ISO 14693:2003

Petroleum and natural gas industries - Drilling and well-servicing equipment

ISO 14693:2003 provides general principles and specifies requirements for design, manufacture and testing of new drilling and well-servicing equipment and of replacement primary load-carrying components manufactured subsequent to the publication of ISO 14693:2003. ISO 14693:2003 is applicable to the following equipment: -- rotary tables; -- rotary bushings; -- rotary slips; -- rotary hoses; -- piston mud-pump components; -- drawworks components; -- spiders not capable of use as elevators; -- manual tongs; -- safety clamps not used as hoisting devices; -- power tongs, including spinning wrenches. Annex A gives a number of standardized supplementary requirements which apply only when specified.

Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équipement de forage et d'entretien des puits

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 07-Dec-2003
• ICS: 75.180.10 - Exploratory, drilling and extraction equipment
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 67/SC 4 - Drilling and production equipment
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 67/SC 4/WG 1 - Drilling equipment
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Start Date: 04-Apr-2025
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Relations

• Consolidates: ISO/R 94:1959 - Title missing - Legacy paper document
• Effective Date: 28-Feb-2023

Overview

ISO 14693:2003 - Petroleum and natural gas industries: Drilling and well‑servicing equipment - establishes general principles and mandatory requirements for the design, manufacture and testing of new drilling and well‑servicing equipment and replacement primary load‑carrying components produced after publication. The standard is intended to ensure mechanical integrity, safety and traceability for critical rig components used in onshore and offshore drilling operations.

What the standard covers

ISO 14693:2003 is applicable to key drilling components including:

• rotary tables, rotary bushings, rotary slips
• rotary hoses
• piston mud‑pump components
• drawworks components
• spiders (not used as elevators)
• manual and power tongs (including spinning wrenches)
• safety clamps (not used as hoisting devices)

The document includes normative annexes (e.g., Annex A) with optional supplementary requirements that apply only when specified.

Key technical topics and requirements

• Design requirements: definition of design conditions, strength analysis, size class designation, rating and load‑rating basis, design safety factors and shear strength considerations.
• Design verification: specified function, pressure and load tests (including proof and load tests), apparatus for verification, procedures for rating and for handling design changes.
• Materials and fabrication: material specification, mechanical properties, material qualification and chemical composition controls.
• Welding and heat treatment: welder and procedure qualification, documentation, consumables control, post‑weld heat treatment and repair weld requirements.
• Quality control and testing: inspection personnel qualifications, dimensional verification, proof load testing, hydrostatic and functional testing, and record retention.
• Marking and documentation: product marking requirements and documents to be retained/delivered with equipment.
• Supplementary guidance: informative annexes cover heat‑treatment qualification, US customary dimensions, pump nomenclature and maintenance guidance.

Practical applications and users

ISO 14693:2003 is used by:

• Equipment manufacturers and fabricators to design and certify drilling components.
• Procurement and QA/QC teams in oil & gas operators to specify acceptance criteria.
• Drilling engineers and rig managers for safe equipment selection and maintenance planning.
• Third‑party inspectors and certification bodies performing verification, testing and traceability audits.
• Maintenance and repair workshops for replacing primary load‑carrying components to compliant standards.

By following ISO 14693, organizations improve safety, interoperability and lifecycle reliability of drilling and well‑servicing equipment.

Related standards

• API Specification 7K (basis for this ISO standard)
• ISO 148 (Charpy impact)
• ISO 6892 (tensile testing)
• ISO 7500‑1 (testing machine verification)
• API Spec 5B (threading and gaging)

