ISO 22449-1:2020
(Main)Use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems — Part 1: Technical guidelines
Use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems — Part 1: Technical guidelines
This document defines terms related to industrial cooling water systems and specifies technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water for make-up water purposes water in industrial cooling systems. It provides a basic framework for consideration in the design and operation of industrial cooling systems using reclaimed water. The aim of the document is to promote and to help the implementation of the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems. It provides: — Terms and definitions; — Technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems. This document is applicable to cooling systems that are considered to work as auxiliary systems for the normal operation of an industrial process. However, the operation of a cooling system in relation to process safety is not covered in this document. In addition, some environmental concerns also need to be taken into consideration, for example the drift control or the use of some persistent biocides. This document can be used to encourage consistency within any organization engaged in the use of reclaimed water.
Utilisation de l'eau recyclée dans les systèmes de refroidissement industriels — Partie 1: Lignes directrices techniques
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22449-1
First edition
2020-01
Use of reclaimed water in industrial
cooling systems —
Part 1:
Technical guidelines
Utilisation de l'eau recyclée dans les systèmes de refroidissement
industriels —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices techniques
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 Technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems .3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Water quality specifications . 3
4.3 Water quantity and temperature requirements . 5
4.4 Wastewater treatment technologies for reuse . 6
4.5 Treatment for inhibition of corrosion, scaling and biological fouling . 6
Annex A (informative) Types and characteristics of industrial cooling systems .9
Annex B (informative) Water quantity requirements .15
Annex C (informative) Make-up water quality requirements in closed-circuit hybrid cooling
system .16
Bibliography .17
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 4,
Industrial water reuse.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22449 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Industries can use large quantities of water in their production processes. Among various industrial
water uses, cooling water is a significant proportion of the total used. Industrial wastewater reuse is
one of the promising ways to solve water shortage and to provide a non-conventional water source
for cooling systems. In addition, for cooling systems, the most common water conservation method to
optimize water use is increasing the cycles of concentration inherently. Information about different
types and characteristics of industrial cooling systems is included in Annex A. In many countries such
as the United States, Japan, Israel and Indonesia, industrial wastewater reuse in industrial cooling
systems has been developed rapidly.
Reclaimed water originates not only from industrial wastewater but also from domestic wastewater.
In consideration of diverse water quality of industrial wastewater and water from other sources, it is
necessary to describe different types of industrial cooling systems which can use industrial wastewater
or most of industrial wastewater mixed with domestic wastewater, as make-up water and to give their
characteristics. However, there are no relevant ISO standards to guide the use of industrial wastewater
or mainly of industrial wastewater mixed with domestic wastewater, as make-up water and solve the
common problems such as corrosion and scaling in water reuse. This document is designed to promote
the use of reclaimed water by providing technical guidelines for the use of industrial wastewater in
industrial cooling systems. This should drive the design and operation of industrial cooling systems. The
document should lead worldwide water reuse in industrial cooling systems and is of great significance
to promote the reuse of water resources, to improve the water use efficiency, and to practice the concept
of industrial circular economy.
The design of a cooling system is a complex matter balancing the cooling requirements of the process,
the site-specific factors and the environmental requirements using technologies which allows
implementation under economically and technically viable conditions. The process of designing
industrial cooling systems is completed by the assessment of the best choice considering the other
environmental issues and the constraints linked to the industrial process. However, as a non-
conventional water source, reclaimed water can reduce the replenishment of freshwater when it is
used as make-up water. If technically and economically possible, the use of reclaimed water improves
environmental performances of the system.
This document renders technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems.
It provides a basic framework for industrial cooling systems using reclaimed water.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22449-1:2020(E)
Use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems —
Part 1:
Technical guidelines
1 Scope
This document defines terms related to industrial cooling water systems and specifies technical
guidelines for the use of reclaimed water for make-up water purposes water in industrial cooling
systems. It provides a basic framework for consideration in the design and operation of industrial
cooling systems using reclaimed water. The aim of the document is to promote and to help the
implementation of the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems.
It provides:
— Terms and definitions;
— Technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems.
This document is applicable to cooling systems that are considered to work as auxiliary systems for
the normal operation of an industrial process. However, the operation of a cooling system in relation
to process safety is not covered in this document. In addition, some environmental concerns also need
to be taken into consideration, for example the drift control or the use of some persistent biocides.
