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ISO 14839-5:2022

(Main)

Mechanical vibration — Vibration of rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings — Part 5: Touch-down bearings

Mechanical vibration — Vibration of rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings — Part 5: Touch-down bearings

This document gives guidelines for identifying: a) The typical architectures of touch-down bearing systems to show which components are likely to comprise such systems and which functions these components provide; NOTE Touch-down bearings are also known as “backup bearings”, “auxiliary bearings”, “catcher bearings” or “landing bearings”. Within this document, the term “touch-down bearings” is used exclusively as defined in ISO 14839‑1. b) The functional requirements for touch-down bearing systems so that clear performance targets can be set; c) Elements to be considered in the design of the dynamic system such that rotordynamic performance can be optimized, both for touch-down bearings and active magnetic bearings (AMBs); d) The environmental factors that have significant impact on touch-down bearing system performance allowing optimization of overall machine design; e) The AMB operational conditions that can give rise to contact within the touch-down bearing system so that such events can be considered as part of an overall machine design. It also considers failure modes within the AMB system that can give rise to a contact event. This ensures that the specification of the touch-down bearings covers all operational requirements; f) The most commonly encountered touch-down bearing failure modes and typical mechanisms for managing these events; g) Typical elements of a design process for touch-down bearing systems including the specification of load requirements, the sizing process, the analytical and simulation methods employed for design validation; h) The parameters to be taken into account when designing a touch-down bearing system acceptance test programme including the test conditions to be specified and the associated instrumentation to be used to ensure successful test execution; i) The condition monitoring and inspection methods that allow the status of in-service touch-down bearings to be evaluated and when necessary identifying the corrective actions to be taken; j) The factors to be considered when designing the maintenance regime for a touch-down bearing system including the actions to be taken after specified events have occurred together with any actions to be performed on a regular basis; k) The factors to be considered regarding other life cycle topics (e.g. obsolescence management, de-commissioning and disposal).

Vibrations mécaniques — Vibrations de machines rotatives équipées de paliers magnétiques actifs — Partie 5: Paliers d'arrêt

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Aug-2022
ICS
17.160 - Vibrations, shock and vibration measurements
Technical Committee
ISO/TC 108/SC 2 - Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock as applied to machines, vehicles and structures
Drafting Committee
ISO/TC 108/SC 2/WG 7 - Vibration of machines with active magnetic bearings
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
15-Aug-2022
Due Date
27-Feb-2022
Completion Date
15-Aug-2022
Ref Project

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ISO 14839-5:2022 - Mechanical vibration — Vibration of rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings — Part 5: Touch-down bearings Released:15. 08. 2022ISO 14839-5:2022 - Mechanical vibration — Vibration of rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings — Part 5: Touch-down bearings Released:15. 08. 2022
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ISO 14839-5:2022 - Mechanical vibration — Vibration of rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic bearings — Part 5: Touch-down bearings Released:15. 08. 2022
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14839-5
First edition
2022-08
Mechanical vibration — Vibration of
rotating machinery equipped with
active magnetic bearings —
Part 5:
Touch-down bearings
Vibrations mécaniques — Vibrations de machines rotatives équipées
de paliers magnétiques actifs —
Partie 5: Paliers d'arrêt
Reference number
ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
© ISO 2022

