Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems for enclosed car parks

(1) This technical specification gives minimum design, installation and commissioning requirements for powered smoke and heat control systems for enclosed car parks using horizontal flow powered ventilation, with or without sprinkler protection, on one or more levels, for cars and light commercial vehicles (max 3,5 t), to reach the design objectives outlined in this technical specification.
see design objectives in CEN TC191 SC1 doc. N721, 5.1 (1):
For any fire location, the system shall keep at least one access route sufficiently clear of smoke for fire-fighters from the exterior or from a protected access route (e.g. stairwell) to a distance of 15 m from the front of the fire. Criteria should be verified when the conditions within the car park have reached a steady-state regime.
NOTE: The limit of 15 m is necessary to reach the fire with the jet from the hose nozzle.
(2) This technical specification is applicable for fires of cars powered by petrol or diesel or other fuels which will have a fire performance similar to vehicles powered by petrol or by electricity. It is not applicable for other fires within the car park (e.g. storage).
NOTE: It is assumed that cars powered by fuels other than petrol or diesel will have a fire performance similar to vehicles powered by petrol or diesel.
(3) This technical specification only covers traditional car parks that are with cars parked alongside each other with common access roadways/lanes for cars to be driven in and out. It does not cover other forms of car parking systems, such as stacking systems. Smoke and heat control systems for vehicles more than 3,5 t (lorry parks, coach parks, etc.) are not covered by this technical specification.
(4) This technical specification does not cover requirements for day‐to‐day ventilation.
(5) Any other risks than fire from cars are not covered by this technical specification.

Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 11: Rauchfreihaltung von Parkhäusern

Systèmes pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur - Partie 11 : Systèmes de ventilation motorisée à flux horizontal pour aires de stationnement fermées

Le présent document énonce les exigences minimales de dimensionnement, d’installation et de mise en service des systèmes motorisés pour le contrôle des fumées et de la chaleur pour les aires de stationnement fermées utilisant une ventilation motorisée à flux horizontal, avec ou sans protection par sprinkleurs, sur un ou plusieurs niveaux, pour les voitures et les véhicules commerciaux légers (max. 3,5 t), afin d’atteindre les objectifs de dimensionnement décrits dans le présent document.
Le présent document est applicable aux aires de stationnement de véhicules fonctionnant à l’essence ou au diesel, à l’électricité, au GNC ou au GPL.
NOTE 1   Pour les besoins du présent document concernant les systèmes de dispositifs d’évacuation des fumées, les voitures fonctionnant à l’électricité, au GNC (gaz naturel comprimé) ou au GPL (gaz de pétrole liquéfié) sont présumées avoir un débit calorifique similaire à celui des véhicules fonctionnant à l’essence ou au diesel.
NOTE 2   Les voitures fonctionnant à l’hydrogène ne sont pas couvertes par le présent document.
Le présent document couvre uniquement les aires de stationnement conventionnelles dont les voitures sont garées côte à côte, avec des voies d’accès communes. Il ne couvre pas d’autres formes de systèmes de stationnement, tels que les systèmes d’empilage.
Le présent document ne couvre pas les exigences concernant la ventilation normale.
Les risques autres que l’incendie de voitures ne sont pas couverts par le présent document.

Sistemi za nadzor dima in toplote - 11. del: Prezračevalni sistemi z vodoravnim tokom za zaprta parkirišča

General Information

Status
Not Published
Current Stage
5060 - Closure of Vote - Formal Approval
Due Date
12-May-2022
Completion Date
12-May-2022

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022
01-maj-2022
Sistemi za nadzor dima in toplote - 11. del: Prezračevalni sistemi z vodoravnim
tokom za zaprta parkirišča

Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems

for enclosed car parks
Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 11: Rauchfreihaltung von Parkhäusern

Systèmes d'évacuation des fumées et de la chaleur Partie 11: Systèmes de ventilation

mécanique horizontale pour les parkings fermés
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: FprCEN/TS 12101-11
ICS:
13.220.20 Požarna zaščita Fire protection
91.140.30 Prezračevalni in klimatski Ventilation and air-
sistemi conditioning systems
kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022
FINAL DRAFT
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
FprCEN/TS 12101-11
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
February 2022
ICS 13.220.99
English Version
Smoke and heat control systems - Part 11: Horizontal flow
powered ventilation systems for enclosed car parks

Systèmes d'évacuation des fumées et de la chaleur ¿ Rauch- und Wärmefreihaltung - Teil 11:

Partie 11: Systèmes de ventilation mécanique Rauchfreihaltung von Parkhäusern
horizontale pour les parkings fermés

This draft Technical Specification is submitted to CEN members for Vote. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee

CEN/TC 191.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,

Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,

Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and

United Kingdom.

Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are

aware and to provide supporting documentation.

Warning : This document is not a Technical Specification. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change

without notice and shall not be referred to as a Technical Specification.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2022 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022 E

worldwide for CEN national Members.
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FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022 (E)
Contents Page

European foreword ............................................................................................................................................ 4

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 5

1 Scope .......................................................................................................................................................... 7

2 Normative references .......................................................................................................................... 7

3 Terms and definitions ......................................................................................................................... 7

3.1 Terms ........................................................................................................................................................ 8

3.2 Symbols .................................................................................................................................................... 9

3.2.1 Latin upper case letters ...................................................................................................................... 9

3.2.2 Latin lower case letters ..................................................................................................................... 10

3.2.3 Greek upper case letters .................................................................................................................. 10

3.2.4 Greek lower case letters ................................................................................................................... 10

4 Design fires ............................................................................................................................................ 11

4.1 Design principle .................................................................................................................................. 11

4.2 Heat release rate ................................................................................................................................. 11

5 Normative requirements ................................................................................................................. 11

5.1 Design objectives ................................................................................................................................ 11

5.2 Design solutions .................................................................................................................................. 13

5.3 Activation sequence ........................................................................................................................... 13

5.4 Wind effect ............................................................................................................................................ 14

6 Installation and components .......................................................................................................... 14

6.1 Fans .......................................................................................................................................................... 14

6.2 Controls .................................................................................................................................................. 15

6.2.1 Operation of the smoke and heat control systems ................................................................. 15

6.2.2 Functions of the synoptic and manual control device ........................................................... 15

6.3 Cabling .................................................................................................................................................... 16

6.4 Ducts (including fixings), attenuators (silencers) and grilles ............................................ 16

6.5 Dampers ................................................................................................................................................. 16

6.6 Discharge terminations .................................................................................................................... 16

6.7 Air inlet and smoke extract (natural and powered) .............................................................. 16

6.8 Smoke discharge ................................................................................................................................. 17

6.9 Initiation systems: sprinklers and detection ............................................................................ 17

6.10 Smoke barriers .................................................................................................................................... 17

6.11 Power supply systems ....................................................................................................................... 18

6.11.1 Reliability of operation ..................................................................................................................... 18

6.11.2 Power source ........................................................................................................................................ 18

7 Interactions between horizontal flow powered ventilation and other systems and

functions................................................................................................................................................. 18

7.1 Sprinklers interaction ....................................................................................................................... 18

7.2 Pressure difference ............................................................................................................................ 19

7.3 Day to day ventilation ....................................................................................................................... 20

8 Commissioning .................................................................................................................................... 20

9 Acceptance testing of installation on site ................................................................................... 21

10 Maintenance and periodical checking ......................................................................................... 21

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11 Documentation .................................................................................................................................... 21

11.1 General design documentation ...................................................................................................... 21

11.2 System design documentation ....................................................................................................... 21

11.3 Installation, maintenance and testing documentation ......................................................... 22

11.4 Computer control software documentation ............................................................................. 22

Annex A (normative) Horizontal flow ventilation design without CFD analysis – Systems

without Jet Fans ................................................................................................................................... 25

Annex B (normative) Horizontal flow ventilation design without CFD analysis – Systems with

Jet Fans ................................................................................................................................................... 31

Annex C (informative) Verification of horizontal ventilation design by CFD calculation

Systems with or without jet fans ................................................................................................... 39

Annex D (informative) Commissioning.................................................................................................... 45

Annex E (informative) Hot smoke testing ............................................................................................... 47

Bibliography ....................................................................................................................................................... 50

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European foreword

This document (FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 191

“Fixed firefighting systems”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.
This document is currently submitted to the Vote on TS.
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Introduction
0.1 General

The requirements in this document are provided for powered smoke and heat control systems installed

in car parks with or without sprinkler protection.

Modern cars are generally larger than their predecessors and contain a larger quantity of flammable

materials, in particular plastics, which results in an increase of heat and smoke output from burning cars.

Consequently, the design fires recommended in this document are larger and have a greater heat and

smoke output than those in some previous guidance.
0.2 Purposes of smoke control systems

Smoke control systems can be generally designed for one or more of three purposes in the event of a fire:

— to protect means of escape from the car park;

— to provide an access sufficiently free of smoke for fire-fighters to a point close to the seat of the fire;

— to assist fire-fighters to clear smoke from a car park.