This document can be used to encourage consistency within any organization engaged in the use of
reclaimed water.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 20670, Water reuse — Terminology
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20670 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
blowdown (purge) water
water discharged from the system to control the concentration of salts or other impurities in the
circulating water, which requires treatment either in a municipal treatment system or onsite
[SOURCE: ISO 16345:2014, 2.11]
3.1.2
coolant
heat-absorbing medium or process
[SOURCE: ISO 8573-1:2010, 3.3]
3.1.3
cooling water
water which is used to absorb and remove heat
[SOURCE: ISO 6107-1:2004, 15]
3.1.4
cooling tower
tower used for evaporative cooling of circulating cooling water (3.1.3), normally constructed of wood,
plastic, galvanized metal or ceramic materials
[SOURCE: ISO 16784-2:2006, 3.4]
3.1.5
corrosion
gradual destruction or slow degradation of a substance or surface by a chemical effect
[SOURCE: ISO 16797:2004, 2.7]
3.1.6
cycles of concentration
ratio of the concentration of specific ions in the circulating cooling water (3.1.3) to the concentration of
the same ions in the make-up water (3.1.8)
[SOURCE: ISO 16784-2:2006, 3.6]
3.1.7
heat transfer medium
medium (water, air, etc.) used for the transfer of the heat without change of state
Note 1 to entry: The fluid cooled by the evaporator, the fluid heated by the condenser, and the fluid circulating in
the heat recovery heat exchanger.
[SOURCE: ISO 13612-2:2014, 3.22]
3.1.8
make-up water
water which is added to the system to compensate for the loss of water due to evaporation, blow-down,
leakage and drift loss
[SOURCE: ISO 16784-2:2006, 3.9]
3.1.9
non-conventional water source
sources of water not originating from natural fresh surface water or groundwater, including seawater
desalination, use of brackish water (directly or via desalination), and reuse of urban or industrial
wastewaters with varying levels of treatment
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.1.10
Ryznar Stability Index
RSI
index to help monitor the scaling and corrosion (3.1.5) potential of water
Note 1 to entry: Ryznar values are always positive, which attempts to correlate an empirical database of scale
thickness observed in municipal water systems and to quantify the relationship between calcium carbonate
saturation state and scale formation. The Ryznar index takes the form: RSI = 2 pH --pH (pH is the pH at saturation
s s
in calcite or calcium carbonate; pH is the measured water pH). The application of RSI in water treatment plant
demonstrated that RSI was fit in estimating the treated water chemical stability and appeared to be promising in
the field of treated water quality management.
3.1.11
scaling
surface film and corrosion (3.1.5) products produced on the surface by high temperature corrosion
[SOURCE: ISO 13573:2012, 3.1]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
HPC Heterotrophic Plate Count
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TN Total Nitrogen
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TP Total Phosp
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22449-1
First edition
2020-01
Use of reclaimed water in industrial
cooling systems —
Part 1:
Technical guidelines
Utilisation de l'eau recyclée dans les systèmes de refroidissement
industriels —
Partie 1: Lignes directrices techniques
Reference number
©
ISO 2020
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 3
4 Technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems .3
4.1 General . 3
4.2 Water quality specifications . 3
4.3 Water quantity and temperature requirements . 5
4.4 Wastewater treatment technologies for reuse . 6
4.5 Treatment for inhibition of corrosion, scaling and biological fouling . 6
Annex A (informative) Types and characteristics of industrial cooling systems .9
Annex B (informative) Water quantity requirements .15
Annex C (informative) Make-up water quality requirements in closed-circuit hybrid cooling
system .16
Bibliography .17
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 282, Water reuse, Subcommittee SC 4,
Industrial water reuse.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22449 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Industries can use large quantities of water in their production processes. Among various industrial
water uses, cooling water is a significant proportion of the total used. Industrial wastewater reuse is
one of the promising ways to solve water shortage and to provide a non-conventional water source
for cooling systems. In addition, for cooling systems, the most common water conservation method to
optimize water use is increasing the cycles of concentration inherently. Information about different
types and characteristics of industrial cooling systems is included in Annex A. In many countries such
as the United States, Japan, Israel and Indonesia, industrial wastewater reuse in industrial cooling
systems has been developed rapidly.
Reclaimed water originates not only from industrial wastewater but also from domestic wastewater.
In consideration of diverse water quality of industrial wastewater and water from other sources, it is
necessary to describe different types of industrial cooling systems which can use industrial wastewater
or most of industrial wastewater mixed with domestic wastewater, as make-up water and to give their
characteristics. However, there are no relevant ISO standards to guide the use of industrial wastewater
or mainly of industrial wastewater mixed with domestic wastewater, as make-up water and solve the
common problems such as corrosion and scaling in water reuse. This document is designed to promote
the use of reclaimed water by providing technical guidelines for the use of industrial wastewater in
industrial cooling systems. This should drive the design and operation of industrial cooling systems. The
document should lead worldwide water reuse in industrial cooling systems and is of great significance
to promote the reuse of water resources, to improve the water use efficiency, and to practice the concept
of industrial circular economy.
