ISO/IEC 15415:2011
(Main)Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Bar code symbol print quality test specification — Two-dimensional symbols
Information technology — Automatic identification and data capture techniques — Bar code symbol print quality test specification — Two-dimensional symbols
ISO/IEC 15415:2011 specifies two methodologies for the measurement of specific attributes of two-dimensional bar code symbols, one of these being applicable to multi-row bar code symbologies and the other to two-dimensional matrix symbologies; defines methods for evaluating and grading these measurements and deriving an overall assessment of symbol quality; gives information on possible causes of deviation from optimum grades to assist users in taking appropriate corrective action. ISO/IEC 15415:2011 applies to those two-dimensional symbologies for which a reference decode algorithm has been defined, but its methodologies can be applied partially or wholly to other similar symbologies. While ISO/IEC 15415:2011 can be applied to direct part marks, it is possible that better correlation between measurement results and scanning performance will be obtained with ISO/IEC TR 29158 in combination with ISO/IEC 15415:2011.
Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques d'identification et de capture des données — Spécification de test de qualité d'impression des symboles de code à barres — Symboles bidimensionnels
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 15415
Second edition
2011-12-15
Information technology — Automatic
identification and data capture
techniques — Bar code symbol print
quality test specification — Two-
dimensional symbols
Technologies de l'information — Techniques automatiques
d'identification et de capture des données — Spécification de test de
qualité d'impression des symboles de code à barres — Symboles
bidimensionnels
Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2011
© ISO/IEC 2011
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3
5 Quality grading . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Expression of quality grades . 4
5.3 Overall Symbol Grade . 4
5.4 Reporting of symbol grade . 5
6 Measurement methodology for two-dimensional multi-row bar code symbols . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Symbologies with cross-row scanning ability . 6
6.2.1 Basis of grading . 6
6.2.2 Grade based on analysis of scan reflectance profile . 6
6.2.3 Grade based on Codeword Yield . 7
6.2.4 Grade based on unused error correction . 8
6.2.5 Grade based on codeword print quality . 9
6.2.6 Overall symbol grade . 10
6.3 Symbologies requiring row-by-row scanning . 11
7 Measurement methodology for two-dimensional matrix symbols . 11
7.1 Overview of methodology . 11
7.2 Obtaining the test images. 12
7.2.1 Measurement conditions . 12
7.2.2 Raw image . 12
7.2.3 Reference grey-scale image . 12
7.2.4 Binarised image . 13
7.3 Reference reflectivity measurements . 13
7.3.1 General requirements . 13
7.3.2 Light source . 13
7.3.3 Effective resolution and measuring aperture . 13
7.3.4 Optical geometry . 14
7.3.5 Inspection area . 16
7.4 Number of scans . 16
7.5 Basis of scan grading . 16
7.6 Grading procedure . 16
7.7 Additional reflectance check over extended area . 17
7.8 Image assessment parameters and grading . 17
7.8.1 Use of reference decode algorithm . 17
7.8.2 Decode . 17
7.8.3 Symbol Contrast . 18
7.8.4 Modulation and related measurements . 18
7.8.5 Fixed Pattern Damage . 21
7.8.6 Axial Nonuniformity . 21
7.8.7 Grid Nonuniformity . 22
7.8.8 Unused error correction . 23
7.8.9 Additional grading parameters . 23
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved iii
7.9 Scan grading .23
7.10 Overall Symbol Grade .24
7.11 Print growth .24
8 Measurement methodologies for composite symbologies .24
9 Substrate characteristics .25
Annex A (normative) Symbology-specific parameters and values for symbol grading .26
Annex B (informative) Symbol grading flowchart for two-dimensional matrix symbols .30
Annex C (informative) Interpreting the scan and symbol grades .31
Annex D (informative) Guidance on selection of grading parameters in application specifications .33
Annex E (informative) Substrate characteristics .39
Annex F (informative) Parameter grade overlay applied to two-dimensional symbologies .41
Bibliography .42
iv © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC 15415 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture techniques.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO/IEC 15415:2004), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO/IEC 15415:2004/Cor.1:2008.
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved v
Introduction
The technology of bar coding is based on the recognition of patterns encoded, in bars and spaces or in a
matrix of modules of defined dimensions, according to rules defining the translation of characters into such
patterns, known as the symbology specification. Symbology specifications may be categorised into those for
linear symbols, on the one hand, and two-dimensional symbols on the other; the latter may in turn be
sub-divided into “multi-row bar code symbols”, sometimes referred to as “stacked bar code symbols”, and
“two-dimensional matrix symbols”. In addition, there is a hybrid group of symbologies known as “composite
symbologies”; these symbols consist of two components carrying a single message or related data, one of
which is usually a linear symbol and the other a two-dimensional symbol positioned in a defined relationship
with the linear symbol.
Multi-row bar code symbols are constructed graphically as a series of rows of symbol characters, representing
data and overhead components, placed in a defined vertical arrangement to form a (normally) rectangular
symbol, which contains a single data message. Each symbol character has the characteristics of a linear bar
code symbol character and each row has those of a linear bar code symbol; each row, therefore, may be read
by linear symbol scanning techniques, but the data from all the rows in the symbol must be read before the
message can be transferred to the application software.
Two-dimensional matrix symbols are normally square or rectangular arrangements of dark and light modules,
the centres of which are placed at the intersections of a grid of two (sometimes more) axes; the coordinates of
each module need to be known in order to determine its significance, and the symbol must therefore be
analysed two-dimensionally before it can be decoded. Dot codes are a subset of matrix codes in which the
individual modules do not directly touch their neighbours but are separated from them by a clear space.
Unless the context requires otherwise, the term “symbol” in this International Standard may refer to either type
of symbology.
The bar code symbol must be produced in such a way as to be reliably decoded at the point of use, if it is to
fulfil its basic objective as a machine-readable data carrier.
Manufacturers of bar code equipment and the producers and users of bar code symbols therefore require
publicly available standard test specifications for the objective assessment of the quality of bar code symbols
(a process known as verification), to which they can refer when developing equipment and application
standards or determining the quality of the symbols. Such test specifications form the basis for the
development of measuring equipment fo
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