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14693
First edition
2003-12-15
Petroleum and natural gas industries —
Drilling and well-servicing equipment
Industries du pétrole et du gaz naturel — Équipement de forage et
d'entretien des puits
Reference number
©
ISO 2003
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©  ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
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ii © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms. 3
3.1 Terms and definitions. 3
3.2 Abbreviated terms. 5
4 Design . 5
4.1 Design conditions . 5
4.2 Strength analysis . 5
4.3 Size class designation. 7
4.4 Rating . 7
4.5 Load rating basis . 7
4.6 Design safety factor. 7
4.7 Shear strength. 8
4.8 Specific equipment . 8
4.9 Design documentation . 8
5 Design verification . 8
5.1 General. 8
5.2 Design verification function test . 9
5.3 Design verification pressure test . 9
5.4 Design verification load test . 10
5.5 Determination of rated load . 11
5.6 Alternative design verification test procedure and rating. 11
5.7 Design verification load-testing apparatus .12
5.8 Design changes. 12
5.9 Records. 12
6 Materials requirements. 12
6.1 General. 12
6.2 Written specifications. 12
6.3 Mechanical properties . 12
6.4 Material qualification . 13
6.5 Manufacture. 13
6.6 Chemical composition. 14
7 Welding requirements . 16
7.1 General. 16
7.2 Welding qualification . 16
7.3 Written documentation. 16
7.4 Control of consumables. 17
7.5 Weld properties . 17
7.6 Post-weld heat treatment . 17
7.7 Quality control requirements. 17
7.8 Specific requirements — Fabrication welds . 17
7.9 Specific requirements — Repair welds. 17
8 Quality control. 18
8.1 General. 18
8.2 Quality control personnel qualifications . 18
8.3 Measuring and test equipment . 18
8.4 Quality control for specific equipment and components.19
8.5 Dimensional verification.23
8.6 Proof load testing.23
8.7 Hydrostatic testing.24
8.8 Functional testing.24
9 Equipment .24
9.1 General .24
9.2 Rotary tables.25
9.3 Rotary bushings .26
9.4 Rotary slips .27
9.5 Spiders not capable of use as elevators.27
9.6 Safety clamps not used as a hoisting device.33
9.7 Manual tongs .33
9.8 Power tongs.34
9.9 Drawworks components.35
9.10 Rotary hose.36
9.11 Piston mud-pump components .37
9.12 Antifriction bearings .62
10 Marking.62
10.1 Product marking.62
10.2 Marking method.62
11 Documentation .63
11.1 Record retention.63
11.2 Documentation to be kept by the manufacturer .63
11.3 Documentation to be delivered with the equipment.63
Annex A (normative) Supplementary requirements.65
A.1 Introduction.65
A.2 SR1 — Proof load testing .65
A.3 SR2 — Low-temperature testing.65
A.4 SR2A — Additional low-temperature testing.65
A.5 SR3 — Data book.66
A.6 SR4 — Additional volumetric examination of castings.66
A.7 SR5 — Volumetric examination of wrought material.66
Annex B (informative) Guidance for qualification of heat-treatment equipment .67
B.1 Temperature tolerance.67
B.2 Furnace calibration .67
B.3 Instruments .68
Annex C (informative) Drilling machinery component dimensions expressed in US customary
units .69
Annex D (informative) Recommended piston mud-pump nomenclature and maintenance .75
D.1 Piston mud-pump nomenclature .75
D.2 Old designs .75
D.3 Types .75
D.4 Designation .75
Bibliography.81

iv © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 14693 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures
for petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, Subcommittee SC 4, Drilling and production
equipment.
Introduction
International Standard ISO 14693 is based upon API Specification 7K (3rd edition).
Users of this International Standard should be aware that further or differing requirements may be needed for
individual applications. This International Standard is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the
purchaser from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the individual application. This
may be particularly applicable where there is innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is
offered, the vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and provide details.

vi © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14693:2003(E)

