IEC/TR 63319:2025

A meta-modelling analysis approach to smart manufacturing reference models

This document uses a meta-modelling approach to identify commonalities among ten smart manufacturing reference models. Each reference model is placed into the context of the meta-model to facilitate analysis of both common and distinct features. Major smart manufacturing reference model topics are identified, and the reference models compared within each topic. As part of the meta-modelling approach development, a collection of models differing in extent of abstraction characterizes the evolution of a particular smart manufacturing system from the meta-model through a unifying smart manufacturing reference model and successively less abstract domain models to a model for system implementation. This document presents a range of issues and challenges for further work to specify a high-level smart manufacturing reference model that unifies the concepts and practices identified using the meta-model approach analysis of the smart manufacturing reference models.

Titre manque

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 22-Jun-2025
• ICS: 25.040.01 - Industrial automation systems in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 184 - Automation systems and integration
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 184 - Automation systems and integration
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 23-Jun-2025
• Due Date: 08-Jun-2023
• Completion Date: 23-Jun-2025

Overview

IEC TR 63319:2025 - A meta‑modelling analysis approach to smart manufacturing reference models presents a structured, meta‑modelling method to identify commonalities and differences across ten smart manufacturing reference models. Published by the IEC in 2025, this technical report places existing reference models into a unified meta‑model context, visualizes an abstraction stack (from high‑level meta‑model to implementation models), and documents a mapping exercise that supports harmonization and comparison of model concepts and practices.

Key topics and technical coverage

• Meta‑modelling approach: Definition and use of a meta‑model to represent and relate concepts across multiple Smart Manufacturing Reference Models (SMRMs).
• Abstraction stack: Characterization of model evolution-from the meta‑model to unifying SMRM, domain models, and implementable system models.
• Facet and aspect rules: Introduction of facet_composition_rules and aspect_collection_coherence_rules to govern how model facets and aspect collections combine coherently.
• Use cases and viewpoints: Use of use_case and viewpoints to articulate concerns, capture stakeholder requirements, and specify model views.
• Mapping and analysis: Systematic mapping of contributions from ten models (examples in the report include RAMI 4.0, GERAM/ISO 15704, NIST Smart Manufacturing landscape, IIC IIRA and others) into the meta‑model to identify overlaps and gaps.
• Focused topic analysis: Comparative analysis of recurring SMRM topics such as life cycle, hierarchy, layers, and additional cross‑cutting aspects.
• Candidate rules and family of representations: Proposals for candidate rules and a family of SMRM representations to support future harmonized reference models.
• Issues and challenges: Identification of open issues and research/standardization challenges for evolving a high‑level unifying SMRM.

Practical applications

• Standards harmonization: Helps standards bodies and consortia align and compare reference models to reduce fragmentation.
• Enterprise architects & system designers: Provides a framework to map organizational concerns into interoperable models and to plan transitions from abstract models to implementations.
• Manufacturing integrators & solution vendors: Useful for designing interoperable platforms, specifying APIs and data models, and aligning products with multiple reference models.
• Researchers & policy makers: Informs studies on reference model convergence, technology gaps, and regulatory consistency for Industry 4.0 initiatives.

Who should use this document

• Standards developers, technical working groups, and joint working groups
• Manufacturing enterprise architects, systems engineers, platform vendors
• Interoperability and digital transformation teams in manufacturing
• Academic and industrial researchers focusing on smart manufacturing architectures

Related standards and models (examples in the report)

• RAMI 4.0, ISO 15704 (GERAM), NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape, IIC IIRA, and other national/regional SMRMs

Keywords: IEC TR 63319:2025, smart manufacturing, meta‑model, SMRM, reference model harmonization, RAMI 4.0, lifecycle, hierarchy, layers, interoperability.

Standards Content (Sample)

IEC TR 63319
Edition 1.0 2025-06
Corrected version
TECHNICAL
2025-06
REPORT
A meta-modelling analysis approach to smart manufacturing reference models