The system requirements will differ depending upon the purpose. Not all types of ventilation systems are

suitable for all purposes.

This document only covers smoke control systems which are intended to provide an access sufficiently

free of smoke for fire-fighters.

0.3 Smoke control systems to provide an access sufficiently free of smoke for fire-fighters

This document deals only with horizontal flow powered ventilation systems.

The following systems are not covered by this document however, they are briefly discussed here:

— Horizontal natural ventilation - These systems may be suitable for open car parks, where at each

level, ventilation openings are located on at least two opposite façades. The size of the ventilation

openings will need to meet the relevant national regulations.

— SHEVS – These systems are covered by the recommendations of CEN/TR 12101-5 for steady-

state design fires or prCEN/TR 12101-12 for time-dependent design fires. Hot smoky gases from

a fire rise up to the ceiling, where it spread to form a smoke layer above the denser cold air

beneath. SHEVS, which may be natural or powered, are designed and sized to maintain

conditions beneath the smoke layer that allow evacuation and/or firefighting operations. Such a

system requires a sufficient height from the ceiling to the floor.

— Smoke dilution systems – These systems are based on powered ventilation with air change rates

which are significantly lower than these required for mechanical SHEVS. Smoke dilution systems

are meant to reduce smoke concentration and temperature, and increase visibility, during the

fire. In addition, it can assist firefighters to clear the smoke after the fire. They are not suitable

to create smoke free areas during fire.
0.4 Effects of sprinklers

The main effects of sprinklers is to prevent fire spread to adjacent cars. This is reflected in the design fire

sizes recommended for car parks with and without sprinklers. A further effect of sprinklers is to reduce

the average temperature of the smoke.

Sprinklers are considered to have no negative effect on smoke ventilation systems in car parks.

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Measures to avoid possible negative effects of smoke ventilation systems on sprinklers efficiency are

taken into account in this document.
0.5 Horizontal flow powered ventilation systems

When the hot gases from the fire reach the ceiling due to buoyancy, it create a relatively rapid gas flow

spreading in every horizontal direction, in a shallow layer beneath the ceiling surface, which is called

ceiling jet.

The aim of horizontal flow powered smoke ventilation is to oppose the ceiling jet generated by the fire,

so that the upstream smoke propagation is limited.

This document is intended to describe the conditions to be fulfilled by a horizontal flow powered smoke

ventilation system to provide an access path sufficiently clear of smoke to allow fire-fighters to reach a

point close to the fire for fire-fighting operations. The smoke ventilation system should rely on a smoke

detection installation able to activate immediately the evacuation alarm of the car park in order that the

evacuation is completed prior to the full activation of the smoke ventilation system, to avoid conditions

which would be worse for escape.

NOTE Activation of SHEVS at a lower velocity could be possible during evacuation.

The smoke detection installation should also be able to locate the origin of the fire, i.e. the first activated

smoke detector, in order to:
— start the right activation sequence of the smoke ventilation system;

NOTE In large or complex car parks, it is likely that the smoke ventilation system will need to be

automatically configured to move the smoke in one of several directions, depending on the location of the fire

(multiple extraction points, multiple air inlets and/or multiple access points for fire-fighters).

— inform the fire-fighters on the location of the fire to organize fire-fighting operations.

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1 Scope

This document gives minimum design, installation and commissioning requirements for powered smoke

and heat control systems for enclosed car parks using horizontal flow powered ventilation, with or

without sprinkler protection, on one or more levels, for cars and light commercial vehicles (max 3,5 t), to

reach the design objectives outlined in this document .

This document is applicable for car parks with vehicles powered by petrol, diesel, electricity, CNG or LPG.

NOTE 1 For the purpose of this document for smoke ventilation systems, it is assumed that cars powered by

electricity, CNG (compressed natural gas) or LPG (liquefied petroleum gas) will have similar HRR to vehicles

powered by petrol or diesel.
NOTE 2 Cars powered by hydrogen are not covered by this document.

This document only covers traditional car parks that are with cars parked alongside each other, with

common car access lanes. It does not cover other forms of car parking systems, such as stacking systems.