Petroleum and natural gas industries — Drilling and
well-servicing equipment
1 Scope
This International Standard provides general principles and specifies requirements for design, manufacture
and testing of new drilling and well-servicing equipment and of replacement primary load-carrying components
manufactured subsequent to the publication of this International Standard.
This International Standard is applicable to the following equipment:
a) rotary tables;
b) rotary bushings;
c) rotary slips;
d) rotary hoses;
e) piston mud-pump components;
f) drawworks components;
g) spiders not capable of use as elevators;
h) manual tongs;
i) safety clamps not used as hoisting devices;
j) power tongs, including spinning wrenches.
Annex A gives a number of standardized supplementary requirements which apply only when specified.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 148, Steel — Charpy impact test (V-notch)
ISO 6892, Metallic materials — Tensile testing at ambient temperature
ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
API Spec 5B, Specification for threading, gaging and thread inspection of casing, tubing, and line pipe threads
1)
ANSI/AGMA 2004-B89, Gear Materials and Heat Treatment Manual
2) 3)
ANSI /ASME B1.1, Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
ANSI/ASME B1.2, Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads
4)
ANSI/AWS D1.1, Structural Welding Code — Steel
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V, Nondestructive Examination
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure
Vessels
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section IX, Welding and Brazing Qualifications
5)
ASNT TC-1A, Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive
Testing
6)
ASTM A 370, Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products
ASTM A 388, Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Heavy Steel Forgings
ASTM A 751, Standard Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemical Analysis of Steel Products
ASTM A 770, Standard Specification for Through-Thickness Tension Testing of Steel Plates for Special
Applications
ASTM E 4, Standard Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
ASTM E 125, Standard Reference Photographs for Magnetic Particle Indications on Ferrous Castings
ASTM E 165, Standard Test Method for Liquid Penetrant Examination
ANSI/ASTM E 186, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (2 to 4 1/2-in. (51 to 114-mm)) Steel
Castings
ANSI/ASTM E 280, Standard Reference Radiographs for Heavy-Walled (4 1/2 to 12-in. (114 to 305-mm))
Steel Castings
ASTM E 428, Standard Practice for Fabrication and Control of Steel Reference Blocks Used in Ultrasonic
Examination
ANSI/ASTM E 446, Standard Reference Radiographs for Steel Castings Up to 2 in. (51 mm) in Thickness
ASTM E 709, Standard Guide for Magnetic Particle Examination
AWS QC1, Certification of Welding Inspectors
EN 287 (all parts), Approval testing of welders — Fusion welding

1) American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA.
2) American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, NY 10018, USA
th
3) American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47 Street, New York, NY 10017, USA.
4) American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Box 351040, Miami, FL 33135, USA.
5) American Society for Nondestructive Testing, 4153 Arlingate Plaza, Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228, USA.
6) American Society for Testing and Materials, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, USA.
2 © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

7)
MSS SP-53, Quality Standard for Steel Castings and Forgings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and other
Piping Components — Magnetic Particle Examination Method
MSS SP-55, Quality Standard for Steel Castings for Valves, Flanges and Fittings and other Piping
Components- Visual Method for Evaluation of Surface Irregularities
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms, definitions and abbreviated terms apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
critical area
highly stressed regions on a primary load-carrying component
3.1.2
design load
sum of the static and dynamic loads that would induce the maximum allowable stress in the equipment
3.1.3
design safety factor
factor to account for a certain safety margin between the maximum allowable stress and the minimum
specified yield strength of the material
3.1.4
design verification test
test undertaken to validate the integrity of the design calculations used
3.1.5
dynamic load
load applied to the equipment due to acceleration effects
3.1.6
equivalent round
ER
standard for comparing variously shaped sections to round bars, used in determining the response to
hardening characteristics when heat-treating low-alloy and martensitic corrosion-resistant steels
3.1.7
identical design concept
property of a family of units whereby all units of the family have similar geometry in the primary load-carrying
areas
3.1.8
linear indication
indication, revealed by non-destructive examination, having a length at least three times its width
3.1.9
maximum allowable stress
specified minimum yield strength divided by the design safety factor

7) Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and Fittings Industry; 127 Park Street NE; Vienna, VA 22180;
USA.
3.1.10
primary load
load that arises within the equipment when the equipment is performing its primary design function
3.1.11
primary load-carrying component
component of the equipment through which the primary load is carried
3.1.12
proof load test
production load test undertaken to validate the structural soundness of the equipment
3.1.13
rated load
maximum operating load, both static and dynamic, to be applied to the equipment
NOTE The rated load is numerically equivalent to the design load.
3.1.14
rated speed
rate of rotation, motion or velocity as specified by the manufacturer
3.1.15
repair
removal of defects from, and refurbishment of, a component or assembly by welding during the manufacturing
process
NOTE The term “repair”, as referred to in this International Standard, applies only to the repair of defects in materials
during the manufacture of new equipment.
3.1.16
rounded indication
indication, revealed by nondestructive examination, with a circular or elliptical shape and having a length less
than three times its width
3.1.17
safe working load
design load reduced by the dynamic load
3.1.18
size class
designation of the dimensional interchangeability of equipment specified herein
3.1.19
size range
range of tubular diameters to which an assembly is applicable
3.1.20
special process
operation that may change or affect the mechanical properties, including toughness, of the materials used in
the equipment
3.1.21
test unit
prototype unit upon which a design verification test is conducted
4 © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

3.2 Abbreviated terms
HAZ heat-affected zone
NDE non-destructive examination
PWHT post-weld heat treatment
TIR total indicated runout
4 Design
4.1 Design conditions
Drilling equipment shall be designed, manufactured and tested such that it is in every respect fit for its
intended purpose. The equipment shall safely transfer the load for which it is intended. The equipment shall
be designed for safe operation.
The following design conditions shall apply:
 the design load and the safe working load are defined as in Clause 3. The operator of the equipment shall
be responsible for the determination of the safe working load for specific operations;
 unless changed by a supplementary requirement (see Annex A, SR2 and SR2A), the design and
minimum operating temperature for rotary tables, rotary slips, power tongs and drawworks is 0 °C (32 °F).
The design and minimum operating temperature for safety clamps, spiders and manual tongs is −20 °C
(−4 °F), unless changed by a supplementary requirement.
CAUTION — Use of equipment covered by this International Standard at rated loads and temperatures
below the design temperatures noted above is not recommended unless appropriate materials with
the required toughness properties at lower design temperatures have been used in the manufacture of
the equipment (see Annex A, SR2 and SR2A).
4.2 Strength analysis
4.2.1 General
The equipment design analysis shall address excessive yielding, fatigue or buckling as possible modes of
failure.
The strength analysis shall be based on the elastic theory. Alternatively, ultimate strength (plastic) analysis
may be used where justified by design documentation.
All forces that may govern the design shall be taken into account. For each cross-section to be considered,
the most unfavorable combination, position, and direction of forces shall be used.
4.2.2 Simplified assumptions
Simplified assumptions regarding stress distribution and stress concentration may be used, provided that
assumptions are made in accordance with generally accepted practice or based on sufficiently comprehensive
experience or tests.
4.2.3 Empirical relationships
Empirical relationships may be used in lieu of analysis, provided such relationships are supported by
documented strain gauge test results that verify the stresses within the component. Equipment or components
which, by their design, do not permit the attachment of strain gauges to verify the design shall be qualified by
testing in accordance with 5.6.
4.2.4 Equivalent stress
The strength analysis shall be based on elastic theory. The nominal equivalent stress, according to the Von
Mises-Hencky theory, caused by the design load shall not exceed the maximum allowable stress σ as
allow
calculated by Equation (1).
S
Ymin
σ = (1)
allow
F
DS
where
S is the specified minimum yield strength;
Ymin
F is the design safety factor.
DS
4.2.5 Ultimate strength (plastic) analysis
An ultimate strength (plastic) analysis may be performed under any one of the following conditions:
a) for contact areas;
b) for areas of highly localized stress concentrations caused by part geometry, and other areas of high
stress gradients where the average stress in the section is less than or equal to the maximum allowable
stress as defined in 4.2.4.
In such areas, the elastic analysis shall govern for all values of stress below the average stress.
In the case of plastic analysis, the nominal equivalent stress according to the Von Mises-Hencky theory shall
not exceed the maximum allowable stress σ as calculated by Equation (2).
allow
S
ULTmin
σ = (2)
allow
F
DS
where
S is the specified minimum ultimate tensile strength;
ULTmin
F is the design safety factor.
DS
4.2.6 Stability analysis
The stability analysis shall be carried out according to generally accepted theories of buckling.
4.2.7 Fatigue analysis
The fatigue analysis shall be based on a time period of not less than 20 years, unless otherwise agreed.
The fatigue analysis shall be carried out according to generally accepted theories. A method that may be used
is defined in reference [3].
6 © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