ICS 25.040  ISBN 978-2-8327-0475-2

IEC TR 63319:2025-06(en)
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CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 10
INTRODUCTION . 12
1 Scope . 13
2 Normative references. 13
3 Terms and definitions, abbreviated terms, acronyms and conventions . 13
3.1 Terms and definitions . 13
3.2 Convention used for term and definition selection . 15
3.3 Abbreviations and acronyms . 16
3.4 Conventions used for selected references . 17
4 Smart manufacturing (SM) . 18
4.1 Introduction to and vision of SM . 18
4.2 SM characteristics and differences from conventional manufacturing . 18
4.3 Essential concepts and enabling technologies for SM . 19
4.3.1 SM categories . 19
4.3.2 Generic methods . 19
4.3.3 Applications in the manufacturing domain . 20
4.3.4 Information and communication technologies . 20
5 Smart manufacturing reference model (SMRM) . 21
5.1 Need for a SMRM . 21
5.2 Objectives in more detail . 21
5.3 SMRM focus . 22
5.4 Reference modelling . 22
5.5 Usage of a reference model: the OSI model . 22
5.6 SMRM harmonization needs . 22
5.7 SMRM abstraction stack . 23
6 SMRM meta-modelling approach . 23
6.1 General . 23
6.2 Objectives . 24
6.3 Assumptions, constraints and guidance . 24
6.3.1 Assumptions . 24
6.3.2 Constraints . 24
6.3.3 Guidance . 24
6.4 Concepts . 25
6.4.1 General . 25
6.4.2 Concepts of the meta-model . 25
6.4.3 Proposition of the meta-model for SMRM . 27
6.5 Meta-model for SMRM visualization . 29
6.6 *Facet_composition_rules and *aspect_collection_coherence_rules . 29
6.7 Utilizing the meta-model concept of use case. 30
6.7.1 General . 30
6.7.2 *Use_cases for articulating concerns . 31
6.7.3 *Viewpoints capture concerns and specify views . 32
6.7.4 Examples of *model_content_purpose . 33
7 Mapping of the contributions for SMRMs to the SMRM meta-model . 34
7.1 General . 34
7.2 Mapping for Scandinavian smart manufacturing model . 35

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 3 –
7.2.1 Graphical depiction of SSIF mapping . 35
7.2.2 SSIF *facet_composition_rule . 35
7.2.3 Business dimension *aspect_collection . 36
7.2.4 Product dimension *aspect_collection . 36
7.2.5 Production dimension *aspect_collection . 37
7.2.6 Space Time dimension (Life cycle) *aspect_collection . 37
7.3 Mapping for RAMI 4.0 . 38
7.3.1 Graphical depiction of RAMI 4.0 mapping . 38
7.3.2 RAMI 4.0 – *facet_composition_rule . 40
7.3.3 Service oriented architecture as a universal technical approach . 40
7.3.4 Layers *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 41
7.3.5 Hierarchy Levels *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 42
7.3.6 Life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 42
7.4 Mapping for IMSA . 43
7.4.1 Graphical depiction of IMSA mapping . 43
7.4.2 System Hierarchy *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 44
7.4.3 Life Cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule. 45
7.4.4 Intelligent Function *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 45
7.5 Mapping for ISO 15704:2019, Annex B – GERAM . 46
7.5.1 Graphical depiction of ISO 15704:2019, Annex B – GERAM . 46
7.5.2 GERAM *facet_composition_rules . 46
7.5.3 Life cycle phases *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 47
7.5.4 Modelling viewpoints *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 47
7.5.5 Instantiation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 48
7.5.6 Manifestation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 48
7.5.7 Purpose *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 48
7.5.8 Implementation *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 49
7.6 Mapping for NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape . 50
7.6.1 Graphical depiction of NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape

mapping . 50
7.6.2 NIST *facet_composition_rules . 50
7.6.3 Business life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 51
7.6.4 Product life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 52
7.6.5 Production life cycle *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 52
7.6.6 Manufacturing pyramid *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 53
7.7 Mapping for KSTEP cube framework . 54
7.7.1 Graphical depiction of KSTEP cube framework mapping . 54
7.7.2 Space axis 1 *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 54
7.7.3 Space axis 2 *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 54
7.7.4 Time axis t *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 54
7.8 Mapping for IVRA Next . 55
7.8.1 Graphical depiction of IVRA Next mapping . 55
7.8.2 Three axes of SM facet and SMU facet composition rules . 55
7.8.3 Product axis (thing) *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 56
7.8.4 Service axis (occurrence) *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 56
7.8.5 Knowledge axis *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 56
7.8.6 Asset view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 57
7.8.7 Management view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 57
7.8.8 Activity view *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 58

