ISO/DIS 12651-1

Electronic document management -- Vocabulary

Gestion électronique de documents -- Vocabulaire

Standards Content (sample)

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 12651-1
ISO/TC 171/SC 3 Secretariat: BSI
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2006-12-13 2007-05-13

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION • МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ • ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION

Electronic document management — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Electronic document imaging
Gestion électronique de documents — Vocabulaire —
Partie 1: Imagerie documentaire électronique
(Revision of ISO 12651:1999)
ICS 01.040.37; 37.080

In accordance with the provisions of Council Resolution 15/1993 this document is circulated in

the English language only.

Conformément aux dispositions de la Résolution du Conseil 15/1993, ce document est distribué

en version anglaise seulement.

To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.

ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at publication

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Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du

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THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE

REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.

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WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
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ISO/DIS 12651-1
Contents Page

Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... iv

Scope 1

Terms and definitions.................................................................................................................................. 1

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ISO/DIS 12651-1
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies

(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO

technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been

established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and

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International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.

International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards

adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an

International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent

rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

ISO 12651-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 171, Document imaging applications,

Subcommittee SC 3, General issues.

ISO 12651 consists of the following parts, under the general title Electronic document management —

Vocabulary:
 Part 1: Electronic document imaging
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DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 12651-1
Electronic document management — Vocabulary —
Part 1:
Electronic document imaging
Scope

This part of ISO 12651 defines terms and concepts relevant to electronic document imaging and identifies

relationships among the entries. In order to facilitate their translation into other languages, the definitions are

drafted to avoid, as far as possible, any peculiarity attached to a language.

This part of ISO 12651 is intended to facilitate communication in the field of electronic document management

and is limited to document management elements within the scope of TC171, Document imaging applications.

Additionally, it provides information to users related to technical reports, guidelines, and standards developed

for technologies commonly available in document management systems.

The term electronic document management used throughout this document is intended as an "all-

encompassing" term referring to inputting technologies (scanning, indexing, Optical Character Recognition

(OCR), forms, digital creation, etc.), management technologies (document services, workflow, and other work

management tools), and storage (primarily optical/magnetic) technologies.
Terms and definitions
aberration
defect in the formation of an optical image
EXAMPLES astigmatism, chromatic aberration, curvature of field
ablative

deformation created by a high-powered laser during write operation that burns or melts the surface

NOTE 1 Also known as a pit.

NOTE 2 During read operations the laser is used at low power; the laser light is reflected differently from the

unrecorded area and from the pit. The change in reflection provides the information.

addressability

number of discrete pixels that can be addressed using a co-ordinate system on a display or in the devices

supporting a display
EXAMPLE 1,600 x 1,200

NOTE The triads in a cathode ray tube display are normally much smaller than the addressable pixel. The addressable

pixel is often smaller than individually distinguished by the human eye.
analogue monitor
device that uses an analogue signal

NOTE 1 The voltage that determines the brightness of each colour component varies continuously.

NOTE 2 Capable in theory of displaying an infinite number of shades of the primary colours.

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analogue transmission

transmission of electronic signals analogous to tonal variations constituting the

content of a document page or any form of original graphics
analogue transmission

representation of visual tonal variations at the input of a scanning system by proportional variations

in strength or frequency of a transmitted electrical current
analogue/digital
A/D (abbreviation)

process of converting a continuous electrical current or signal into a discrete digital form

antiglare filter

coating on the face of a cathode ray tube (CRT) that contains anti-glare material

NOTE Usually takes the form of an anti-glare screen placed in front of the face of the display tube or an etched glass

surface that reduces glare.
aperture card scanner
device for scanning microimages in aperture cards
NOTE Some scanners can also read information on the card.
aspect ratio
ratio of the height to width of a rectangle

NOTE When an image is displayed on different screens or on paper or microform, the aspect ratio must be kept the

same. Otherwise, the image will be “stretched” either vertically or horizontally.

automatic document feeder

mechanical device used to feed document pages sequentially into a camera or scanner transport system for

capture
NOTE It may also position the document.
automatic feed mechanism

powered mechanical device used to advance documents, film, or paper from a stack into the transport of the

system
auxiliary operation

supplementary activity to the primary operations of an information and image management system

EXAMPLES film cleaning, splicing, mounting, packaging, loading, coding
backfile
document and file related to prior transactions that are retained in an archive
backfile conversion

process of scanning, indexing, and inspecting a large existing collection of documents

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backup
means of protecting valuable information and data
NOTE Backup may take the form of:
1) duplicating tapes or disks on which information is stored;