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 2
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 General structure and components .2
5 Functional targets . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 Design life . . 6
5.3 Clearance requirements . 6
5.4 Life-cycle requirements . 6
6 Touch-down bearing design considerations . 7
6.1 General . 7
6.2 Trigger events . 7
6.2.1 Overload due to abnormal process conditions . 7
6.2.2 AMB control instability . 8
6.2.3 Loss of power . 9
6.2.4 Failure in the AMB system . 10
6.2.5 Misoperation . 10
6.3 Transportation duty . 10
6.3.1 General . 10
6.3.2 AMBs without permanent magnets . . 11
6.3.3 AMBs with permanent magnets . 11
6.4 Failure modes . 12
6.4.1 General .12
6.4.2 Rolling element failure modes .12
6.4.3 Sliding bearing failure modes . 13
6.5 Environmental factors . 13
6.5.1 General .13
6.5.2 Corrosion resistance .13
6.5.3 Erosion resistance, particulate contamination . 14
6.5.4 Liquid contamination . 14
6.5.5 Operating temperature . 14
6.5.6 Available cooling flow . 14
6.6 Rotordynamic modelling considerations . 14
6.6.1 General . 14
6.6.2 Rotor and housing modelling requirements . 14
6.6.3 Touch-down bearing soft mount design considerations . . 16
6.6.4 Touch-down bearing clearance design considerations . 16
6.6.5 Friction between the rotor and touch-down bearing design considerations . 16
6.7 Contact classification/severity . 17
6.7.1 Contact duration . 17
6.7.2 Types of motion . 17
6.8 Control actions following touch-down bearing contact . 19
6.8.1 General . 19
6.8.2 AMB controller action . 19
6.8.3 Plant/variable-frequency drive control actions . 19
7 Design and design verification .19
7.1 General . 19
7.2 Design process details . 20
7.3 Documentation .30
8 Condition monitoring and damage estimation methods .30
8.1 General .30
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
8.2 Event detection and data capture . 30
8.2.1 Contact detection . 30
8.2.2 Contact event .30
8.3 Inspection . 31
8.3.1 General . 31
8.3.2 Common techniques in non-intrusive inspection . 31
8.3.3 Intrusive inspection . 32
8.4 Damage estimation .34
8.4.1 Event data .34
8.4.2 Inspection-based estimation . 35
8.4.3 Criteria for further operation .36
9 Maintenance and life cycle factors.37
9.1 General . 37
9.2 Inspection plan . 37
9.2.1 General . 37
9.2.2 Minimum intervention cycle . 37
9.3 Interventions . 37
9.3.1 Routine checks . 37
9.3.2 Predicted excessive damage accumulation .38
9.3.3 Contamination .39
9.4 Maintenance actions . .39
9.4.1 General .39
9.4.2 Touch-down-bearing refurbishment .39
9.4.3 Touch-down bearing replacement .40
9.5 Life-cycle factors . . 41
9.5.1 General . 41
9.5.2 Spare part management . . . 41
9.5.3 Decommissioning, recycling and disposal . 42
9.5.4 Obsolescence management . 42
Bibliography .43
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 108, Mechanical vibration, shock and
condition monitoring, Subcommittee SC 2, Measurement and evaluation of mechanical vibration and shock
as applied to machines, vehicles and structures.
A list of all parts in the ISO 14839 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
Mechanical vibration — Vibration of rotating machinery
equipped with active magnetic bearings —
Part 5:
Touch-down bearings
1 Scope
This document gives guidelines for identifying:
a) The typical architectures of touch-down bearing systems to show which components are likely to
comprise such systems and which functions these components provide;
NOTE Touch-down bearings are also known as “backup bearings”, “auxiliary bearings”, “catcher
bearings” or “landing bearings”. Within this document, the term “touch-down bearings” is used exclusively
as defined in ISO 14839-1.
b) The functional requirements for touch-down bearing systems so that clear performance targets
can be set;
c) Elements to be considered in the design of the dynamic system such that rotordynamic performance
can be optimized, both for touch-down bearings and active magnetic bearings (AMBs);
d) The environmental factors that have significant impact on touch-down bearing system performance
allowing optimization of overall machine design;
e) The AMB operational conditions that can give rise to contact within the touch-down bearing
system so that such events can be considered as part of an overall machine design. It also considers
failure modes within the AMB system that can give rise to a contact event. This ensures that the
specification of the touch-down bearings covers all operational requirements;
f) The most commonly encountered touch-down bearing failure modes and typical mechanisms for
managing these events;
g) Typical elements of a design process for touch-down bearing systems including the specification of
load requirements, the sizing process, the analytical and simulation methods employed for design
validation;
h) The parameters to be taken into account when designing a touch-down bearing system acceptance
test programme including the test conditions to be specified and the associated instrumentation to
be used to ensure successful test execution;
i) The condition monitoring and inspection methods that allow the status of in-service touch-down
bearings to be evaluated and when necessary identifying the corrective actions to be taken;
j) The factors to be considered when designing the maintenance regime for a touch-down bearing
system including the actions to be taken after specified events have occurred together with any
actions to be performed on a regular basis;
k) The factors to be considered regarding other life cycle topics (e.g. obsolescence management, de-
commissioning and disposal).
1
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2041, Mechanical vibration, shock and condition monitoring — Vocabulary
ISO 14839-1, Mechanical vibration — Vibration of rotating machinery equipped with active magnetic
bearings — Part 1: Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 2041 and ISO 14839-1 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
4 General structure and components
Rotating machinery equipped with AMBs is typically also equipped with touch-down bearings. These
touch-down bearings are intended to support the rotor when the AMB system is not activated or during
a failure or overload of the AMB system. In these instances, the touch-down bearings are required to
support the rotor until either levitation is recovered or the rotor is brought to zero rotational speed
without damaging to other parts of the machine.
During normal operation of the machinery, the touch-down bearings have a clearance with the rotor
and consequently do not apply force. The clearance at the touch-down bearings is typically the closest
clearance within the rotating machine. This ensures in the event of a problem with the AMB, when the