The design of a cooling system is a complex matter balancing the cooling requirements of the process,
the site-specific factors and the environmental requirements using technologies which allows
implementation under economically and technically viable conditions. The process of designing
industrial cooling systems is completed by the assessment of the best choice considering the other
environmental issues and the constraints linked to the industrial process. However, as a non-
conventional water source, reclaimed water can reduce the replenishment of freshwater when it is
used as make-up water. If technically and economically possible, the use of reclaimed water improves
environmental performances of the system.
This document renders technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems.
It provides a basic framework for industrial cooling systems using reclaimed water.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22449-1:2020(E)
Use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems —
Part 1:
Technical guidelines
1 Scope
This document defines terms related to industrial cooling water systems and specifies technical
guidelines for the use of reclaimed water for make-up water purposes water in industrial cooling
systems. It provides a basic framework for consideration in the design and operation of industrial
cooling systems using reclaimed water. The aim of the document is to promote and to help the
implementation of the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems.
It provides:
— Terms and definitions;
— Technical guidelines for the use of reclaimed water in industrial cooling systems.
This document is applicable to cooling systems that are considered to work as auxiliary systems for
the normal operation of an industrial process. However, the operation of a cooling system in relation
to process safety is not covered in this document. In addition, some environmental concerns also need
to be taken into consideration, for example the drift control or the use of some persistent biocides.
This document can be used to encourage consistency within any organization engaged in the use of
reclaimed water.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 20670, Water reuse — Terminology
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 20670 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1.1
blowdown (purge) water
water discharged from the system to control the concentration of salts or other impurities in the
circulating water, which requires treatment either in a municipal treatment system or onsite
[SOURCE: ISO 16345:2014, 2.11]
3.1.2
coolant
heat-absorbing medium or process
[SOURCE: ISO 8573-1:2010, 3.3]
3.1.3
cooling water
water which is used to absorb and remove heat
[SOURCE: ISO 6107-1:2004, 15]
3.1.4
cooling tower
tower used for evaporative cooling of circulating cooling water (3.1.3), normally constructed of wood,
plastic, galvanized metal or ceramic materials
[SOURCE: ISO 16784-2:2006, 3.4]
3.1.5
corrosion
gradual destruction or slow degradation of a substance or surface by a chemical effect
[SOURCE: ISO 16797:2004, 2.7]
3.1.6
cycles of concentration
ratio of the concentration of specific ions in the circulating cooling water (3.1.3) to the concentration of
the same ions in the make-up water (3.1.8)
[SOURCE: ISO 16784-2:2006, 3.6]
3.1.7
heat transfer medium
medium (water, air, etc.) used for the transfer of the heat without change of state
Note 1 to entry: The fluid cooled by the evaporator, the fluid heated by the condenser, and the fluid circulating in
the heat recovery heat exchanger.
[SOURCE: ISO 13612-2:2014, 3.22]
3.1.8
make-up water
water which is added to the system to compensate for the loss of water due to evaporation, blow-down,
leakage and drift loss
[SOURCE: ISO 16784-2:2006, 3.9]
3.1.9
non-conventional water source
sources of water not originating from natural fresh surface water or groundwater, including seawater
desalination, use of brackish water (directly or via desalination), and reuse of urban or industrial
wastewaters with varying levels of treatment
2 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved
3.1.10
Ryznar Stability Index
RSI
index to help monitor the scaling and corrosion (3.1.5) potential of water
Note 1 to entry: Ryznar values are always positive, which attempts to correlate an empirical database of scale
thickness observed in municipal water systems and to quantify the relationship between calcium carbonate
saturation state and scale formation. The Ryznar index takes the form: RSI = 2 pH --pH (pH is the pH at saturation
s s
in calcite or calcium carbonate; pH is the measured water pH). The application of RSI in water treatment plant
demonstrated that RSI was fit in estimating the treated water chemical stability and appeared to be promising in
the field of treated water quality management.
3.1.11
scaling
surface film and corrosion (3.1.5) products produced on the surface by high temperature corrosion
[SOURCE: ISO 13573:2012, 3.1]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
COD Chemical Oxygen Demand
HPC Heterotrophic Plate Count
TDS Total Dissolved Solid
TN Total Nitrogen
TOC Total Organic Carbon
TP Total Phosp
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.