ISO/FDIS 20947-1

Performance evaluation protocol for digital fitting systems

Protocole d'évaluation de la performance des systèmes d'habillage virtuel

General Information

• Status: Published
• ICS: 61.020 - Clothes
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 133 - Clothing sizing systems - size designation, size measurement methods and digital fittings
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 133/WG 2 - Digital Fitting
• Current Stage: 5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
• Start Date: 14-Apr-2021
• Completion Date: 14-Apr-2021

Standards Content (sample)

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 20947-1
ISO/TC 133
Performance evaluation protocol for
Secretariat: SABS
digital fitting systems —
Voting begins on:
2021-04-14
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
Accuracy of virtual human body
2021-06-09
representation
Protocole d'évaluation de la performance des systèmes d'habillage
virtuel —
Partie 1: Fidélité de la représentation du corps humain virtuel
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
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© ISO 2021

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ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Basic requirements of virtual human modelling system ........................................................................................10

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................10

4.2 Data import function.......................................................................................................................................................................10

4.3 Data export function .......................................................................................................................................................................10

4.4 Landmark extraction and export function ...................................................................................................................11

4.5 Function to take body dimensions data .........................................................................................................................11

4.6 Cross section creation function .............................................................................................................................................11

4.7 Visualization function ....................................................................................................................................................................11

4.8 Symmetrisation function .............................................................................................................................................................11

5 Selection of subjects .......................................................................................................................................................................................11

6 Evaluation protocol for the virtual human body based on body dimensions ....................................11

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................11

6.2 Virtual body dimensions .............................................................................................................................................................12

6.3 Errors in body dimensions ........................................................................................................................................................13

7 Cross sections and projection views .............................................................................................................................................13

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................13

7.2 Cross section ..........................................................................................................................................................................................15

7.3 Superimposed display of torso cross sections ..........................................................................................................15

7.4 Dimensions of bounding rectangles of cross sections .......................................................................................15

7.5 Front, back and side views .........................................................................................................................................................16

8 Report ...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................16

8.2 Information on the virtual human modelling system ........................................................................................16

8.3 Availability of the recommended functions ................................................................................................................16

8.4 Information on subject population .....................................................................................................................................16

8.5 Measurement errors .......................................................................................................................................................................16

8.6 Cross sections and projection views .................................................................................................................................16

Annex A (normative) Format for report: Evaluation of a virtual human modelling system ...................17

Annex B (informative) Example of report: Evaluation of a virtual human modelling

systembased on 3D body scan data ................................................................................................................................................24

Annex C (informative) Example of report: Evaluation of a virtual human modelling

systembased on body dimension data ........................................................................................................................................30

Annex D (informative) Example of report: Evaluation of a virtual human modelling

systemfor virtual fit mannequin models ..................................................................................................................................37

Annex E (informative) Format for report: Evaluation of a virtual fit mannequin ..............................................42

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................46

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 133, Clothing sizing systems - size

designation, size measurement methods and digital fittings.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20947 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
Introduction

Digital fitting systems are used for evaluating the fit of a garment without making physical patterns

or physical garments. In a digital fitting system, a virtual garment is made using virtual patterns, and

the fit of physical garment(s) on a physical human body is assessed by draping a virtual garment on a

virtual human body or a virtual fit mannequin (fit form). Such systems are useful for designers and

manufacturers, educationalists and retailers of garments because the system helps to improve the fit

of garments and productivity. It can also be useful for consumers for assessing the fit of mass-produced

garments, for online shopping or for selecting an appropriate size.

The digital fitting system enables examination of the fit of a garment by placing a virtual garment on

a virtual human body. Greater accuracy in examining the fit of the virtual garment requires a virtual

human body representing the human body accurately. There are several methods for creating the

virtual human body. The most popular is the use of a 3D body scan data of a human body, scan data

of a fit mannequin representing a specified human form and a parametric model created from body

dimensions.

