ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010
(Main)Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards — Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface
Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards — Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface
ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010 specifies the characteristics of the fields to be provided for power and bi-directional communication between proximity coupling devices (PCDs) and proximity cards or objects (PICCs). It does not specify the means of generating coupling fields, nor the means of compliance with electromagnetic radiation and human exposure regulations, which can vary according to country.
Cartes d'identification — Cartes à circuit(s) intégré(s) sans contact — Cartes de proximité — Partie 2: Interface radiofréquence et des signaux de communication
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 14443-2
Second edition
2010-09-01
Identification cards — Contactless
integrated circuit cards — Proximity
cards —
Part 2:
Radio frequency power and signal
interface
Cartes d'identification — Cartes à circuit(s) intégré(s) sans contacts —
Cartes de proximité —
Partie 2: Interface radiofréquence et des signaux de communication
Reference number
ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2010
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms .2
5 Initial dialogue for proximity cards.3
6 Power transfer.4
6.1 Frequency.4
6.2 Operating field strength.4
7 Signal interface.4
8 Communication signal interface Type A.6
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC.6
8.1.1 Bit rate.6
8.1.2 Modulation.7
8.1.3 Bit representation and coding .14
8.2 Communication PICC to PCD.15
8.2.1 Bit rate.15
8.2.2 Load modulation.16
8.2.3 Subcarrier.16
8.2.4 Subcarrier modulation.16
8.2.5 Bit representation and coding .17
9 Communication signal interface Type B.17
9.1 Communication PCD to PICC.17
9.1.1 Bit rate.17
9.1.2 Modulation.18
9.1.3 Bit representation and coding .24
9.2 Communication PICC to PCD.24
9.2.1 Bit rate.24
9.2.2 Load modulation.24
9.2.3 Subcarrier.24
9.2.4 Subcarrier modulation.24
9.2.5 Bit representation and coding .24
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 14443-2 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 17, Cards and personal identification.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 14443-2:2001), Clauses 6, 8
and 9 of which have been technically revised and Clause 10 removed. It also incorporates
the Amendment ISO/IEC 14443-2:2001/Amd.1:2005 and the Technical Corrigendum
ISO/IEC 14443-2:2001/Amd.1:2005/Cor.1:2007.
ISO/IEC 14443 consists of the following parts, under the general title Identification cards — Contactless
integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards:
⎯ Part 1: Physical characteristics
⎯ Part 2: Radio frequency power and signal interface
⎯ Part 3: Initialization and anticollision
⎯ Part 4: Transmission protocol
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
Introduction
ISO/IEC 14443 is one of a series of International Standards describing the parameters for identification cards
as defined in ISO/IEC 7810 and the use of such cards for international interchange.
This part of ISO/IEC 14443 describes the electrical characteristics of two types of contactless interface
between a proximity card and a proximity coupling device. The interface includes both power and bi-
directional communication. It is intended to be used in conjunction with other parts of ISO/IEC 14443.
Contactless card standards cover a variety of types as embodied in ISO/IEC 10536 (close-coupled cards),
ISO/IEC 14443 (proximity cards) and ISO/IEC 15693 (vicinity cards). These are intended for operation when
very near, nearby and at a longer distance from associated coupling devices, respectively.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards —
Proximity cards —
Part 2:
Radio frequency power and signal interface
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 14443 specifies the characteristics of the fields to be provided for power and bi-
directional communication between proximity coupling devices (PCDs) and proximity cards or objects (PICCs).
This part of ISO/IEC 14443 does not specify the means of generating coupling fields, nor the means of
compliance with electromagnetic radiation and human exposure regulations, which can vary according to
country.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 10373-6, Identification cards — Test methods — Part 6: Proximity cards
ISO/IEC 14443-1, Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit cards — Proximity cards — Part 1:
Physical characteristics
ISO/IEC 14443-3, Identification cards — Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards — Proximity cards — Part 3:
Initialization and anticollision
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
bit duration
time during which a logic level is defined, at the end of which a new bit starts
3.2
binary phase shift keying
phase shift keying where the phase shift is 180°, resulting in two phase state possibilities
3.3
modified Miller
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by the position of a pulse within
the bit frame
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
3.4
modulation index, m
[1 − b] / [1 + b], where b is the ratio between the modulated amplitude and the initial signal amplitude
NOTE The value of the index may be expressed as a percentage.
