IEC 62092:2001
(Main)Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Characteristics and calibration in the frequency range from 15 MHz to 40 MHz
Ultrasonics - Hydrophones - Characteristics and calibration in the frequency range from 15 MHz to 40 MHz
Applies to - hydrophones employing piezoelectric sensor elements, designed to measure the pulsed and continuous-wave ultrasonic fields generated by ultrasonic equipment; - hydrophones used for measurements made in water and in the frequency range between 15 MHz and 40 MHz; - hydrophones with or without an integral amplifier; - hydrophones with a circular piezoelectrically active element. Specifies - relevant hydrophone characteristics; - methods of determining directional response and hydrophone sensitivity based on relative or comparative measurements; and describes - absolute hydrophone calibration methods. Recommendations and references to accepted literature are made for the various relative and absolute calibration methods in the frequency range covered by this International Standard.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD
First edition
2001-08
Ultrasonics – Hydrophones –
Characteristics and calibration in the
frequency range from 15 MHz to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Caractéristiques et étalonnage dans la gamme
de fréquences de 15 MHz à 40 MHz
Reference number
Publication numbering
As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the
60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.
Consolidated editions
The IEC is now publishing consolidated versions of its publications. For example,
edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the
base publication incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating
amendments 1 and 2.
Further information on IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC,
thus ensuring that the content reflects current technology. Information relating to
this publication, including its validity, is available in the IEC Catalogue of
publications (see below) in addition to new editions, amendments and corrigenda.
Information on the subjects under consideration and work in progress undertaken
by the technical committee which has prepared this publication, as well as the list
of publications issued, is also available from the following:
• IEC Web Site (www.iec.ch)
• Catalogue of IEC publications
The on-line catalogue on the IEC web site (www.iec.ch/catlg-e.htm) enables
you to search by a variety of criteria including text searches, technical
committees and date of publication. On-line information is also available on
recently issued publications, withdrawn and replaced publications, as well as
corrigenda.
• IEC Just Published
This summary of recently issued publications (www.iec.ch/JP.htm) is also
available by email. Please contact the Customer Service Centre (see below) for
further information.
• Customer Service Centre
If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance,
please contact the Customer Service Centre:
Email: custserv@iec.ch
Tel: +41 22 919 02 11
Fax: +41 22 919 03 00
INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD
First edition
2001-08
Utrasonics – Hydrophones –
Characteristics and calibration in the
frequency range from 15 MHz to 40 MHz
Ultrasons – Hydrophones –
Caractéristiques et étalonnage dans la gamme
de fréquences de 15 MHz à 40 MHz
IEC 2001 Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or
mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
International Electrotechnical Commission 3, rue de Varembé Geneva, Switzerland
Telefax: +41 22 919 0300 e-mail: inmail@iec.ch IEC web site http://www.iec.ch
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
PRICE CODE
XA
International Electrotechnical Commission
For price, see current catalogue
)
– 2 – 62092 IEC:2001(E
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION .5
1 Scope. 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Definitions . 7
4 List of symbols .9
5 Hydrophone characteristics . 11
5.1 General. 11
5.2 Basic information . 11
5.3 Hydrophone class . 11
5.4 Sensitivity . 12
5.5 Frequency response . 12
5.6 Directional response . 13
5.7 Effective radius. 13
5.8 Dynamic range and linearity. 14
5.9 Electric output characteristics . 14
5.9.1 Electric output termination. 14
5.9.2 Output lead configuration and ringing resonance in cable . 15
5.10 Information on the integral amplifier, if included . 15