2) providing a system with an alternate power source to protect data in volatile memory in the event of a power

failure; and/or
3) providing a redundant system.
bar code

a visual representation of numbers, characters, and other symbols using a sequence of vertical bars and

spaces

NOTE There are several bar codes (called symbologies) serving different uses, industries, or geographic needs.

bar code scanner
device used to read bar codes by means of reflected light
bar-code symbol

machine-generated and readable representation of data (usually numeric) in the form of a printed series of

contrasting parallel bars of various widths, spacing, and/or heights
batch processing

technique in which a number of similar data or transactions are collected over a period of time and aggregated

(batched) for sequential processing as a group during a machine run
bit-mapped image
image derived from a bit-map
bitonal
having pixels that are only 1 bit

NOTE A bitonal image has two intensity values (0 and 1), corresponding to black and white.

black-and-white scanner
scanner that generates black or white output
NOTE Additional software allows generation of levels of grey.
bleed-through

undesired appearance of information from the back of a document when its front is photographed or scanned

blocking

intentional grouping of multiple logical data records into a larger physical record for

more efficient input and output
blocking
unintentional adhesion of adjacent sheets of film or paper
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ISO/DIS 12651-1
browsing

system's ability to find an undefined feature or set of features in a database or in a document in a collection

cache
small high-speed memory used for temporary storage of frequently used data

NOTE 1 Reduces the time it would take to access data, since it no longer has to be retrieved from slower media.

NOTE 2 Often used between processor and memory, or between memory and disk.
cache storage

temporary storage, usually magnetic, which provides rapid access to data or instructions

CD-ROM mastering process

creation of the first recording (the master) in the compact disc-read only memory replication process

character recognition
identification of graphic characters by automatic means
charge coupled device scanner
CCD scanner (abbreviation)

scanner that incorporates a light sensitive semiconductor device that can collect, store, and move electric

charges in packets
clipped pixel array

actual pixel array to be imaged as determined by taking account of all clipping parameters

clipping

determining the sub-region of the entire pixel array, as described by the content portion, which is

to be considered by the content layout and imaging processes

NOTE It consists of two co-ordinate pairs. The first pair specifies the first pixel that is part of the selected array. The

second pair specifies the last pixel that is part of the selected array.
clipping

thresholding of a signal usually due to limited dynamic range of a sensor

NOTE Signals that fall on the Dmin or Dmax portion of film are clipped because the film's input dynamic range is not

large enough.
colour, continuous tone

ability to display or print a range of colours or varying shades of the same colour

NOTE The colour range is dependent on the number of bits assigned to each primary colour. For example, if each of

the three primary colours (red, green, blue) was represented by 8 bits, thus capable of 256 levels of colour for each of the

primary colours, the display would be capable of producing 16 million colours. If more than 15 bits are used to describe the

colour, most people cannot distinguish between similar colours, thus providing the appearance of continuous tone.

compact disk–read only memory
CD-ROM (abbreviation)

optical disc, conforming to compact disc specifications, created by a mastering process and used for

distributing read-only information
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compact disk recordable
CD-R (abbreviation)

optical disc, conforming to compact disc specifications, on which data can be recorded by the user once and

read many times
compound document
document that contains information in several formats
EXAMPLE Text, graphics, and images in a single document.
compression ratio

relationship of the total bits used to represent the original to the total number of encoded bits

computer output laser disk
COLD (abbreviation)

technology used to store computer generated reports in a computer based accessible format through the use

of virtual printers or other technology that captures the report as it is generated/printed

NOTE This term has been updated to be Enterprise Report Management (63).
continuous-tone

photographic copy that contains a varying gradation of grey densities between black and white

contrast
ratio of on pixel brightness to off pixel brightness

NOTE The off pixel brightness is not zero but rather the reflection of the ambient light by the background of the display.

The greater the ambient light, the greater the contrast must be to result in the perceived contrast ratio.

data input device
tool used to import or enter data into a database
EXAMPLES keyboard, scanner, fax, OCR
data output device
tool used to communicate information that is created from the system
EXAMPLES monitors, printers, fax machines, e-mail
digitisation

use of a scanner to convert documents (on paper or microforms) to digitally coded electronic images suitable

for electronic storage
digitise
use of a scanner to convert documents to digitally coded electronic images
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digitiser
device for the digitisation of a document
[ISO/IEC 2382-13]