rotor moves away from its normal “centred” operating position, the first item to make contact between
the rotor and stator is the touch-down bearing. Such an event occurring during rotation is referred to
as a “touch-down event”, “landing event”, “contact event” or “drop event”. Such events have historically
been categorized by some vendors as either “hard” landings, where a full de-levitation from high speed
occurs or “soft” landings where either a partial de-levitation or a momentary contact occurs.
Touch-down bearings are required to constrain rotor movement in the degrees of freedom normally
constrained by the AMB system. In the case of a rotor with two radial AMBs and one axial AMB, the
touch-down bearings are required to constrain the associated five axes of movement. This is typically
achieved by using:
a) two radial touch-down bearings with a separate axial touch-down bearing;
b) two radial touch-down bearings, each with a single acting thrust face; or
c) one radial touch-down bearing with a combined radial/axial touch-down bearing.
Touch-down bearings use a range of technologies, such as:
d) stator mounted rolling element bearings;
e) rotor mounted rolling element bearings;
f) dry lubricated plain bushings;
g) dry lubricated pad construction;
h) foil bearings;
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
i) aero-static bearings;
j) fluid-film bearings; and
k) hybrids of technologies d) to j).
In most instances on large machines the touch-down bearing comprises of a rotor part (commonly
referred to as a landing sleeve) together with a stator part. The landing sleeve is intended to ensure that
no damage to the core shaft occurs on touch-down and typically is a replaceable item. An alternative
to the landing sleeve is to land directly on the shaft surface, which has a wear resistant coating or
treatment.
The stator part typically comprises a low-friction element, which contacts the landing surface and is
supported by a compliant element. The compliant element has an associated stiffness and damping
which is intended to improve vibration response during a touch-down event.
The compliant element can have these characteristics:
l) preload;
m) stiffness;
n) damping;
o) touch-down bearing hard-stop clearance.
When considering the minimum design clearance at any axial location, the total rotor motion at the
touch-down bearings, which includes the clearance and the touch-down bearing hard-stop clearance,
shall be considered together with other system stiffnesses and tolerances/concentricities. This is
discussed in Clause 6.
Schematic drawings of typical configurations are shown in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
3
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
Key
1 core shaft 6 preload spring
2 touch-down bearing housing 7 radial clearance
3 rolling element bearing 8 axial clearance
4 compliant element 9 landing surfaces (or sleeve)
5 hard stop clearance
Figure 1 — A typical configuration for a rolling element touch-down bearing installation
For dry bush type radial touch-down bearings as depicted in Figure 2, the landing surface may be
either a cylindrical bush (which moves as a single entity) or by articulated pads which are able to
move independently of each other. In both cases the moving element(s) are supported by one or more
compliant elements which provide both stiffness and damping within the hard stop clearance. In the
case of the pad arrangement, the compliant elements also provide a defined pre-load force. In both
cases the material of the landing surface may be optionally bonded to a backing material with suitable
mechanical properties.
The condition of the touch-down bearings can be of utmost importance in case of an AMB failure. The
touch-down bearings shall be able to safely bear the rotor during an event such as momentary contact
or a full rundown to standstill. The stringent operational demands, such as high acceleration rates and
high forces, lead to a very limited number of such events being allowed, thus the touch-down bearings
are considered consumable parts. However, replacing touch-down bearings which have not yet reached
the end of their lifetime should be avoided. Therefore, condition monitoring of touch-down bearings is
essential.
5 Functional targets
5.1 General
This clause introduces the functional requirements for a touch-down bearing system that would
typically be communicated by a customer of such systems to the vendor. These requirements comprise
the conditions under which the touch-down bearing system shall operate, the limits to rotor excursion
that the touch-down bearing shall protect, and the lifetime that the touch-down bearing shall sustain.
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
a)  Radial bushing
b)  Radial articulated pads c) Axial fixed pads
Key
1 core shaft 10 articulated pad (landing surface)
2 landing sleeve (optional) 11 rotor landing sleeve
3 air gap 12 pad stop
4 bush landing surface 13 compliant element with preload
5 bush backing material (optional) 14 rotor stator clearance
6 compliant element 15 fixed pad
7 touch-down bearing housing 16 pad backing material
8 hard stop clearance 17 pad landing surface
9 articulated pad (backing material) 18 fixing screw
Figure 2 — Typical configurations for dry bush touch-down bearings
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ISO 14839-5:2022(E)
5.2 Design life
Touch-down bearing design life requirements shall be agreed between the customer and vendor prior
to project execution and specific requirements can vary depending on the application. The touch-down
bearing system shall be designed to handle a minimum number of contact events without requiring
replacement or refurbishment. The agreed upon minimum number of contact events shall consider
both transient contact events (momentary contacts) and sustained contact events (rundowns) and the
maximum time period over which this capacity shall be sustained (effective service life of the touch-
down bearing).
Additional factors that can affect touch-down bearing design life requirements include, but are not
limited to:
a) the likelihood of abnormal process conditions;
b) hazardous environmental risks;
c) availability of a braking system (for sustained shutdown events);
d) power grid reliability;
e) the availability of uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) for backup power;
f) machine availability requirements (see 6.2).
It is important to recognize that the viability of the touch-down bea
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ISO 20816-8:2018(Main)
Mechanical vibration — Measurement and evaluation of machine vibration — Part 8: Reciprocating compressor systems