4.3 Size class designation
The size class designation for equipment shall represent dimensional interchangeability in accordance with
Clause 9.
4.4 Rating
4.4.1 Rotary tables, spiders, manual and power tongs furnished under this International Standard shall be
rated in accordance with the requirements specified herein.
4.4.2 The static ratings for all bearings within the primary load path shall meet or exceed the rated load for
the equipment.
4.4.3 Power and manual tongs shall be assigned torque ratings by the manufacturer for all configurations
for which the tong is designed.
4.5 Load rating basis
The load rating shall be based on:
a) the design safety factor as specified in 4.6;
b) the minimum specified yield strength of the material used in the primary load-carrying components;
c) the stress distribution as determined by design calculations and/or data developed in a design verification
load test as specified in 5.6.
4.6 Design safety factor
4.6.1 Design safety factor for spiders shall be established as follows:
Load rating Design safety factor
R F
DS
3,00
< 1 334 kN (150 short tons)
a
1 334 kN to 4 448 kN (150 short tons to 500 short tons) inclusive
3,00 – 0,75(R – 1 334)/3 114
b
3,00 – 0,75(R – 150)/350
2,25
> 4 448 kN (500 short tons)
a
In this formula, the value of R shall be expressed in SI units of kilonewtons.

b
In this formula, the value of R shall be expressed in USC units of short tons.
The design safety factor is intended as a design criterion and shall not under any circumstances be construed
as allowing loads on the equipment in excess of the rated load.
4.6.2 The minimum design safety factor of structural components in the primary load path of rotary tables
shall be 1,67.
4.6.3 The minimum design safety factor for manual tongs, jaws, and snub-line attachments of power tongs
shall be established as follows:
Torque rating Design safety factor
R F
DS
u 41 kN⋅m (30 × 10 ft-lb) 3,00
3 3 a
> 41 kN⋅m (30 × 10 ft-lb) to 136 kN⋅m (100 × 10 ft-lb) 3,00 – 0,75 (R – 41)/95
3 3 b
3,00 – 0,75(R – 30 × 10 )/(70 × 10 )
W 136 kN⋅m (100 × 10 ft-lb) 2,25

a
In this formula, the value of R shall be expressed in SI units of kilonewton metres.

b
In this formula, the value of R shall be expressed in USC units of foot-pounds.
4.7 Shear strength
For purposes of design calculations involving shear, the ratio of yield strength in shear to yield strength in
tension shall be 0,58.
4.8 Specific equipment
See Clause 9 for equipment-specific design requirements.
4.9 Design documentation
Documentation of design shall include methods, assumptions, calculations, and design requirements. Design
requirements shall include but not be limited to those criteria for size, test and operating pressures, material,
environmental and specification requirements, and other pertinent requirements upon which the design is to
be based.
The requirements also apply to design change documentation.
5 Design verification
5.1 General
To ensure the integrity of the design and supporting calculations, equipment shall be subject to design
verification testing when required in Clause 9.
Design verification testing shall be performed in accordance with documented procedures.
Design verification testing shall be carried out or certified by personnel who are independent of those having
direct responsibility for the design and manufacture of the product and are qualified to perform their task.
Design verification testing may consist of one or more of the listed tests as required by the specific equipment
clauses of this International Standard:
a) function testing;
b) pressure testing;
c) load testing.
8 © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