3.5
NRZ-L
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by one of two defined physical
states of a communication medium
3.6
subcarrier
signal of frequency fs used to modulate a carrier of frequency fc
3.7
Manchester
method of bit coding whereby a logic level during a bit duration is represented by a sequence of two defined
physical states of a communication medium, the order of the physical states within the sequence defining the
logical state
3.8
TR0
guard time between the end of a PCD transmission and the start of the PICC subcarrier generation
3.9
TR1
synchronization time between the start of the PICC subcarrier generation and the start of the PICC subcarrier
modulation
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
ASK amplitude shift keying
BPSK binary phase shift keying
NRZ-L non-return to zero, (L for level)
OOK on/off keying
PauseA PCD modulation pulse, Type A
PCD proximity coupling device
PICC proximity card or object
RF radio frequency
a pulse shape factor, Type A
b ratio between the modulated and initial signal amplitude, Type B
fc frequency of operating field (carrier frequency)
fs frequency of subcarrier
H equivalent homogenous magnetic field strength
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
H field strength of the unmodulated RF field
INITIAL
h envelope overshoot for bit rates of fc/16, fc/32, fc/64, Type A
ovs
h envelope undershoot, Type B
f
h envelope overshoot, Type B
r
Ø0 initial phase of the subcarrier
t PauseA length
1
t PauseA "Low" time for a bit rate of fc/128
2
t PauseA rise time for a bit rate of fc/128
3
t PauseA rise time section for a bit rate of fc/128
4
t PauseA "Low" time for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32 and fc/16
5
t PauseA rise time for bit rates of fc/64, fc/32 and fc/16
6
t maximum value of t for PCD transmission
6, max, PCD 6
t maximum value of t for PICC reception
6, max, PICC 6
t bit duration, Type A
b
t envelope fall time, Type B
f
maximum fall time for PCD transmission, Type B
t
f, max, PCD
t maximum fall time for PICC reception, Type B
f, max, PICC
t envelope rise time, Type B
r
maximum rise time for PCD transmission, Type B
t
r, max, PCD
maximum rise time for PICC reception, Type B
t
r, max, PICC
t pulse position, Type A
x
V load modulation amplitude
LMA
5 Initial dialogue for proximity cards
The initial dialogue between the PCD and the PICC shall be conducted through the following consecutive
operations:
⎯ activation of the PICC by the RF operating field of the PCD,
⎯ the PICC shall wait silently for a command from the PCD,
⎯ transmission of a command by the PCD,
⎯ transmission of a response by the PICC.
These operations shall use the RF power and signal interface specified in the following clauses.
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
6 Power transfer
The PCD shall produce a high frequency alternating magnetic field. This field inductively couples to the PICC
to transfer power and is modulated for communication.
6.1 Frequency
The frequency fc of the RF operating field shall be 13,56 MHz ±7 kHz.
6.2 Operating field strength
The PCD shall generate a field strength of at least H and not exceeding H at manufacturer specified
min max
positions (operating volume) under unmodulated conditions, as defined in Table 1.
Table 1 — PCD field strength
PCD
H H
min max
1,5 A/m (rms) 7,5 A/m (rms)
In addition, the PCD shall be capable of powering any single reference PICC (defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6) at
manufacturer specified positions (operating volume).
The PCD shall not generate a field strength higher than the value specified in ISO/IEC 14443-1:2008, 4.4
(alternating magnetic field) in any possible PICC position and orientation.
Test methods for the PCD operating field strength are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
The PICC shall operate as intended continuously between H and H , as defined in Table 2. This includes
min max
all PICC requirements defined in this standard and processing of the manufacturer specified set of commands.
Table 2 — PICC operating field strength
PICC
H H
min max
1,5 A/m (rms) 7,5 A/m (rms)
NOTE Margins are effectively included by the test methods as specified in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
7 Signal interface
The PCD modulates the amplitude of the alternating magnetic field strength with modulation pulses in order to
transmit data from the PCD to the PICC.
