ISO 11760:2005
(Main)Classification of coals
Classification of coals
ISO 11760:2005 describes a simple classification system for coals providing guidance on the selection of the appropriate ISO standard procedures for the analyses and testing, international comparison in terms of some key characteristics and descriptive categorization of coals. The system is applicable to coals of all ranks, but care is required in relation to the classification of some types of coal. It is also applicable to a wide range of representative coal samples, provided their exact nature is stated. Such samples include bore-core seam sections and composite samples, raw (as-mined) coal, washed coal, blends of coals of similar rank and selected, specified size fractions.
Classification des charbons
Razvrstitev premogov
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11760
First edition
2005-02-15
Classification of coals
Classification des charbons
Reference number
ISO 11760:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 11760:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 11760:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Classification. 3
5 Nature of the coal sample . 6
6 Descriptive classification terminology . 6
7 Analytical tolerances . 7
8 Graphic representation. 8
Bibliography . 9
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 11760:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 11760 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 11760:2005(E)
Introduction
Coals occur worldwide and vary significantly in their physical and chemical characteristics for a variety of
reasons, both with respect to the organic coal substance and to the associated mineral matter that is always
present to varying extents. Coals are an important source of energy, as well as being essential for the
production of metallurgical cokes, and are widely used as feedstock for other industrial processes such as in
the production of gaseous fuels and synthesis gas. Hence, a wide range of procedures has been developed
by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the analysis and testing of coals. These ISO
procedures are variously designated as being applicable to “hard coals”, “brown coals” and “lignite”,
“bituminous coals” and “anthracite”. There are, however, no ISO definitions that specify the boundaries that
apply to these descriptive terms, which all relate to the geological maturity (rank) of the coals. Further, there is
no simple system for the classification of coals that can provide, on a comparative basis, an indication of coal
characteristics on a worldwide basis. This ISO standard provides a basis for addressing both these issues.
The classification is not intended to be used for commercial purposes because the assessment and selection
of coals for a specific purpose require detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a
particular application to be anticipated. The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and tests provides that
information.
The development of this ISO standard has been guided by the recently published “International Classification
[14]
of in-Seam Coals” . The ISO standard, however, represents a simplified version that incorporates some
significant modifications made for reasons given in the classification details that follow.
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11760:2005(E)
Classification of coals
1 Scope
This International Standard describes a simple classification system for coals providing
guidance on the selection of the appropriate ISO standard procedures for the analyses and testing of
coals,
international comparison of coals in terms of some key characteristics,
descriptive categorization of coals.
The system is applicable to coals of all ranks, but care is required in relation to the classification of some types
of coal.
The system may be applied to a wide range of representative coal samples, provided their exact nature is
stated. Such samples include bore-core seam sections and composite samples, raw (as-mined) coal, washed
coal, blends of coals of similar rank and selected, specified size fractions.
The system provides a broad framework within which coals can be assessed. The selection of coals for a
specific use requires detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a particular
application to be anticipated. The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and test procedures for coals serve this
purpose. The selection of the appropriate procedures to be used in assessing a coal depends on the intended
use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1213-2, Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis
ISO 7404-1, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite — Part 1: Vocabulary
ISO 7404-5, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite — Part 5: Method of
determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1213-2, ISO 7404-1 and the
following apply.
3.1
coal
carbonaceous sedimentary rock largely derived from plant remains with an associated mineral content
corresponding to an ash yield less than, or equal to, 50 % by mass (dry basis)
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 11760:2005(E)
NOTE In the geological coalification sequence, the transformation from peat to coal is defined as occurring when the
total in-situ moisture content has decreased to 75 % by mass. The upper limit for undisturbed coal seams in the normal
coalification process leading to semi-graphite is defined as corresponding to a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , of
r
6,0 % or, preferably, a mean maximum vitrinite reflectance, R , of 8 %, determined in accordance with ISO 7404-5.
v, max
The upper limit, R , for disturbed, contact altered, coals can exceed 10 %; see Table 1, Note 2.
v, max
3.2
vitrinite
group of macerals with a grey colour (as observed with reflected light under a microscope) and with a
reflectance generally between that of the associated darker liptinite and lighter inertinite over the rank range in
which the three respective maceral groups can be readily recognized
NOTE 1 In the upper range of medium rank, vitrinite reflectance can be less than that of liptinite (where liptinite is
recognizable) whilst at very high rank (R > 4,0 %), the maximum reflectance of both liptinite and vitrinite may exceed that
r
of inertinite.
NOTE 2 In medium and high rank coals, vitrinite reflectance measurements should preferably be taken on telovitrinite
or, in its absence, on the whole of the vitrinite population. Within low-rank coals, vitrinite reflectance measurements must
be measured on the submaceral ulminite B, or preferably on Eu-ulminite, if present. Eu-ulminite consists of gelified plant
tissues with the cell structures weakly visible in reflected white light. Ulminite B is the more highly reflecting part of
ulminite; see [9].