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7.9 Mapping for IIC Industrial Internet Reference Architecture . 59
7.9.1 Graphical depiction of IIC IIRA mapping . 59
7.10 Mapping for Smart Manufacturing Standards Map (SM2) . 60
7.10.1 Graphical depiction of Smart Manufacturing Standards Map (SM2) . 60
7.10.2 SM2 *facet_composition_rules . 62
7.11 Mapping for URM-MM . 62
7.11.1 Graphical depiction of URM-MM . 62
7.11.2 URM-MM *facet_composition_rules . 63
7.11.3 Model/Organization *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 63
7.11.4 URM-MM *aspect_collection_coherence_rule . 64
8 Analysis of particular collections of aspects . 64
8.1 Identification of a set of common *aspects_collections . 64
8.2 Life cycle . 65
8.2.1 General . 65
8.2.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs . 65
8.2.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to life cycle . 67
8.2.4 Fundamental questions concerning life cycle aspects of a SMRM . 70
8.2.5 Observed consequences to the life cycle questions . 70
8.2.6 Outlook . 72
8.3 Hierarchy . 72
8.3.1 General . 72
8.3.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs with respect to hierarchy . 72
8.3.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to hierarchy . 73
8.3.4 Fundamental questions concerning hierarchy aspects of a SMRM . 78
8.3.5 Observed consequences to the hierarchy questions . 78
8.3.6 Outlook . 79
8.4 Layer . 79
8.4.1 General . 79
8.4.2 Overview on contributions for SMRMs . 80
8.4.3 Particularities of contributions for SMRMs with respect to layer . 81
8.4.4 Fundamental questions concerning layer aspects of a SMRM . 82
8.4.5 Observed consequences to the layer questions . 82
8.4.6 Outlook . 83
8.5 Additional aspects . 85
8.5.1 General . 85
8.5.2 Fundamental questions concerning additional *aspect_collections of a
SMRM . 85
8.5.3 Observed consequences to the additional *aspect_collections questions . 85
9 Toward a family of SMRM representations . 88
9.1 Expectations for a unifying SMRM . 88
9.2 Identification of generic (timeless) principles for SMRM . 89
9.3 Structurally addressing the missing smart technologies . 90
9.4 Observations from mapping and analysis . 91
9.5 Candidate *aspect_collection_coherence_rules and
*facet_composition_rules . 92
9.6 The family of SMRM representations . 93
9.7 The case for *use_case . 94
9.8 Approaching creation of the SMRM . 95
Annex A (informative) Objectives and terms of reference for JWG 21 . 97

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 5 –
A.1 Objectives . 97
A.2 Terms of reference . 97
Annex B (informative) Contributions for SMRMs . 98
B.1 RAMI . 98
B.1.1 General . 98
B.1.2 Layer axis . 99
B.1.3 Life cycle axis in RAMI 4.0 . 101
B.2 IMSA . 105
B.2.1 Intelligent manufacturing system framework . 105
B.2.2 Life cycle . 105
B.2.3 System hierarchy . 106
B.2.4 Intelligence characteristics . 106
B.2.5 Structural diagram of intelligent manufacturing standard system . 107
B.3 GERAM . 109
B.3.1 Rationale for enterprise-reference architecture and methodologies . 109
B.3.2 Generalized enterprise-reference architecture and methodologies . 109
B.3.3 Framework for enterprise architecture and enterprise integration . 111
B.4 NIST Smart Manufacturing EcoSystem and Standards Landscape . 115
B.5 KSTEP cube framework for standards . 117
B.5.1 Skeleton meta-model . 117
B.5.2 KSTEP cube framework . 119
B.6 IVRA Next . 121
B.6.1 General . 121
B.6.2 Overview . 121
B.6.3 Evolutional Model in Manufacturing . 125
B.7 ISO/TC 184 Automation systems and integration – the Big Picture of
standards (ISO TR 23087:2018 [40]) . 130
B.7.1 History . 130
B.7.2 Purpose . 131
B.7.3 Summary of axis and facets of the ISO/TC 184 Big picture of standards
diagram and matrix . 133
B.8 AIF framework and reference model for SM Standard Landscape (France) . 134
B.8.1 History . 134
B.8.2 Purpose . 134
B.8.3 Summary of facets and blocks of the AIF RM for SM Standard
Landscape . 136
B.9 ISO-IEC Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape (SM2) . 138
B.9.1 History . 138
B.9.2 Terms of reference . 139
B.9.3 SM2 framework . 139
B.9.4 SM2 vocabulary . 142
B.10 URM-MM . 144
B.10.1 Background . 144
B.10.2 Overview . 144
B.10.3 Usage . 145
B.10.4 Practical use-case . 145
B.10.5 Illustration of Relevant International Standards Mapping . 149
B.11 Scandinavian model . 151
B.11.1 Scandinavian Semantic Model Design Principles . 151