This document does not cover requirements for day-to-day ventilation.
Any other risks than fire from cars are not covered by this document.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

EN 54 series, Fire detection and fire alarm systems

EN 12101-1, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 1: Specification for smoke barriers

EN 12101-2, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 2: Natural smoke and heat exhaust ventilators

EN 12101-3, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 3: Specification for powered smoke and heat control

ventilators (Fans)
EN 12101-7, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 7: Smoke duct sections
EN 12101-8, Smoke and heat control systems - Part 8: Smoke control dampers

EN 12259, Fixed firefighting systems - Components for sprinkler and water spray systems

EN 12845, Fixed firefighting systems - Automatic sprinkler systems - Design, installation and maintenance

EN 13501-4, Fire classification of construction products and building elements - Part 4: Classification using

data from fire resistance tests on components of smoke control systems
EN ISO 13350, Fans - Performance testing of jet fans (ISO 13350)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
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kSIST-TS FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022
FprCEN/TS 12101-11:2022 (E)
3.1 Terms
3.1.1
enclosed car park

covered parking areas for vehicles which are completely enclosed by walls or façades, with limited

openings as defined by National authorities
3.1.2
access path sufficiently clear of smoke

path kept sufficiently free of smoke to allow the safe intervention of the rescue services from a smoke

free entrance towards the fire
3.1.3
Computational Fluid Dynamics Model
CFD model

computer simulation model where the fundamental equations of momentum, energy and mass transfer

are solved using numerical methods
3.1.4
activation sequence

sequence involving change of state (starting, stopping, opening, closing,…) of a well-defined set of

equipment

Note 1 to entry: This sequence generally depends on the location of the fire and involves several types of

equipment specific to fire safety or not
3.1.5
activation zone

part of a car park defined by all the detectors initiating the same activation sequence

3.1.6
detection zone

all or part of an activation zone which is individually identified on the synoptic device

3.1.7
design fire

hypothetical fire having geometrical, thermal and smoke production characteristics which are sufficiently

severe as a basis for the design of the smoke and heat control system
3.1.8
exhaust ventilation system

combination of exhaust ventilators, ducts, power supplies, and controls used to remove smoky gases from

a car park
3.1.9
extraction point

location of an intake opening to an exhaust ventilator, or to a duct which leads to an exhaust ventilator,

where smoke is removed from a car park
3.1.10
fire compartment

enclosed space, comprising one or more separate spaces, limited by elements having a specified fire-

resistance, intended to prevent the spread of fire out of the enclosed space for a given period of time

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3.1.11
independent power source

electric power source which is independent of the source used in normal operation

3.1.12
lock-up garage
space within a car park, enclosed by solid walls, intended for one or two cars
3.1.13
replacement air

outside air entering a car park to replace smoky gases being removed by the smoke and heat control

system
3.1.14
safety position

position (open or closed) into which specific projects may require certain devices (smoke control

dampers, curtains, doors, etc.) to move, depending upon the fire location within the building

3.1.15
Smoke and Heat Exhaust Ventilation System
SHEVS

system in which components are jointly selected to exhaust smoke and heat in order to establish a

buoyant layer of warm gases above cooler, cleaner air
3.2 Symbols
3.2.1 Latin upper case letters
Af fire area
D horizontal distance
F opening force applied to a door handle
F door closer force at handle
H door height
M closing torque
M particle smoke production
Q volume flow rate of a jet fan
Q convective heat release rate
Q design air flow rate
Q inlet flow rate
Q minimum flow rate
min
Q reference flow rate
ref
Q total heat release rate
S zone area
T ambient air temperature
W door width
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W width of the car park
W opening width of air inlet
W reference width
ref
3.2.2 Latin lower case letters
a distance to handle
d distance, diameter
h height of car park
hin opening free height of air inlet
h reference height
ref
l thrust of a jet fan
q ” convective heat release rate
t time
t time delay before activating high air flow velocity
v exhaust velocity of a jet fan
velocity downstream from a fire
v outlet velocity
crit
v velocity at air inlet
v velocity upstream from a fire
v start velocity of air stream
v reference velocity
ref
v air stream velocity at a distance x from a jet fan
w width of a car park
x throw length
y horizontal spread of air stream from a jet fan
3.2.3 Greek upper case letters

Δ pressure difference needed to correspond to a maximum opening force F = 100N applied

100N
at the door handle
3.2.4 Greek lower case letters
α angle of spread for an air stream
χ convective coefficient
ρ air density
ρ ambient air density
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4 Design fires
4.1 Design principle

The smoke and heat control system is designed for a single fire at a time which is located at any point of

an enclosed car park (parking space, access lane or ramp).
4.2 Heat release rate

The design value of the maximum total heat release rate Q , the convective coefficient χ and the maximum

t c
convective heat release rate Q are defined in Table 1.
Table 1 — Design values of the maximum total heat release rate Q
Q Cooling χ Q
t c c
effect of
(see [ agreed by WG9
sprinklers
NOTE 1) 2021.07.05 ]
on smoke
No sprinklers 10 MW - 0,65 6,5 MW
(see
NOTE 2)
Sprinklers in 4 MW 0,5 0,65 1,3 MW
conformity with
(see (see
EN 12259 and
NOTE 3) NOTE 4)
EN 12845
(or equivalent
standard)

NOTE 1 The total heat release rate Qt of the fire includes all the heat emitted by it including that radiated towards

the walls. It is independent of the car park design. The heat release rate values given above are taken from fire tests

measured on cars representative of late 1990s models.

