IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018

Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency control, selection and detection - Glossary - Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials - Synthetic quartz crystal

IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018 is available as IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018 RLV which contains the International Standard and its Redline version, showing all changes of the technical content compared to the previous edition.
IEC 61994-4-1:2018 gives the terms and definition for synthetic quartz crystals representing the state of the art, which are intended for manufacturing piezoelectric and optical elements. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- The new terms and definitions given in IEC 60758:2016 have been taken into account;
- The general title has been changed according to the change in the title of TC 49 in 2009.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 15-Nov-2018
• ICS: 01 - GENERALITIES. TERMINOLOGY. STANDARDIZATION. DOCUMENTATION
• ICS: 01.040.31 - Electronics (Vocabularies)
• ICS: 31.140 - Piezoelectric devices
• Technical Committee: TC 49 - Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency control, selection and detection
• Drafting Committee: WG 11 - TC 49/WG 11
• Current Stage: PPUB - Publication issued
• Start Date: 31-Oct-2018
• Completion Date: 16-Nov-2018

Relations

• Revises: IEC TS 61994-4-1:2007 - Piezoelectric and dielectric devices for frequency control and selection - Glossary - Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials - Synthetic quartz crystal
• Effective Date: 05-Sep-2023

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC TS 61994-4-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2018-11
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for
frequency control, selection and detection – Glossary –
Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials – Synthetic quartz crystal

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Central Office Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé [e-mail]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.

IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing 21 000 terms and definitions in
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other English and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.

IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and

CISPR.
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details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: [e-mail].
IEC TS 61994-4-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2018-11
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for

frequency control, selection and detection – Glossary –

Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials – Synthetic quartz crystal

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 01.040.31; 31.140 ISBN 978-2-8322-6186-6

– 2 – IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
Bibliography . 11

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PIEZOELECTRIC, DIELECTRIC AND ELECTROSTATIC DEVICES
AND ASSOCIATED MATERIALS FOR FREQUENCY CONTROL,
SELECTION AND DETECTION – GLOSSARY –

Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials – Synthetic quartz crystal

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in
addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses
arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. In exceptional
circumstances, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical specification
when
• the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard,
despite repeated efforts, or
• the subject is still under technical development or where, for any other reason, there is the
future but no immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard.
Technical specifications are subject to review within three years of publication to decide whether
they can be transformed into International Standards.
IEC TS 61944-4-1, which is a technical specification, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 49: Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for
frequency control, selection and detection.

– 4 – IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018 © IEC 2018
This third edition of IEC 61994-4-1 cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2007.
This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) The new terms and definitions given in IEC 60758:2016 have been taken into account;
b) The general title has been changed according to the change in the title of TC 49 in 2009.
The text of this technical specification is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
49/1282/DTS 49/1286/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical specification can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 61994 series, published under the general title Piezoelectric,
dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency control, selection and
detection – Glossary, can be found on the IEC website.
Future standards in this series will carry the new general title as cited above. Titles of existing
standards in this series will be updated at the time of the next edition.
The committee has decided that the contents of this
...

IEC TS 61994-4-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2018-11
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for
frequency control, selection and detection – Glossary –
Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials – Synthetic quartz crystal

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about IEC
copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address below or
your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Central Office Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé [e-mail]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.

IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing 21 000 terms and definitions in
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other English and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.

IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and

CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: [e-mail].
IEC TS 61994-4-1 ®
Edition 3.0 2018-11
REDLINE VERSION
TECHNICAL
SPECIFICATION
colour
inside
Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for

frequency control, selection and detection – Glossary –

Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials – Synthetic quartz crystal

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 01.040.31; 31.140 ISBN 978-2-8322-6281-8

– 2 – IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018 RLV © IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 3
1 Scope . 5
2 Normative references . 5
3 Terms and definitions . 5
Bibliography . 13

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PIEZOELECTRIC, DIELECTRIC AND ELECTROSTATIC DEVICES
AND ASSOCIATED MATERIALS FOR FREQUENCY CONTROL, SELECTION
AND DETECTION – GLOSSARY –
Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials – Synthetic quartz crystal

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To this end and in
addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications, Technical Reports,
Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC Publication(s)”). Their
preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with
may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. IEC collaborates closely with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence between
any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
members of its technical committees and IEC National Committees for any personal injury, property damage or
other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including legal fees) and expenses
arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC Publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This redline version of the official IEC Standard allows the user to identify the changes
made to the previous edition. A vertical bar appears in the margin wherever a change has
been made. Additions are in green text, deletions are in strikethrough red text.