NOTE This term is often used, by extension, to refer to a device that allows both the scanning and the actual

digitisation of the document
digitising
conversion of an image or signal into binary code
dithering

method of simulating shades of grey using different patterns of black and white pixels within a cell or

simulating colours by using patterns of other (often-primary) colours
[ISO/IEC 2382-13]
document preparation
steps to ready documents for filming or scanning
EXAMPLES removing paper clips, staples, and bindings and sorting by categories
document scanner
optical reader that scans and converts images into digital form
document service

component, module, or application supporting and/or providing authoring, check-in/check-out, and version

control capabilities along with other features necessary to create, manage, update, and secure document

based information in an automated fashion
document profile
set of attributes which specifies the characteristics of a document as a whole
[ISO/IEC 2382-23]
dots per inch
dpi (abbreviation)
measure of output device resolution and quality
EXAMPLE number of pixels per inch on display device
NOTE Measures the number of dots horizontally and vertically.
dropout ink
ink that cannot be detected by a scanner

NOTE 1 A scanner’s light source (used to illuminate a form) may be blind to a specific colour, or the ink colour may be

filtered out of the light source.

NOTE 2 For best results the dropout ink colour must be closely matched to the equipment that will scan the document

using the ink, so it must be selected in collaboration with the imaging equipment manufacturer.

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edge enhancement
technique for sharpening the appearance of line edges on an electronic image
Electronic Document Management System
EDMS (abbreviation)

system utilizing and/or integrating the core underlying technologies including: document imaging, document

services, workflow, Enterprise Report Management (ERM), forms management, and Optical Character

Recognition (OCR)/Intelligent Character Recognition (ICR)
electronic image
digital representation of a document
electronic image grey scaling

production of an electronic image representing the image contents in shades of grey converting continuous-

tone images into a limited number of grey shades
electronic imaging
electronic image management

conversion of analogue information into digital format and subsequent storage in a fashion facilitating

computer based retrieval based on specified index information
enhancement

technique for processing an image so that the result is visually clearer than the original image

Enterprise Content Management
ECM (abbreviation)

the technologies used to capture, manage, store, preserve, and deliver content and documents related to

organizational processes
Enterprise Report Management
ERM (abbreviation)

technology used to store computer generated reports in a computer based accessible format through the use

of virtual printers or other technology to capture the report as it is generated/printed

expunge

completely remove a document/image/file and its indexing from a computer system, leaving no evidence of it

ever appearing on the system
extended-term storage conditions

storage conditions suitable for the preservation of recorded information having permanent value

flat-bed scanner
device for scanning that has a flat surface for input material

NOTE Generally used for scanning bound, damaged material, slick type paper or small pieces of paper.

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flying aperture scanner

scanner in which light detection device is part of the scanning mechanism and traverses the document when

scanning
flying spot scanner
scanner in which a spot of light traverses a document when scanning
formatting

initialisation of a data medium so that a particular computer system can store data in and subsequently

retrieve data from the medium
forms overlay

printer feature by which a set of standard form images may be stored in the printer or computer and

selectively overlaid on variable data to be printed in specified locations of the form

forms removal

system (usually software) which removes a fixed overlay from a digitised image, leaving only the variable data

forward compatibility
upward compatibility

ability to move data from a more advanced version of a system or software package to a less advanced

version
frame

type of composite layout component that corresponds to a rectangular area within a page or another frame

grey scale
grey wedge
step tablet
capability to display varying levels of grey
EXAMPLE Usually represented as a number such as 16 levels of grey.

NOTE The grey levels are created by varying the strength of the electron beam. The higher the level of greyscale, the

smoother the transition from light to dark.
grey scale image
image formed of picture elements containing grey scale information
Group 3

ITU-T classification of digital facsimile devices that operate at one-minute speeds and use run-length coding

of image material to perform redundancy reduction
NOTE 1 These machines can also use bandwidth compression to enhance speed.

NOTE 2 The T.4 compression standard originally used with this fax definition is often incorrectly called Group 3

compression.
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Group 4

ITU-T classification of high-speed (56K bps) facsimile machines that require error free communications lines

and more extensive compression than Group 3

NOTE The T.6 compression standard originally used with this fax definition is often incorrectly called Group 4

compression.
halftone

technique of reproducing continuous-tone illustrations by photographing the image through an etched screen

NOTE The finer the screen (measured in lines per inch), the higher the quality of the resulting negative.

handprint character recognition
OCR technology designed to turn images of handprint characters into ASCII code
horizontal image resolution

an indicator of how many times a scanner or printing element stops along the width of a page

Huffman coding

data compression technique that assigns shorter bit sequences to frequently occurring symbols and longer bit

sequences to less frequent symbols
hypertext

database system in which various types of objects can be creatively linked to each other

NOTE Objects may include text, pictures, sound, video, or programs.
image
digital representation of a document
image acceptance sampling

random selection of document images from a collection to determine characteristics of the collection