NOTE 2 As there is a risk of fire propagation between cars when no sprinklers are present, the maximum total

HRR Qt = 10 MW corresponds to 3 burning cars during the most intense phase of the development of the fire

(considering a time shift of the maximum HRR of each car).

NOTE 3 When there is a sprinklers installation, it is considered that only one single car is burning which

corresponds to a maximum total HRR Q = 4 MW.

NOTE 4 When sprinklers are present, the cooling effect of the water from sprinklers on the smoke is taken into

account by reducing the total HRR by 50 %.

For CFD calculations, the design fires evolution over time, its geometry and other additional information

to be considered are given in Annex C.
5 Normative requirements
5.1 Design objectives

5.1.1 The objective of the horizontal flow powered smoke ventilation is to oppose the spreading of smoke

in a chosen direction, so that the system keeps at least one access route sufficiently clear of smoke for

fire-fighters from the exterior or from a protected access route (e.g. stairwell) to a distance of 15 m from

the front of the fire (Figure 1).

NOTE The limit of 15 m is necessary to reach the fire with the jet from the hose nozzle.

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Criteria should be verified when the conditions within the car park have reached a steady-state regime.

Key
1 Area filled with smoke
2 Area free of smoke
3 Direction of ventilation
4 15 m area filled with smoke
Figure 1 — Access path sufficiently clear of smoke (car park with sprinklers)

5.1.2 The propagation of smoke downstream from the fire to the most distant extraction point activated

by the corresponding activation sequence shall not exceed 200 m.

5.1.3 In case of design based on CFD calculation, an access route for fire fighters is considered as

sufficiently clear of smoke (Figure 1) if the following conditions are met up to a height of at least 1,75 m

from the floor and on a width not less than 5 m, or on the total width between walls if it is less than 5 m,

5 min after the time at which the fire has reached its maximum HRR according to Figure C.2:

— The calculated smoke concentration does not exceed 0,03 g/m from the access to a distance of 18 m

from the front of the fire.

— The calculated smoke concentration does not exceed 0,07 g/m at a distance of 15 m from the front

of the fire.

5.1.4 The velocity of air within air openings which are used for escape should not exceed 5 m/s.

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NOTE An air velocity above 5 m/s makes it too difficult to evacuate the occupants.

5.1.5 The force needed to open escape doors shall not exceed 100 Newton (see also 8.2 and E.3.6), to

allow the occupants to evacuate the car park safely.

5.1.6 When jet fans are used, the mass flow rate extracted by the powered smoke and heat exhaust

ventilators (i.e. the main extract fans) should exceed the total mass flow rate of air and smoke induced by

the jet fans system.

This is intended to avoid recirculation of smoke causing the fire-fighter access to become smoke logged

and to avoid overpressure in the car park and shall be verified when Annex C is applied. Jet fans systems

designed according to Annex B fulfill this condition.

5.1.7 When jet fans are used, the location and direction of thrust of jet fans should be coordinated with

the location of any stairwell, lobby and/or corridor doors to avoid exposing the doors to dynamic

pressure effects which might cause smoke to pass through the doors.
5.2 Design solutions

To meet the design objectives, one of the following three methods can be adopted:

— Simplified design without jet fans according to Annex A.
— Simplified design with jet fans according to Annex B.
— A design verified by CFD calculations according to Annex C.
5.3 Activation sequence

5.3.1 An addressable automatic smoke detection system shall be installed to activate the system.

— Activation sequences define the changes of state of the system's devices depending on the location

of the first activated smoke detector.

— Activation zones are part of a car park where all the detectors initiate the same activation sequence.

5.3.2 The activation sequence of the smoke control installation starts when the smoke detection is

confirmed. This confirmation corresponds to t = 0.

NOTE A smoke detection is confirmed when either a second smoke detector or a push-button or a sprinklers

flow-switch is activated.

5.3.3 The evacuation alarm in the car park must have been switched on not later than t = 0.

NOTE The evacuation alarm is switched on as soon as the detection is confirmed unless otherwise specified by

the authority having jurisdict
...

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