– 4 – IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018 RLV © IEC 2018
The main task of IEC technical committees is to prepare International Standards. In exceptional
circumstances, a technical committee may propose the publication of a technical specification
when
• the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard,
despite repeated efforts, or
• the subject is still under technical development or where, for any other reason, there is the
future but no immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard.
Technical specifications are subject to review within three years of publication to decide whether
they can be transformed into International Standards.
IEC TS 61944-4-1, which is a technical specification, has been prepared by IEC technical
committee 49: Piezoelectric, dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for
frequency control, selection and detection.
This third edition of IEC 61994-4-1 cancels and replaces the second edition published in 2007.
This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) The new terms and definitions given in IEC 60758:2016 have been taken into account;
b) The general title has been changed according to the change in the title of TC 49 in 2009.
The text of this technical specification is based on the following documents:
Enquiry draft Report on voting
49/1282/DTS 49/1286/RVDTS
Full information on the voting for the approval of this technical specification can be found in the
report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 61994 series, published under the general title Piezoelectric,
dielectric and electrostatic devices and associated materials for frequency control, selection and
detection – Glossary, can be found on the IEC website.
Future standards in this series will carry the new general title as cited above. Titles of existing
standards in this series will be updated at the time of the next edition.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• transformed into an International standard,
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The “colour inside” logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding
of its contents. Users should therefore print this publication using a colour printer.

PIEZOELECTRIC, DIELECTRIC AND ELECTROSTATIC DEVICES
AND ASSOCIATED MATERIALS FOR FREQUENCY CONTROL, SELECTION
AND DETECTION – GLOSSARY –
Part 4-1: Piezoelectric materials – Synthetic quartz crystal

1 Scope
This part of IEC 61994 gives the terms and definition for synthetic quartz single crystals
representing the state of the art, which are intended for manufacturing piezoelectric and optical
elements for frequency control and selection.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 60050(561):1991, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (lEV) – Chapter 561:
Piezoelectric devices for frequency control and selection
IEC 60758:2004, Synthetic quartz crystal – Specifications and guide to the use
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
AT-cut plate
rotated Y-cut crystal plate oriented at an angle of about +35° around the X-axis or about −3°
from the z (minor rhombohedral)-face
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.7.2 3.11, modified – the reference to Figure 3 has been
removed.]
3.2
as-grown Y-bar
crystals which are produced using seeds with the largest dimension grown by using long stick
seed in the Y-direction
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.2.2 3.4]

– 6 – IEC TS 61994-4-1:2018 RLV © IEC 2018
3.3
as-grown Z-bar
as-grown Y-bar crystals in which the Z-grown sector is much larger than the X-growth sector.
The relative size of the growth sector is controlled by the X-dimension of the seed
crystals which are grown by using Z-cut seed
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.2.3 modified 3.5]
3.4
as-grown synthetic quartz crystal
single crystal quartz grown hydrothermally. "As-grown" refers to the state of processing and
indicates a state prior to mechanical fabrication
state of synthetic quartz crystal prior to grinding or cutting
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.2.1 modified 3.3]
3.5
autoclave
vessel for the high-pressure and high-temperature condition required for growth of a synthetic
quartz crystal
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.15 3.26]
3.6
dimensions
dimensions pertaining to growth on Z-cut seed rotated less than 20° from the Y-axis
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.16]
3.7
dislocations
linear defects in the crystal due to misplaced planes of atoms
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.13 3.25]
3.8
dopant
any additive used in the growth process which may change the crystal habit, chemical
composition, physical or electrical properties of the synthetic quartz batch
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.10 3.22]
3.9
effective Z-dimension
as-grown effective Z dimension which is defined as the minimum measure in the Z (θ = 0°) or Z'
direction in usable Y or Y' area of an as-grown crystals and described by Z
eff
[SOURCE: IEC 60758:2016, 3.8.1.1 3.17 modified – The definition has been shortened and the
reference to Figure 2 has been removed.]
3.9
electrical twins
...