This document establishes procedures and guidelines for the measurement and classification of mechanical vibration of reciprocating compressor systems. The vibration values are defined primarily to classify the vibration of the compressor system and to avoid fatigue problems with parts in the reciprocating compressor system, i.e. foundation, compressor, dampers, piping and auxiliary equipment mounted on the compressor system. Shaft vibration is not considered. This document applies to reciprocating compressors mounted on rigid foundations with typical rotational speed ratings in the range 120 r/min up to and including 1 800 r/min. The general evaluation criteria which are presented relate to operational measurements. The criteria are also used to ensure that machine vibration does not adversely affect the equipment directly mounted on the machine, e.g. pulsation dampers and the pipe system. NOTE The general guidelines presented in this document can also be applied to reciprocating compressors outside the specified speed range but different evaluation criteria might be appropriate in this case. The machinery driving the reciprocating compressor, however, is evaluated in accordance with the appropriate part of ISO 10816, ISO 20816 or other relevant standards and classification for the intended duty. Drivers are not included in this document. It is recognized that the evaluation criteria might only have limited application when considering the effects of internal machine components, e.g. problems associated with valves, pistons and piston rings might be unlikely to be detected in the measurements. Identification of such problems can require investigative diagnostic techniques which are outside the scope of this document. Examples of reciprocating compressor systems covered by this document are — horizontal, vertical, V-, W- and L-type compressor systems, — constant and variable speed compressors, — compressors driven by electric motors, gas and diesel engines, steam turbines, with or without a gearbox, flexible or rigid coupling, and — dry running and lubricated reciprocating compressors. This document does not apply to hyper compressors. The guidelines are not intended for condition monitoring purposes. Noise is also outside the scope of this document.