5.2 Design verification function test
5.2.1 Sampling of test units
One unit of each model of equipment shall be subjected to function testing if the equipment transmits force,
motion or energy by means of continued movement of the equipment parts.
5.2.2 Test procedure
The manufacturer shall establish a procedure documenting the duration, applied load and speed of the test.
For equipment designed for continuous operation, the test unit shall be operated at rated speed for a minimum
of 2 h. For equipment designed for intermittent or cyclical operation, the test unit shall be operated at rated
speed and established duty cycles equivalent to 2 h operation or ten duty cycles, whichever is greater, unless
otherwise specified by Clause 9.
5.2.3 Qualification
The unit shall operate without noted loss of power. The temperature of the bearings and lubrication oil shall be
within acceptable limits as established by the design and documented in the test procedure.
5.3 Design verification pressure test
5.3.1 Sampling of test units
Each design of pressure-containing items or, as defined in Clause 9, primary load-carrying components,
where the primary load is pressure, shall be hydrostatically tested for design verification. Hydraulic power
transmission components are excluded from this test.
5.3.2 Test procedure
The test pressure shall be 1,5 times the maximum rated operating pressure. Cold water, water with additives,
or the fluid normally used in actual service shall be used as the test fluid. Tests shall be performed on the
completed part or assembly before painting.
The hydrostatic test shall be applied for two cycles. Each cycle shall consist of the following four steps:
a) the primary pressure-holding period;
b) the reduction of the test pressure to zero;
c) thorough drying of all external surfaces of the item being tested;
d) the secondary pressure-holding period.
The pressure-holding periods shall not start until the test pressure has been reached, and the equipment and
pressure-monitoring gauge isolated from the pressure source. The pressure-holding periods shall not be less
than 3 min.
5.3.3 Qualification
After each test cycle, the test item shall be carefully inspected for the absence of leakage or permanent
deformation. Failure to meet this requirement, or premature failure, shall be the cause for a complete
reassessment of the design, followed by repetition of the test.
5.3.4 Individual parts
Individual parts of the unit may be tested separately if the test fixture duplicates the loading conditions
applicable to the part in the assembled unit.
5.4 Design verification load test
5.4.1 Design verification load test
When required by the specific equipment paragraphs of Clause 9, equipment shall be subjected to a design
verification load test.
5.4.2 Sampling of test units
To qualify design stress calculations applied to a family of units with an identical design concept but of varying
sizes and ratings, one of the following options shall apply:
a) a minimum of three units of the design shall be subjected to design verification load testing. The test units
shall be selected from the lower end, middle, and upper end of the load rating range;
b) alternatively, the required number of test units can be established on the basis that each test unit also
qualifies one load rating above and one below that of the selected test unit. (This option would generally
apply to limited product rating ranges.)
5.4.3 Test procedure
The test procedure is as follows.
a) An assembled test unit shall be loaded to the maximum rated load. After this load has been released, the
unit shall be checked for its intended design functions. The function of all of the equipment parts shall not
be impaired by this loading.
b) Strain gauges shall be applied to the test unit at all places where high stresses are anticipated, provided
that the configuration of the unit permits such techniques. The use of finite-element analysis, models,
brittle lacquer, and so forth, is recommended to confirm the proper location of the strain gauges. Three-
element strain gauges are recommended in critical areas to permit determination of the shear stresses
and to eliminate the need for exact orientation of the gauges.
c) The design verification test load to be applied to the test unit shall be determined as follows:
Design verification test load = 0,8 × R × F , but not less than 2R (3)
DS
where
R is the load rating in kilonewtons (short tons) or kilonewton metres (foot-pounds), as applicable;
F is the design safety factor as defined in 3.1.3 and 4.6.
DS
d) The test unit shall be loaded to the design verification test load. This test load should be applied
incrementally, reading the strain gauge values and observing for evidence of yielding. The test unit may
be loaded as many times as necessary to obtain adequate data.
e) The stress values computed from the strain gauge readings shall not exceed the values obtained from
design calculations (based on the design verification test load) by more than the uncertainty of the testing
apparatus specified in 5.7. Failure to meet this requirement, or premature failure of any test unit, shall be
a cause for complete reassessment of the design, followed by additional testing of an identical number of
test units as originally required, including a test unit of the same load rating as the one that failed.
10 © ISO 2003 – All rights reserved