This document defines the virtual human body system that forms the basis of the digital fitting

system. This document establishes not only the basic functional requirements of this system but also

the protocol for assessing the quality of the virtual human body. The protocol is expected to enable

users of digital fitting systems (designers, educationalists and retailers) to choose the virtual human

body system most appropriate for their purposes and, at the same time, realize easier performance

evaluation of digital fitting systems that make use of the virtual human body (including virtual fit

mannequin) model. Since the accuracy of scan-derived measurements and surface shape depends

on the accuracy of 3D body scanner system used, manual measurements are used for quantitatively

evaluating the accuracy of a virtual human body. Accuracy of scan-derived measurements should be

evaluated according to ISO 20685-1.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
Performance evaluation protocol for digital fitting
systems —
Part 1:
Accuracy of virtual human body representation
1 Scope

This document focuses on the method of quantifying the differences in body dimensions and visualizing

shape differences between the human body and a virtual human body model. This document provides

a performance evaluation protocol for virtual human body representation systems, which create

virtual human body (including virtual fit mannequin) models based on 3D body scan data and/or body

dimensions data of a human body. The required accuracy of a virtual human body depends on the

purpose and use of the digital fitting system.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 18825-1, Clothing — Digital fittings — Part 1: Vocabulary and terminology used for the virtual

human body

ISO 18825-2, Clothing — Digital fittings — Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology used for attributes of the

virtual human body

ISO 8559-1, Size designation of clothes — Part 1: Anthropometric definitions for body measurement

ISO 20685-1, 3-D scanning methodologies for internationally compatible anthropometric databases –

Part 1: Evaluation protocol for body dimensions extracted from 3-D body scans
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
digital fitting system

fitting system that provides qualitative and/or quantitative evaluations of overall and/or specific

simulation garment fit through analysis of the distribution of surface strain, gap between body and

garment, heat map, cross section, surface wrinkles, seam drop, garment balance, etc.

3.2
virtual human modelling system

system for creating a virtual human body (3.3.2) for a specific market or individual

Note 1 to entry: Asymmetrical shape assumed to match the body shape of the individual.

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
3.3
virtual human model
three-dimensional model in digital format
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1: 2016, 2.1.1]
3.3.1
parametric human body

virtual human model (3.3) with changeable parameters such as size and shape, etc.

Note 1 to entry: Parametric human body is created by modifying the parameters of the exemplar model imported

from the 3D model library. The exemplar models vary by country as they are based on a database. Therefore, a

parametric human body can be made on the basis of height variations, BMI (body mass index) and so on.

Note 2 to entry: The parameters of the parametric human body are presented in the parametric human body

software. The parameters of the parametric human body can be added depending on the purpose of users.

Note 3 to entry: to entry See Figure 1.
Figure 1 — Examples of parameters of a male adult body
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1: 2016, 2.1.1.1]
3.3.2
virtual human body

virtual clone (3.3.2.1) for digital fitting in the apparel industry, including information such as size, shape,

cross section, body texture and skeletal structure

Note 1 to entry: Also called “fashion avatar”. In computing, an avatar is the graphical representation of the user

or the user’s alter ego or character.

Note 2 to entry: The virtual human body is classified into two key types: virtual clone and virtual twin.

Note 3 to entry: In this document, virtual human body includes at least virtual clone, virtual twin and virtual fit

mannequin model.
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1: 2016, 2.1.1.2, modified – Note 3 to entry has been added]
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
3.3.2.1
virtual clone
virtual shape

virtual human body (3.3.2) that is created by forming three-dimensional surface data from a 3D body

scanned, using surface modeling processes including noise elimination, hole-filling and mesh generation

Note 1 to entry: It is essential that a user be scanned first to create a virtual clone.

Note 2 to entry: The virtual clone is identical to the body shape of the user.
Note 3 to entry: See Figure 2.
Key
1 3D scanning
2 3D scanned point cloud
3 virtual clone
Figure 2 — Process of creating a virtual clone
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1: 2016, 2.1.1.2.1]
3.3.2.2
virtual twin
virtual size

virtual human body (3.3.2) morphed according to body dimensions acquired either through manual or

automatic measurements

Note 1 to entry: The virtual twin is a parametric human body (3.3.1) as it can be altered with parameters.

Note 2 to entry: The virtual twin is not identical to the user; but is a close approximation that can be altered by

entering parameters retrieved from a population database.
Note 3 to entry: See Figure 3.