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ISO
ISO 20816-5:2018(Main)
Mechanical vibration — Measurement and evaluation of machine vibration — Part 5: Machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants

This document provides guidelines for evaluating the vibration measurements made at the bearings, bearing pedestals or bearing housings and also for evaluating relative shaft vibration measurements made on machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants when the machine is operating within its normal operating range. The normal operating ranges for each type of turbine covered by this document are defined in Annex A. This document is applicable to machine sets in hydraulic power generating plants and in pump-storage plants with typical rotational speeds of 60 r/min to 1 000 r/min fitted with shell or pad (shoe) type oil-lubricated bearings. NOTE The current database includes machine speeds ranging from 60 r/min to 750 r/min (with a very small sample of 1 000 r/min machines). This document defines different limit values of bearing housing and shaft vibration depending on the type of turbine, the orientation of the shaft (i.e. horizontal or vertical) and for each of the bearing locations. This document is based on statistical analysis and provides criteria for the most common types of turbines, pump-turbines and pumps. For specific information on which types of units are covered in this document, see Annex A. Machine sets covered by this document can have the following configurations: a) generators driven by hydraulic turbines; b) motor-generators driven by pump-turbines; c) motor-generators driven by hydraulic turbines and separate pumps; d) pumps driven by electric motors. This document is not applicable to the following unit configurations, parameters and operating conditions: — hydraulic machines with water-lubricated bearings; — hydraulic machines or machine sets having rolling element bearings (for these machines, see IEC 62006 and/or ISO 10816‑3); — pumps in thermal power plants or industrial installations (for these machines, see ISO 10816‑7); — electrical machines operating as motors except for the use of these machines in pump-storage applications; — hydro generators operating as synchronous condensers (with the water in the turbine depressed by compressed air); — assessment of absolute bearing housing vibration displacement; — assessment of axial vibration; — assessment of transient conditions; — non-synchronous operation; — assessment of vibration of the generator stator core or the stator frame level. Measurements made of the bearing housing vibration and shaft vibration occurring in machine sets in hydraulic power generating and pump-storage plants can be used for the following purposes: 1) Purpose A: to prevent damage arising from excessive vibration magnitudes; 2) Purpose B: to monitor changes in vibrational behaviour in order to allow diagnosis and/or prognosis. The criteria are applicable for the vibration produced by the machine set itself. Special investigation is needed for vibration transmitted to the machine set from external sources, e.g. transmitted to the machine via the station foundations.

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ISO
ISO 20816-4:2018(Main)
Mechanical vibration — Measurement and evaluation of machine vibration — Part 4: Gas turbines in excess of 3 MW, with fluid-film bearings