– 6 – IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025
B.11.2 Domain Semantic Model exemplified by Product Dimension . 153
B.12 UK Model . 155
Annex C (informative) Definition of smart manufacturing, and interpretations . 157
Annex D (informative) Concepts of Meta-modelling . 158
Bibliography . 160

Figure 1 – Example of transition from centralized to distributed system paradigm . 18
Figure 2 – SMRM abstraction stack . 23
Figure 3 – Meta-model for SMRM . 29
Figure 4 – Segments of the SMRM meta-model . 31
Figure 5 – Relation between typical concerns and use-cases on SM . 32
Figure 6 – Example of an implementation model for *use-case #1 . 32
Figure 7 – Illustration about relation between a SMRM and a *stakeholder . 33
Figure 8 – Mapping for Scandinavian smart manufacturing model . 35
Figure 9 – Mapping for RAMI 4.0 . 38
Figure 10 – Mapping for IMSA . 44
Figure 11 – Mapping for ISO 15704:2019 – GERAM Annex . 46
Figure 12 – Mapping for NIST Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape . 50
Figure 13 – NIST SMS Ecosystem − Integrated Smart Manufacturing . 51
Figure 14 – Mapping for KSTEP cube framework . 54
Figure 15 – IVRA Next: Mapping to Three Axes of SM and SMU . 55
Figure 16 – Mapping for IIC IIRA . 59
Figure 17 – System representation # 1 . 61
Figure 18 – System representation # 2 . 62
Figure 19 – Mapping for URM-MM . 63
Figure 20 – The validity of individual exemplary life cycles on elements over time . 65
Figure 21 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs . 66
Figure 22 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs with respect to
Hierarchy . 73
Figure 23 – Graphical overview on different contributions for SMRMs . 81
Figure 24 – N *aspect_collection of semantic coherence . 93
Figure 25 – Basic structure for a family of SMRM with alternative 3D representations . 94
Figure 26 – Basic structural representation for several of the contributions − SSIF,
RAMI 4.0, IMSA, and IVRA Next . 94
Figure B.1 – The viewpoint of the RAMI 4.0 model . 98
Figure B.2 – Linking of life cycles . 103
Figure B.3 – Factory reference architecture model as of IEC 62264-1 and IEC 61512-1,

with Industrie 4.0 enhancements . 104
Figure B.4 – Intelligent Manufacturing System Framework . 105
Figure B.5 – Structural diagram of intelligent manufacturing standard system . 107
Figure B.6 – Mapping between IMSA and standard system structure . 108
Figure B.7 – GERAM-ISO (Generalized Enterprise Reference Architecture and
Methodology − ISO) framework components . 112
Figure B.8 – GERA Modelling Framework representation with Modelling Views . 113
Figure B.9 – Smart Manufacturing Ecosystem. 116

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 7 –
Figure B.10 – Smart Manufacturing Standards Landscape . 117
Figure B.11 – Skeleton of the NIST framework . 118
Figure B.12 – Skeleton of the RAMI 4.0 framework and the KSTEP framework . 118
Figure B.13 – Three axes of the KSTEP cube framework . 119
Figure B.14 – KSTEP cube framework . 120
Figure B.15 – Digital twin of the KSTEP cube framework . 121
Figure B.16 – Three layers of manufacturing . 123
Figure B.17 – Three axes of SM . 124
Figure B.18 – Four cycles of SM . 125
Figure B.19 – EROR cycle for evolution . 126
Figure B.20 – Icons of scenario defining elements . 128
Figure B.21 – Cyber and physical connection . 129
Figure B.22 – Cross border management by PLU . 130
Figure B.23 – Example of a Big Picture matrix . 132
Figure B.24 – Graph-Nodes filtered building . 132
Figure B.25 – Tree map sector barrier . 133
Figure B.26 – Example: business, operate and ship . 133
Figure B.27 – Standards landscape . 135
Figure B.28 – Principles of the AIF framework for the SM standards landscape . 136
Figure B.29 – Relation between standards map projects . 139
Figure B.30 – Example mapping of product catalogue data standards . 140
Figure B.31 – Example mapping structure for production system standards . 141
Figure B.32 – Unified Reference Model − Map and Methodology (URM-MM) . 144
Figure B.33 – Diagram of Canvas on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 146
Figure B.34 – Diagram of Use-case on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 146
Figure B.35 – Diagram of Function on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 147
Figure B.36 – Diagram of Data (1 of 2) on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 148
Figure B.37 – Diagram of Data (2 of 2) on an example of a production system having
dynamic optimization . 149
Figure B.38 – Example of Mapping of Relevant International Standards at "Canvas" . 150
Figure B.39 – Example of Mapping of Relevant International Standards at "Data" . 151
Figure B.40 – Scandinavian Smart Industry Framework Semantic Cube . 152
Figure B.41 – Basic principles for the Semantic Space . 152
Figure B.42 – Domain Semantic Model exemplified by Product Dimension . 153
Figure B.43 – Separation of model content and Presentation . 154
Figure B.44 – Semantic model Architecture . 155
Figure B.45 – Dependencies between different aspects in Smart Products Through-Life . 156
Figure D.1 – Meta-abstraction stack . 158

