ISO/TR 21190:2018
(Main)Electronic fee collection — Investigation of charging policies and technologies for future standardization
Electronic fee collection — Investigation of charging policies and technologies for future standardization
This document investigates the stemming from requirements of charging policies and corresponding charging technologies in order to propose future standardization theme candidates. This document reports the findings of the investigation of charging policies and technologies in order to: — Classify the conventional charging policies and the new charging policies and their functional requirements. — Classify the existing technologies and the emerging technologies to be used for EFC services or other intelligent transport system (ITS) services. — Conduct a gap analysis between the needs of the new charging policies and the existing standardized technologies for EFC. — Recommend development of emerging standards or amendments for existing EFC standards according to the results of the gap analysis.
Perception du télépéage — Examen sur les politiques et technologies de tarification pour la future normalisation
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 21190
First edition
2018-12
Electronic fee collection —
Investigation of charging policies
and technologies for future
standardization
Perception du télépéage — Examen sur les politiques et technologies
de tarification pour la future normalisation
Reference number
ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
©
ISO 2018
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Charging policies . 4
5.1 General description . 4
5.2 Conventional charging policies . 4
5.2.1 Financial sources for road construction . 4
5.2.2 Financial sources for road maintenance . 4
5.2.3 Reduction for congestion in urban area . 4
5.2.4 Internalizing external costs . 5
5.2.5 Summary of conventional charging policies . 5
5.3 New charging policies . 5
5.3.1 Financial source for road construction with low cost devices . 5
5.3.2 Financial source for road maintenance alternative to fuel tax . 5
5.3.3 Provision of appropriate route or lane . 6
5.3.4 Integration of C-ITS technology with EFC . 6
5.3.5 Fair charging rates . 6
5.3.6 Summary of new charging policies . 6
5.4 Integrated charging policies . 7
5.4.1 General. 7
5.4.2 Financial source for road construction and maintenance . 7
5.4.3 Traffic management by charging . 7
5.4.4 Internalizing external costs . 7
5.4.5 Fair charging rates . 7
5.4.6 Summary of integrated charging policies . . 7
6 Functional requirements . 8
6.1 EFC function . 8
6.1.1 EFC functional model . 8
6.1.2 Charging . 9
6.1.3 Enforcement .11
6.1.4 Information provision .11
6.1.5 Payment .12
6.2 Relation between charging policies and EFC functions .12
6.3 EFC functional requirements .13
6.3.1 Charging .13
6.3.2 Enforcement .14
6.3.3 Information provision .14
6.3.4 Summary of EFC functional requirements .14
7 Technology for requirements.15
7.1 General .15
7.2 Charging .15
7.2.1 Distance driven.15
7.2.2 Vehicle class .16
7.2.3 Time class.16
7.2.4 Location class.16
7.2.5 Traffic conditions . .16
7.2.6 Summary .16
7.3 Enforcement .17
7.3.1 Payment avoidance .17
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
7.3.2 Over loaded.18
7.3.3 Summary .18
7.4 Information provision .18
7.4.1 Tariff information .18
7.4.2 Level of services (LOS) . .19
7.4.3 Charge amount .19
7.4.4 Summary .19
8 Charging technologies .20
8.1 General description .20
8.1.1 Eliminated EFC technologies or equipment .20
8.2 Existing technologies .21
8.2.1 DSRC .21
8.2.2 Autonomous systems (GNSS/CN) .21
8.2.3 ANPR .22
8.3 Emerging technologies .23
8.3.1 Probe data .23
8.3.2 Odometer .24
8.3.3 Passive RFID .24
8.3.4 WAVE .25
8.3.5 WIM .27
8.3.6 Other technologies .28
8.4 Consideration of mutual applicability .29
8.4.1 General.29
8.4.2 Existing technologies for new charging policies .29
8.4.3 Emerging technologies for conventional charging policies .29
8.4.4 Emerging technologies for new charging policies .29
9 Recommendations .30
9.1 General .30
9.1.1 Evaluation criteria .31
9.2 Evaluations .32
9.2.1 Charging assist traffic management .32
9.2.2 Passive UHF RFID-based EFC .32
9.2.3 Odometer-based EFC .32
9.2.4 ANPR based EFC .32
9.2.5 Toll-by-weight .33
9.2.6 WAVE based EFC .33
9.2.7 CN-5G for EFC .33
9.2.8 A-GNSS for EFC .33
9.3 Summary .33
Annex A (informative) Application of technology to EFC systems .35
Annex B (informative) Example of tariffs .43
Annex C (informative) Comparison of communication technologies .51
Annex D (informative) Examples of legislation for charging policy .61
Bibliography .63
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
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any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
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.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 204, Intelligent transport systems.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
Introduction
An electronic fee collection (EFC) system, introduced in many countries around the world, is used for
collecting road construction funds or repaying loans for construction of toll roads. Toll roads have
enabled large-capacity and high-speed movement of people and goods, and contributed greatly to
social and economic development in the introduced countries. As an internalization of external costs
for road pavement damage by heavy goods vehicles (HGV), HGV charging has been introduced in
member countries widely under the support of the European Commission. EFC is also effectively used
for mitigating congestion in urban area as a traffic management measure.
The EFC technology that realizes these charging policies is classified as dedicated short-range
communication (DSRC)-based system and autonomous system, and EFC systems developed based
on these major standards have been introduced in countries all over the world. In addition to the
above charging policies and technologies, several important new charging policies realized by new
technologies are planned and trial operations are being carried out.