This document is applicable to land-based gas turbines with fluid-film bearings and power outputs greater than 3 MW and an operating speed under load between 3 000 r/min and 30 000 r/min. In some cases (see the list of exclusions below), this includes other rotating machinery coupled either directly or through a gearbox. The evaluation criteria provided in this document are applicable to the vibration of the main input and output bearings of the gearbox but are not applicable to the vibration of the internal gearbox bearings nor to the assessment of the condition of those gears. Specialist techniques required for evaluating the condition of gears are outside the scope of this document. This document is not applicable to the following: i) gas turbines with power outputs greater than 40 MW at rated speeds of 1 500 r/min, 1 800 r/min, 3 000 r/min or 3 600 r/min (see ISO 20816-2); ii) aero-derivative gas turbines (including gas turbines with dynamic properties similar to those of aero-derivatives); NOTE ISO 3977-3 defines aero-derivatives as aircraft propulsion gas generators adapted to drive mechanical, electrical or marine propulsion equipment. Large differences exist between heavy-duty and aero-derivative gas turbines, for example, in casing flexibility, bearing design, rotor-to-stator mass ratio and mounting structure. Different criteria, therefore, apply for these two turbine types. iii) gas turbines with outputs less than or equal to 3 MW (see ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); iv) turbine driven generators (see ISO 20816-2, ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); v) turbine driven pumps (see ISO 10816-7); vi) turbine driven rotary compressors (see ISO 7919-3 and ISO 10816-3); vii) the evaluation of gearbox vibration (see this clause) but does not preclude monitoring of gearbox vibration; viii) the evaluation of combustion vibration but does not preclude monitoring of combustion vibration; ix) rolling element bearing vibration. This document establishes provisions for evaluating the severity of the following in-situ broad-band vibrations: a) structural vibration at all main bearing housings or pedestals measured radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis; b) structural vibration at thrust bearing housings measured in the axial direction; c) vibration of rotating shafts radial (i.e. transverse) to the shaft axis at, or close to, the main bearings. These are in terms of the following: - vibration under normal steady-state operating conditions; - vibration during other (non-steady-state) conditions when transient changes are taking place, including run up or run down, initial loading and load changes; - changes in vibration which can occur during normal steady-state operation.

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ISO
ISO/TS 14837-31:2017(Main)
Mechanical vibration — Ground-borne noise and vibration arising from rail systems — Part 31: Guideline on field measurements for the evaluation of human exposure in buildings

ISO/TS 14837-31:2017 gives guidelines to encourage reporting of field measurements of ground-borne noise and vibration in a metric that allows international comparison and future development of empirical models. It also sets out the basic minimum requirements and good practice when taking measurements for the evaluation of human exposure in residential buildings to ensure they are reliable. While national standards or requirements based upon project-specific purposes would normally take priority, this guidance can be used where there are no particular requirements or to provide supplementary guidance. Thereby, this document provides a means of improving general quality and reporting of field measurements in a preferred format. There are a number of reasons for carrying out field measurements of ground-borne noise and vibration arising from rail operations, from complaint investigations to validation of prediction models, diagnostics and research as detailed in ISO 14837‑1:2005, 7.2. In the present document, two levels of evaluation are considered. - Scope 1 corresponds to basic measurements of floor vibration and noise in rooms in buildings to evaluate the human exposure to ground-borne vibration and ground-borne noise. Requirements are presented under two levels of accuracy: basic measurements with minimum accuracy; measurements with reduced uncertainty, also more reproducible and more appropriate for prediction. Ground-borne noise is noise generated by vibrating building elements (e.g. floors, walls and ceilings) in the room of interest and is therefore best expressed by both an acoustic and a vibrational quantity. Its identification as ground-borne noise (as opposed to airborne noise, potentially also present) requires simultaneous noise and vibration measurements. Nevertheless, there are also cases of very low frequency vibration (below 10 Hz to 16 Hz) where only vibration measurements are relevant. Rattle can also arise from vibration, which can be from building components or furniture. This document does not set out to characterize this phenomenon, but to note its presence when it occurs. NOTE In some cases, Scope 1 can relate to measurements on the ground outside a building (to resolve access issues or to comply with national regulations), although measurements at the building are generally preferred. - Scope 2 corresponds to measurements extended to evaluate the vibration immission to buildings, which includes vibration measurements at or near the building foundations and vibration measurements on ground next to the building so that the building coupling loss and building transmissibility can be estimated. Vibration measurements near the tracks (on ground surface or in tunnels) for a proper characterization of the source are outside the scope of this document. Certain requirements are specified in the interest of achieving a consistent minimum data set for each investigation, allowing data comparison between sites.

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