Table 1 – SSIF business dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to *Perspective . 36
Table 2 – SSIF product dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to *Perspective . 36

– 8 – IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025
Table 3 – SSIF production dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to
*Perspective . 37
Table 4 – SSIF Space Time dimension *Aspect and *Viewpoint according to the
*Perspective . 37
Table 5 – RAMI 4.0 *aspect_collections and bifurcations . 39
Table 6 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for RAMI 4.0 Layers . 41
Table 7 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy Levels . 42
Table 8 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the RAMI 4.0 Life cycle . 43
Table 9 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the IMSA System Hierarchy . 44
Table 10 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for IMSA Life Cycle . 45
Table 11 – *Aspects possible values and explanation for the IMSA Intelligent Functions . 45
Table 12 – *Aspects and *viewpoints for GERAM life cycle . 47
Table 13 – *Aspects and *viewpoints for GERAM modelling viewpoints . 48
Table 14 – *Aspects and *viewpoints of GERAM Instantiation *aspect_collection . 48
Table 15 – Representation of the physical manifestation of the enterprise-entity . 48
Table 16 – Representation of the model contents according to the purpose of the
enterprise entity . 49
Table 17 – Representation of the implementation of the enterprise-entity . 49
Table 18 – *Aspects for the Business life cycle . 52
Table 19 – *Aspects of the product life cycle . 52
Table 20 – *Aspects of the production life cycle . 52
Table 21 – *Aspects of the Manufacturing Pyramid . 53
Table 22 – Product axis (thing) *aspects and *viewpoints . 56
Table 23 – Service axis (occurrence) *aspects and *viewpoints . 56
Table 24 – Knowledge axis *aspects and *viewpoints . 56
Table 25 – Asset view *aspects and *viewpoints . 57
Table 26 – Management view *aspects and *viewpoints . 57
Table 27 – Activity view *aspects and *viewpoints . 58
Table 28 – Correspondence between SM2 concepts and SMRM meta-model concepts . 60
Table 29 – Examples of representations . 60
Table 30 – Mapping for System representation # 1 . 61
Table 31 – Mapping for System representation # 2 . 62
Table 32 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for Model/Organization in URM-MM . 63
Table 33 – *Aspect and *Viewpoint for the horizontal column in URM-MM . 64
Table 34 – Particularities on life cycle on different contributors' perspective . 67
Table 35 – IMSA Hierarchy levels . 74
Table 36 – RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy related functionalities . 74
Table 37 – IVRA Hierarchical levels . 75
Table 38 – Big Picture Hierarchical levels . 76
Table 39 – Standards Landscape Hierarchical levels . 77
Table 40 – Particularities on layer on different contributors' models . 82
Table 41 – Aspects along the dimension of layers/Intelligent functions . 83
Table 42 – Grouping (and sub-grouping) of additional aspects . 86
Table 43 – Proposed assignment of the additional *aspect_collections groups . 87

IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025 – 9 –
Table B.1 – RAMI 4.0 Layers . 99
Table B.2 – RAMI 4.0 generalized life cycle phases . 102
Table B.3 – RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy Levels . 104
Table B.4 – Block "Identification" . 136
Table B.5 – Block "Object of standard" . 137
Table B.6 – Block "Hierarchy" . 137
Table B.7 – Block "Life cycle" . 137
Table B.8 – Block "Relevance" . 138
Table B.9 – Block "Interoperability" . 138
Table B.10 – Block "Priority" . 138
Table B.11 – Block "Validation" . 138
Table B.12 – Relevant blocks, sub-blocks and characteristics of SM2 . 142

– 10 – IEC TR 63319:2025 © IEC 2025
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
A META-MODELLING ANALYSIS APPROACH TO SMART
MANUFACTURING REFERENCE MODELS

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IEC TR 63319 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 65: Industrial-process
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Automation systems and integration
...