In Tokyo metropolitan area, road users can use smart route selection from among several optional
routes according to their judgment of whether a priority given to reduction of travel time or priority
to charge amount. As another new policy, several pilot operations of road usage charging have been
introduced in the United States to raise funds for road maintenance as an alternative for the current
fuel tax.
These new charging policies can make road users more convenient or road maintenance sustainable in
accordance with evolution of technologies. As an another example of new charging policy, there is the
managed lane such as high occupancy tolling/high occupancy vehicle (HOT/HOV) lane which is already
operated in the United States, where it can be used for free with a certain number of crew members,
but paying the fee with existing charging technology enable road users to use it even under a certain
number of crew members.
In this document, the relationship between charging policies and EFC technologies are investigated in
order to propose future standardization themes.
Table 1 shows the major charging systems realized from charge policy and EFC technology.
Table 1 — Major charging systems realized from charging policy and EFC technology
Charging policies
Conventional charging policy New charging policy
EFC technologies
— Toll road charging (ETC)
Existing technology — HGV charging — Managed lane (HOT/HOV)
— Congestion charging
— Smart route selection
(Applicable to the above charging
Emerging technology
systems)
— Road usage charging (RUC)
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
Electronic fee collection — Investigation of charging
policies and technologies for future standardization
1 Scope
This document investigates the stemming from requirements of charging policies and corresponding
charging technologies in order to propose future standardization theme candidates.
This document reports the findings of the investigation of charging policies and technologies in order to:
— Classify the conventional charging policies and the new charging policies and their functional
requirements.
— Classify the existing technologies and the emerging technologies to be used for EFC services or
other intelligent transport system (ITS) services.
— Conduct a gap analysis between the needs of the new charging policies and the existing standardized
technologies for EFC.
— Recommend development of emerging standards or amendments for existing EFC standards
according to the results of the gap analysis.
Figure 1 shows the process for preparing this document and the scope.
Figure 1 — Scope and process flow of this document
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
level of service
LOS
rating of the quality of transportation facilities and services from the user’s perspective, which refers
to the speed, convenience and comfort to evaluate problems and potential solutions
3.2
open payment
system that uses open interfaces for validating payment
3.3
passive RFID
RFID system, where the OBU is a passive-backscattering device
3.4
passive ultra high frequency RFID
passive UHF RFID
passive RFID, operating in the 860 MHz to 960 MHz frequency range
Note 1 to entry: Note 1 to entry: Passive UHF RFID as defined in ISO/IEC 18000-63 unless otherwise
specifically stated.
3.5
transport performance requirement
needed level of service related to a set of operational goals and performance measures, e.g. speed, travel
time, freedom to manoeuvre, traffic interruptions, comfort or convenience
3.6
radio frequency identification
RFID
wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from an
OBU attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking
Note 1 to entry: Adapted from ISO/TS 16791:2014, 3.1.24.
4 Abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following abbreviated terms apply.
A-GNSS Authenticated GNSS
AES Advanced Encryption Standard
AET All Electronic Tolling
ANPR Automatic Number Plate Recognition
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CCC Compliance check communication for autonomous systems (ISO 12813)
C-ITS Cooperative – ITS
CN Cellular Network
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
rd
CN-3G Cellular Network 3 Generation
th
CN-4G Cellular Network 4 Generation
th
CN-5G Cellular Network 5 Generation
COST European Cooperation in Science and Technology
DOT Department of Transportation
DSRC Dedicated Short-Range Communication (ISO 14906)
EPC Electronic Product Code
FETC Far Eastern Electronic toll Collection
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle
HMI Human Machine Interface
HOT High Occupancy Tolling
HOV High Occupancy Vehicle
IAG Inter-Agency Group
IMT International Mobile Telecommunication
ITU International Telecommunication Union
KEC Korean Expressway Coporation
LAC Localisation augmentation communication (ISO 13141)
LEZ Low Emission Zone
LOS Level Of Services
MLIT Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport
OBD On-Board Diagnostics
PCU Passenger Car Unit equivalent
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
RUC Road Usage Charging
TANFB Taiwan Area National Freeway Bureau
UHF Ultra High Frequency
WAVE Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments
WIM Weigh-In-Motion
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ISO/TR 21190:2018(E)
5 Charging policies
5.1 General description
Road networks are the most important infrastructure of land transportation to support social economic
activities such as, among others, freight transportation, human mobility and emergency transportation
activities in disaster relief. While road charging has been applied as a means of raising funds for the
construction, the maintenance and the operation for those road networks, it has been also applied to
reduce congestion in urban areas as a means of traffic management.
On the other hand, vehicles using the road networks generate external costs such as air pollution
caused by running exhaust gas and deterioration of the living environment due to noise. For this
reason, policies are being studied to make these external costs associated with road transport be borne
by those who cause these factors. For charging to HGV especially in Europe, the policy was enacted by
European Directive (2011/76/EU) to allow the charge amount to include external costs in addition to
road network construction and maintenance fees.
The legal systems concerning road charging have already been enacted in each country where they are
introduced to realize charging policies, and examples of legislation in major regions and countries are
shown in Annex D.
It has to be noted that, although in general a policy is technology agnostic, in some cases a policy
addresses one specific technology for reasons that are not of an engineering nature, as for example
when technology is mandated due to economic reasons. This is reflected in some cases later on.
5.2 Conventional charging policies
5.2.1 Financial sources for road construction
Construction of road ne
...
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