3.3
inertinite
maceral group that is composed of particles having a reflectance in low and medium-rank coals that is higher
than that of the macerals of the vitrinite and liptinite groups, but is lower than that of the corresponding vitrinite
in very high-rank coals
NOTE The reflectance of inertinite macerals begins to be exceeded by that of the macerals of the vitrinite group
when the vitrinite and inertinite reflectance, R , has reached about 4 %; see [8].
r
3.4
liptinite
maceral group that includes sporinite, cutinite, suberinite, resinite, liptodetrinite and alginite
NOTE At low ranks, the reflectance of liptinite macerals is lower than that of vitrinite but converges with that of
vitrinite at medium rank B to A. Liptinite macerals show stronger primary autofluorescence relative to that of macerals from
the other maceral groups up to medium rank B.
3.5
lignite
brown coal
coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , less than 0,4 %
r
NOTE The terms “brown coal” and “lignite” are frequently used as alternatives but the latter is the term now preferred
by the International Commission for Coal and Organic Petrology; see [10].
3.6
sub-bituminous coal
coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater than 0,4 % but less than 0,5 %
r
3.7
bituminous coal
coal, synonymous with medium-rank coal, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater
r
than 0,5 %, but less than 2,0 %
3.8
anthracite
coal, synonymous with high-rank coal, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater
r
than 2,0 % but less than 6,0 %, or, preferably, a mean maximum reflectance, R , less than 8,0 % for
v, max
geologically unaltered coal
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 11760:2005(E)
3.9
hard coal
coal, comprising the medium-rank (bituminous) and high-rank (anthracite) coals, having a mean random
vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater than 0,5 % and less than 6 % or, preferably, a mean maximum
r
vitrinite reflectance, R , less than 8,0 %
v, max
3.10
bed-moisture
natural moisture content of the coal in situ in the seam
NOTE It is necessary to take care to ensure that samples for this determination are free of open fissures, voids or
other features that might entrain free water, and that there is no loss of moisture during sampling and sample preparation.
4 Classification
4.1 General
The physical and chemical properties of a coal are virtually all determined by its geological maturity (rank),
petrographic composition and the amount (as well as the nature and mode of association) of the mineral
matter present. Thus, for simplicity, this classification for coals is based on the following coal properties:
vitrinite reflectance, expressed in percent: mean random reflectance, R to designate rank, wher
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST ISO 11760:2005
01-november-2005
Razvrstitev premogov
Classification of coals
Classification des charbons
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 11760:2005
ICS:
73.040 Premogi Coals
SIST ISO 11760:2005 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11760
First edition
2005-02-15
Classification of coals
Classification des charbons
Reference number
ISO 11760:2005(E)
©
ISO 2005
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
ISO 11760:2005(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
ISO 11760:2005(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Classification. 3
5 Nature of the coal sample . 6
6 Descriptive classification terminology . 6
7 Analytical tolerances . 7
8 Graphic representation. 8
Bibliography . 9
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
ISO 11760:2005(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 11760 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 27, Solid mineral fuels.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
ISO 11760:2005(E)
Introduction
Coals occur worldwide and vary significantly in their physical and chemical characteristics for a variety of
reasons, both with respect to the organic coal substance and to the associated mineral matter that is always
present to varying extents. Coals are an important source of energy, as well as being essential for the
production of metallurgical cokes, and are widely used as feedstock for other industrial processes such as in
the production of gaseous fuels and synthesis gas. Hence, a wide range of procedures has been developed
by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for the analysis and testing of coals. These ISO
procedures are variously designated as being applicable to “hard coals”, “brown coals” and “lignite”,
“bituminous coals” and “anthracite”. There are, however, no ISO definitions that specify the boundaries that
apply to these descriptive terms, which all relate to the geological maturity (rank) of the coals. Further, there is
no simple system for the classification of coals that can provide, on a comparative basis, an indication of coal
characteristics on a worldwide basis. This ISO standard provides a basis for addressing both these issues.
The classification is not intended to be used for commercial purposes because the assessment and selection
of coals for a specific purpose require detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a
particular application to be anticipated. The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and tests provides that
information.
The development of this ISO standard has been guided by the recently published “International Classification
[14]
of in-Seam Coals” . The ISO standard, however, represents a simplified version that incorporates some
significant modifications made for reasons given in the classification details that follow.
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved v
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11760:2005(E)
Classification of coals
1 Scope
This International Standard describes a simple classification system for coals providing
guidance on the selection of the appropriate ISO standard procedures for the analyses and testing of
coals,
international comparison of coals in terms of some key characteristics,
descriptive categorization of coals.
The system is applicable to coals of all ranks, but care is required in relation to the classification of some types
of coal.