The PICC loads the alternating magnetic field with a modulated subcarrier signal (load modulation) in order to
transmit data from the PICC to the PCD.
Within manufacturer specified operating volume the PCD shall generate modulation pulses as described in the
following clauses and shall be capable of receiving the minimum load modulation amplitude.
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
NOTE As an indication of the operating volume, the manufacturer may give the operating range (e.g. 0 to X cm)
within which all ISO/IEC 14443-2 requirements are fulfilled.
Test methods for the PCD communication signal interface are defined in ISO/IEC 10373-6.
Two communication signal interfaces, Type A and Type B, are described in the following clauses. The PCD
shall alternate between modulation methods when idling before detecting the presence of a PICC of Type A or
Type B.
Only one communication signal interface may be active during a communication session until deactivation by
the PCD or removal of the PICC. Subsequent session(s) may then proceed with either modulation method.
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the concepts described in the following clauses.
common for
bit rates of
fc/128,
fc/64, fc/32
and
fc/16
Figure 1 — Example PCD to PICC communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
NOTE For the coding of modified Miller, see 8.1.3.
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
Type A Type B
Load Modulation Load Modulation
Subcarrier fc/16 Subcarrier fc/16
OOK BPSK
bit rate
Manchester NRZ-L
of
fc/128
0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1
Load Modulation
Subcarrier fc/16
BPSK
bit rate
NRZ-L
of
fc/64
00101010 0 1
Load Modulation
bit rate
Subcarrier fc/16
of
BPSK
fc/32 NRZ-L
0000 1110000000 11 1
1 01
Load Modulation
Subcarrier fc/16
bit rate BPSK
NRZ-L
of
fc/16
0 0 0 0 0000 11 1 1 1 1 1100 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 01 1 1 1 1 111
Figure 2 — Example PICC to PCD communication signals for Type A and Type B interfaces
8 Communication signal interface Type A
8.1 Communication PCD to PICC
8.1.1 Bit rate
The bit rate for the transmission during initialization and anticollision shall be fc/128 (~106 kbit/s).
The bit rate for the transmission after initialization and anticollision shall be one of the following:
⎯ fc/128 (~106 kbit/s),
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
⎯ fc/64 (~212 kbit/s),
⎯ fc/32 (~424 kbit/s),
⎯ fc/16 (~848 kbit/s).
8.1.2 Modulation
8.1.2.1 Modulation for a bit rate of fc/128
Communication from PCD to PICC for a bit rate of fc/128 shall use the modulation principle of ASK 100 % of
the RF operating field to create a PauseA as shown in Figure 3.
The envelope of the PCD field shall decrease monotonically to less than 5 % of its initial value H and
INITIAL
remain less than 5 % for more than t . This envelope shall comply with Figure 3.
2
If the envelope of the PCD field does not decrease monotonically, the time between a local maximum and the
time of passing the same value before the local maximum shall not exceed 0,5 µs. This shall only apply if the
local maximum is greater than 5 % of H .
INITIAL
The PauseA length t is the time between 90 % of the falling edge and 5 % of the rising edge of the H-field
1
signal envelope.
In case of an overshoot the field shall remain within 90 % of H and 110 % of H .
INITIAL INITIAL
Envelope of
PCD field signal
Start of t
1
H/H
INITIAL
110 %
100 %
90 %
End of t
3
60 %
Start of t
2
End of t
4
t
5 %
0
End of t and t
1 2
Start of t and t
3 4
t
4
t
2
t t
1 3
.
Figure 3 — PauseA for a bit rate of fc/128
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ISO/IEC 14443-2:2010(E)
The PCD shall generate a PauseA with timing parameters defined in Table 3.
Table 3 — PCD transmission: PauseA timing parameters for a bit rate of fc/128
Parameter Condition Min Max
t 28/fc 40,5/fc
1
t > 34/fc 7/fc
1
t t
2 1
t ≤ 34/fc 10/fc
1
t 1,5 × t 16/fc
3 4
t 0 6/fc
4
NOTE 1 PCD implementations may be restricted to generate a PauseA with values of t = n/fc (n = integer). Therefore
1
measurement of t should be ro
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