EXAMPLES quality, image resolution
image compression
technique used to reduce the number of bits in an electronic image file
image conversion

operation of converting a human readable image on paper or a microform to a bit-map

image decompression
technique for restoration of an electronic image file from its compressed form
image offset

adjustment device of a scanner that allows the capture area to be moved relative to the area of information on

a document that is to be captured
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image resolution
number of pixels per unit of length of an image

NOTE See also horizontal image resolution (81) and vertical image resolution (211).

image server
computer on a network that controls access to the physical image storage
image-enabled

addition of electronic imaging capabilities through software at any data processing terminal, workstation, or

microcomputer
imaging

process of capturing, storing, and retrieving documents, regardless of original format, using micrographics

and/or electronic imaging
imaging area

area on which an output device can place a mark, most often expressed as the bounds of a rectangle

NOTE 1 On most electronic printing and imaging devices, this is smaller than the full sheet of paper, resulting in an

imaging (live) area smaller than the page size.

NOTE 2 Also refers to the area scanned by the laser writing beam of the printer or typesetter.

index

list of the contents of a file, document, or collection together with keys or references for locating the contents

indexing
identification of specific attributes of a document to facilitate retrieval
initialisation

operations required before the use of a data medium, the implementation of a process, or the starting of a

machine
input device

any device that converts data into electronic signals for processing on a computer system

EXAMPLES CRT/keyboard, OCR scanner, mouse
intelligent character recognition
ICR (abbreviation)

advanced form of OCR technology that may include capabilities such as learning fonts during processing or

using context to strengthen probabilities of correct recognition or that can recognise handprint characters

100
interlace

scanning mode in which every other line of the display is scanned on the first pass of the electron gun and

remaining lines are scanned on the second pass
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101
International Telecommunication Union – Telecommunication Standardization Sector
ITU-T (abbreviation)
international organisation that develops international communications standards

NOTE ITU-T replaces the Consultative Committee for International Telegraph and Telephone (CCITT).

102
Joint Bi-level Image Group
JBIG (abbreviation)

image compression algorithm adopted in 1993 as ITU standard T.82 and as ISO standard 11544

NOTE JBIG requires more compute power than the widely used T.4 or T.6 facsimile compression, but is somewhat

more efficient. It includes the capability for very efficient compression of half-tone images, and the ability to efficiently code

grey scale images with a small number of grey levels (by storing each grey level separately). It also includes an optional

progressive coding mode.
103
Joint Photographic Experts Group
JPEG (abbreviation)

image compression algorithm for colour and grey scale images adopted as ITU standard T.81 in 1992 and as

ISO standard 10918 in 1993

NOTE Provides both lossless and lossy compression, both sequential and progressive compression, the choice of

arithmetic or Huffman coding, and numerous other factors to optimise compression for a class of images and uses. JPEG

has been designated as the standard for compression of Group 3 colour faxes.
104
jukebox (optical)

device for the storage of multiple optical disks and their automatic selection and transportation to one or more

read/write drives
105
layer, protective

translucent layer on the disk provided for mechanical protection of the recording layer

106
layer, recording
layer of the disk on which information is recorded during manufacture and/or use
107
LE designation

rating for the life expectancy of recording materials and associated retrieval systems

EXAMPLE LE-100 indicates that information can be retrieved for at least 100 years of storage.

NOTE The number following the LE symbol is a prediction of the minimum life expectancy in years for which

information can be retrieved without significant loss when properly stored under extended-term storage conditions.

108
life expectancy
LE (abbreviation)

length of time that information is predicted to be retrievable in a system under extended-term storage

conditions
109
linearity
measure of actual distance versus computed distance in both the X and Y axis
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110
lines per inch
lines per mm

number of scanning or recording lines per unit length measured perpendicular to the direction of scanning

111
lossless compression

any compression algorithm that is capable of recalling all of the original information of a compressed image

112
lossy compression

any compression algorithm which loses some of the original information during compression so that the

decompressed data is only an approximation of the original

NOTE Especially useful in image compression, where details that are not perceptible, or are minimally perceptible, to

the human eye can be eliminated, normally with a dramatic increase in compression.

113
magnetic tape

continuous flexible recording medium, which has a base material impregnated or coated with a magnetic

material, on which data can be stored by selective polarisation of portions of the surface

114
magneto optic recording
MO recording (abbreviation)

recording data using a combination of magnetic and optical means to change the polarity of a magnetic field in

the recording medium and achieving high data density
NOTE Data is erasable and/or rewritable.
115
master (noun)
first copy of analogue or digital image, prior to any conversion or modification
NOTE Used for
...