The system may be applied to a wide range of representative coal samples, provided their exact nature is
stated. Such samples include bore-core seam sections and composite samples, raw (as-mined) coal, washed
coal, blends of coals of similar rank and selected, specified size fractions.
The system provides a broad framework within which coals can be assessed. The selection of coals for a
specific use requires detailed information that enables the likely performance of a coal in a particular
application to be anticipated. The wide-ranging list of ISO analyses and test procedures for coals serve this
purpose. The selection of the appropriate procedures to be used in assessing a coal depends on the intended
use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1213-2, Solid mineral fuels — Vocabulary — Part 2: Terms relating to sampling, testing and analysis
ISO 7404-1, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite — Part 1: Vocabulary
ISO 7404-5, Methods for the petrographic analysis of bituminous coal and anthracite — Part 5: Method of
determining microscopically the reflectance of vitrinite
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1213-2, ISO 7404-1 and the
following apply.
3.1
coal
carbonaceous sedimentary rock largely derived from plant remains with an associated mineral content
corresponding to an ash yield less than, or equal to, 50 % by mass (dry basis)
© ISO 2005 – All rights reserved 1
---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
ISO 11760:2005(E)
NOTE In the geological coalification sequence, the transformation from peat to coal is defined as occurring when the
total in-situ moisture content has decreased to 75 % by mass. The upper limit for undisturbed coal seams in the normal
coalification process leading to semi-graphite is defined as corresponding to a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , of
r
6,0 % or, preferably, a mean maximum vitrinite reflectance, R , of 8 %, determined in accordance with ISO 7404-5.
v, max
The upper limit, R , for disturbed, contact altered, coals can exceed 10 %; see Table 1, Note 2.
v, max
3.2
vitrinite
group of macerals with a grey colour (as observed with reflected light under a microscope) and with a
reflectance generally between that of the associated darker liptinite and lighter inertinite over the rank range in
which the three respective maceral groups can be readily recognized
NOTE 1 In the upper range of medium rank, vitrinite reflectance can be less than that of liptinite (where liptinite is
recognizable) whilst at very high rank (R > 4,0 %), the maximum reflectance of both liptinite and vitrinite may exceed that
r
of inertinite.
NOTE 2 In medium and high rank coals, vitrinite reflectance measurements should preferably be taken on telovitrinite
or, in its absence, on the whole of the vitrinite population. Within low-rank coals, vitrinite reflectance measurements must
be measured on the submaceral ulminite B, or preferably on Eu-ulminite, if present. Eu-ulminite consists of gelified plant
tissues with the cell structures weakly visible in reflected white light. Ulminite B is the more highly reflecting part of
ulminite; see [9].
3.3
inertinite
maceral group that is composed of particles having a reflectance in low and medium-rank coals that is higher
than that of the macerals of the vitrinite and liptinite groups, but is lower than that of the corresponding vitrinite
in very high-rank coals
NOTE The reflectance of inertinite macerals begins to be exceeded by that of the macerals of the vitrinite group
when the vitrinite and inertinite reflectance, R , has reached about 4 %; see [8].
r
3.4
liptinite
maceral group that includes sporinite, cutinite, suberinite, resinite, liptodetrinite and alginite
NOTE At low ranks, the reflectance of liptinite macerals is lower than that of vitrinite but converges with that of
vitrinite at medium rank B to A. Liptinite macerals show stronger primary autofluorescence relative to that of macerals from
the other maceral groups up to medium rank B.
3.5
lignite
brown coal
coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , less than 0,4 %
r
NOTE The terms “brown coal” and “lignite” are frequently used as alternatives but the latter is the term now preferred
by the International Commission for Coal and Organic Petrology; see [10].
3.6
sub-bituminous coal
coal having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater than 0,4 % but less than 0,5 %
r
3.7
bituminous coal
coal, synonymous with medium-rank coal, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater
r
than 0,5 %, but less than 2,0 %
3.8
anthracite
coal, synonymous with high-rank coal, having a mean random vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater
r
than 2,0 % but less than 6,0 %, or, preferably, a mean maximum reflectance, R , less than 8,0 % for
v, max
geologically unaltered coal
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
SIST ISO 11760:2005
ISO 11760:2005(E)
3.9
hard coal
coal, comprising the medium-rank (bituminous) and high-rank (anthracite) coals, having a mean random
vitrinite reflectance, R , equal to or greater than 0,5 % and less than 6 % or, preferably, a mean maximum
r
vitrinite reflectance, R , less than 8,0 %
v, max
3.10
bed-moisture
natural moisture content of the coal in situ in the seam
NOTE It is necessary to take care to ensure that samples for this determination are free of open fissures, voids or
other features that might entrain free water, and that there is no loss of moisture during sampling and sample preparation.
4 Classification
4.1 General
The physical and chemical properties of a coal are
...
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