5.11 Environmental and other aspects . 16
5.11.1 Temperature range . 16
5.11.2 Water tightness. 16
5.11.3 Water properties and incompatible materials. 16
5.11.4 Other aspects . 16
6 Relative measurements of hydrophone characteristics. 16
6.1 General concepts. 16
6.1.1 Relative measurement for directional response and for comparison of
sensitivity. 16
6.1.2 Temporal waveform and frequency concepts and hydrophone position. 17
6.2 Measurement concepts . 18
6.2.1 Source transducer. 18
6.2.2 Types of measurement. 18
6.2.3 Temporal waveform concepts. 19
6.2.4 Hydrophone position concepts . 21
62092 IEC:2001(E) – 3 –
6.3 Requirements . 24
6.3.1 Measurement vessel and water. 24
6.3.2 Temperature stability . 24
6.3.3 Positional accuracy . 24
6.3.4 Maximum hydrophone size. 25
6.3.5 Requirements for the electronic equipment . 27
6.3.6 Requirements with particular respect to time delay spectrometry . 27
7 Hydrophone calibration. 27
Annex A (informative) Tables . 29
Annex B (informative) Behaviour of PVDF polymer sensors in high intensity
ultrasonic fields . 31
Annex C (informative) Hydrophone positioning in the ultrasonic near field . 34
Annex D (informative) Time delay spectrometry – Requirements and a brief review
of the technique . 36
Annex E (informative) The absolute calibration of hydrophones up to 40 MHz . 39
Bibliography . 50
Figure 1 – Coordinates of a field point P in the near field of a plane- circular source
transducer of radius a . 28
t
Figure E.1 – Experimental set-up of the interferometric foil technique . 42
Figure E.2 – Hydrophone waveform generated by a 9 μm coplanar membrane
hydrophone positioned at the focus of a 5 MHz transducer (focal length 51 mm) . 45
Figure E.3 – Interferometer (displacement) waveform generated with the pellicle
positioned at the focus of the 5 MHz transducer (focal position 51 mm). 45
Figure E.4 – Frequency spectrum of the displacement waveform (lower curve)
and the differentiated displacement waveform (upper curve) . 46
Figure E.5 – Sensitivity of a 0,2 mm active element 9 μm bilaminar membrane
........ 46
hydrophone determined at 5 MHz intervals over the frequency range 5 MHz to 60 MHz
Table A.1 – List of typical uncertainty values obtained by the calibration methods
given in this standard and for the frequency range dealt with here. 29
Table A.2 – Speed of sound c [18, 19] and linear amplitude attenuation coefficient α divided
by the frequency squared ([20], interpolated), as a function of the temperature, in water. 29
Table A.3 – List of the waveform concepts and the hydrophone position concepts. 30
Table A.4 – List of decibel (dB) values and the corresponding amplitude ratios . 30
)
– 4 – 62092 IEC:2001(E
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ULTRASONICS – HYDROPHONES –
CHARACTERISTICS AND CALIBRATION IN THE
FREQUENCY RANGE FROM 15 MHz TO 40 MHz
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62092 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 87:
Ultrasonics.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
87/203A/FDIS 87/209/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
Annexes A, B, C, D and E are for information only.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged
until 2006. At this date, the publication will be
reconfirmed;
withdrawn;
replaced by a revised edition, or
amended.
62092 IEC:2001(E) – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
The spatial and temporal distribution of acoustic pressure in an ultrasonic field in a liquid
medium is commonly determined using miniature ultrasonic hydrophones. The characteristics
and calibration of these hydrophones have been dealt with in a number of IEC standards in
the frequency range 0,5 MHz to 15 MHz. The purpose of this International Standard is to
extend this frequency range up to 40 MHz. The main hydrophone application in this context
is the measurement of ultrasonic fields emitted by medical diagnostic equipment in water.
It has turned out in recent years that hydrophone operation in the frequency range above
15 MHz is important to characterize fully this equipment, primarily due to the increased
appearance of high-frequency components in the ultrasonic signals, caused by nonlinear
propagation. In addition, the number of medical ultrasonic systems which use frequencies
above 15 MHz, particularly intra-operative probes, is growing.
While the term "hydrophone" can be used in a wide
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.