f) Upon completion of the design verification load test, the test unit shall be disassembled and the
dimensions of each primary load-carrying component checked for evidence of permanent deformation.
g) Individual parts of a test unit may be load-tested separately if the holding fixtures duplicate the loading
conditions applicable to the part in the assembled unit.
5.5 Determination of rated load
The rated load shall be determined from the results of the design verification load test and/or stress
distribution calculations required by Clause 4. The stresses at that rating shall not exceed the maximum
allowable stress. Localized yielding shall be permitted at areas of contact. In a unit that has been design
verification load-tested, the critical permanent deformation determined by strain gauges or other suitable
means shall not exceed 0,2 % except in contact areas. If the stresses exceed the allowable values, the
affected part or parts shall be redesigned to obtain the desired rating. Stress distribution calculations may be
used to load-rate the equipment only if the stress values determined in the analysis are no less than the
stresses observed during the design verification load test.
5.6 Alternative design verification test procedure and rating
Destructive testing of the test unit may be used, provided the yield and tensile strengths of the material used
in the equipment have been determined. This may be accomplished using tensile test specimens from the
same heat and heat treatment lot as the parts represented, and meeting the requirements of ISO 6892 or
ASTM A 370.
Each component of an assembly shall be qualified under the most unfavorable loading configuration.
Components may be qualified using either of the following methods.
a) The ratio T shall be computed for each component in the assembly. The smallest of these ratios shall be
R
used in the equations.
b) Each component may be load-tested separately if the holding fixtures duplicate the loading conditions
applicable. In this case, the ratio, T , used for each test shall be that computed for the specific
R
component tested.
T
R
RL=× (4)
b
F
DS
S
Ymin
T = (5)
R
S
ULTa
where
L is the breaking load;
b
S is the specified minimum yield strength;
Ymin
S is the actual tensile strength;
ULTa
F is the design safety factor (4.6);
DS
R is the load rating.
Since this method of design qualification is not derived from stress calculations, qualification shall be limited to
the specific model, size, size range, and rating tested.
5.7 Design verification load-testing apparatus
The loading apparatus used to duplicate the working load on the test unit shall be calibrated in accordance
with ISO 7500-1 or ASTM E 4 so as to ensure that the prescribed test load is obtained. For loads exceeding
3 560 kN (400 tons), the load-testing apparatus may be verified with calibration devices traceable to a Class A
calibration device and having an uncertainty of less than 2,5 %.
Test fixtures shall load the unit (or part) in the same manner as in actual service, and with the same areas of
contact on the load-bearing surface. All equipment used to load the unit (or part) shall be verified as to its
capability to perform the test.
5.8 Design changes
When any change in design or manufacture is made that changes the calculated load rating, supportive
design verification testing in conformance with this clause shall be carried out. The manufacturer shall
evaluate all changes in design or manufacture to determine whether the calculated load ratings are affected.
This evaluation shall be documented.
5.9 Records
All design verification records and supporting data shall be subject to the same controls as specified for
design documentation in Clause 11.
6 Materials requirements
6.1 General
This clause describes the various material qualification, property, and processing requirements for primary
load-carrying and pressure-containing components unless otherwise specified.
6.2 Written specifications
Materials used in the manufacture of primary load-carrying components of equipment to which this
International Standard is applicable shall conform to a written specification that meets or exceeds the design
requirements.
6.3 Mechanical properties
6.3.1 Impact toughness
Impact testing shall be in accordance with ISO 148 (Charpy) or ASTM A 370.
When it is necessary for subsize impact test pieces to be used, the acceptance criteria shall be multiplied by
the appropriate adjustment factor listed in Table 1. Subsize tes
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