.2.1.5.1 Test portion

Weigh, to the nearest 0,01 g, 3 g of a test sample into the filter crucible (7.2.2.1.3.1).

7.2.2.1.5.2 Determination

Attach the filter crucible to the filter flask with rubber cone (7.2.2.1.3.3) and connect to the water vacuum

pump (7.2.2.1.3.2). Add approximately 30 ml to 35 ml of the Propan-2-ol diluted solution (50 + 50)

(7.2.2.1.4.3) and mix using a glass rod. Let the mixture sit for 5 min and then turn on the water vacuum

pump and filter product to dryness. Repeat these operations of leaching and filtering until a total of six

crucible volumes have been used.

Add 30 ml to 35 ml of the Propan-2-ol diluted solution (75 + 25) (7.2.2.1.4.4) to the leached product and

stir using a glass rod. Let the mixture sit for a few minutes and then turn on the water vacuum pump

(7.2.2.1.3.2) and filter to dryness. Repeat these operations of washing and filtering until no acid is

detectable in the washings using pH paper. At least five crucible volumes should be required.

Transfer quantitatively the leached and washed product to a tared 400 ml beaker washing the filter

crucible with water. Add a few drops of Phenolphthalein indicator solution (7.2.2.1.4.6) and stir using the

variable speed stirrer (7.2.2.1.3.4). Titrate using the Sodium hydroxide solution (7.2.2.1.4.5) to a

permanent pink end point. Note the volume V.
---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
oSIST prEN 1405:2022
prEN 1405:2022 (E)
7.2.2.1.6 Expression of results
7.2.2.1.6.1 Method of calculation

The sodium alginate content (C ) expressed as a percentage by mass is calculated as follows:

VM ××c
Alg
C ×10 000
mC ×−100
( )
where
c is the concentration, in moles per litre, of the Sodium hydroxide solution
(7.2.2.1.4.5);

C is the moisture content, as percentage by mass, of the test portion (see 7.2.2.2.);

m is the mass, in grams, of the test portion (7.2.2.1.5.1);
M is the equivalent molecular mass of sodium alginate, here M = 222;
Alg Alg

V is the volume, in millilitres, of the Sodium hydroxide solution used (7.2.2.1.4.5).

Express the result to one decimal place.
7.2.2.1.7 Precision

The absolute difference between two single test results, obtained under repeatability conditions (see

note), shall not be greater than the repeatability value, r, as calculated from the following formula:

r = 0,049 z
where
r is the repeatability value;
z is the mean of the two results, expressed in percentage by mass.

NOTE Repeatability conditions are conditions where mutually independent test results are obtained with the

same method on identical test material in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment

within short intervals of time.
7.2.2.2 Moisture content
7.2.2.2.1 General

This method applies to products where the loss on drying is within the range 0 % mass fraction

...