Note 4 to entry: A virtual twin can be created directly from the person being scanned or as in case of most digital

systems from an existing library.
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
a) Body measurements b) 3D model library c) Virtual twin
NOTE Body measurements are necessary to create a virtual twin.
Figure 3 — Process of creating a virtual twin

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1: 2016, 2.1.1.2.2, modified – “that is applied” has been replaced by “according to”

and Note 4 to entry has been added]
3.3.2.3
virtual fit mannequin

virtual human body (3.3.2) that represents an actual human body model in digital format used for

garment visualization

Note 1 to entry: The model is used for draping simulation (3D form and design realization for example) and

examining silhouette and fit of a garment.
Note 2 to entry: See Figure 4.
Figure 4 — Process of creating a virtual fit mannequin
3.4
virtual standing position
posture of a virtual human model (3.3) used for measuring dimensions and fit

Note 1 to entry: In a virtual standing position, the head is in the Frankfurt plane, the long axes of the feet should

be parallel to one another and 200 mm apart. The upper arms are abducted to form a 20° angle with the sides

of the torso and the elbows are straight. But the palms face toward the torso. This position shall be used for

evaluating the fit of garments.
3.5
virtual cross section

closed contour extracted from the plane cutting a virtual body segment perpendicular to its main axis

or the three principle axes
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 5.

Note 2 to entry: The main axis is the axis that connects the joints on either side of the virtual body segment.

4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
Figure 5 — Examples of virtual body cross sections
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1: 2016, 2.2.2]
3.6
virtual body landmarks and levels

points that define the characteristic of the body shape of the user in the virtual standing position (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: For example, points of bone prominence, peak points on a convex or concave surface, or points

like the bust point can be virtual body landmarks.

Note 2 to entry: On a physical body, a virtual fit mannequin or a physical fit mannequin, the landmarks and the

levels are defined in the same manner.

Note 3 to entry: Some of the landmarks are evaluated in terms of their levels in this document (see Table 1).

Note 4 to entry: When a physical body or a physical fit mannequin is 3D scanned, markers for the landmarks can

be put on it to extract their positions.
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-1:2016, 2.2.4]
Table 1 — Virtual and physical body landmark points and levels
No. Virtual body landmark points Male/Female
1 Virtual back neck-base point both
2 Virtual shoulder point (Right and Left) both
3 Virtual axilla point male
4 Virtual bust point female
5 Virtual underbust point female
6 Virtual midriff level female
7 Virtual side waist point(Right and Left) both
8 Virtual back waist point both
9 Virtual top hip level both
10 Virtual hip point both
11 Virtual crotch point both
12 Virtual gluteal fold point both
13 Virtual elbow point (Right and Left) both
14 Virtual wrist point (Right and Left) both
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
Table 1 (continued)
No. Virtual body landmark points Male/Female
15 Virtual side neck-base point (Right and Left) both
16 Virtual landing heel point both
3.6.1
virtual back neck-base point

most posterior point at the back neck-base on the midsagittal plane with the virtual human body (3.3.2)

in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.5]
3.6.2
virtual shoulder point

most lateral point of the shoulder ridge line passing through the cross section covering the middle plane

of the torso and arm with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.6]
3.6.3
virtual axilla point

lowest point under the axillary passing through the cross section between the torso and arm with the

virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.7]
3.6.4
virtual bust point

most anterior point of the bust with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: This point is used for a female.
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.10, modified — Note 1 to entry modified.]
3.6.5
virtual underbust point

lowest point or its level under the bust projection with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual

standing position (3.4)
Note 1 to entry: This point is used for a female.

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.11, modified — "or its level" has been added, Note 1 to entry has been

modified.]
3.6.6
virtual midriff level

midway between the levels of the virtual underbust point and virtual side waist point

Note 1 to entry: This level is used for a female.

Note 2 to entry: [SOURCE: ISO 8559-1:2017, 3.1.21, modified — Term and definition modified to apply to the

virtual human body, Note 1 to entry modified.]
3.6.7
virtual side waist point

most concave point or its level of the (right) side waist when viewed from the front with the virtual

human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.12]
6 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
3.6.8
virtual back waist point

point of the back waist on the midsagittal plane at the level of the virtual side waist point (3.6.7) with the

virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.13]
3.6.9
virtual top hip level

midway between the level of the virtual side waist point and virtual side hip point

[SOURCE: ISO 8559-1:2017, 3.1.24, modified — Term and definition modified to apply to the virtual

human body.]
3.6.10
virtual hip point

most posterior point of the hip when viewed from the front when the virtual human body (3.3.2) is in a

virtual standing position (3.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.15, modified — “when viewed from the front” has been added.]

3.6.11
virtual crotch point

lowest point of the torso on the midsagittal plane with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual

standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.16]
3.6.12
virtual gluteal fold point

most concave point on the sagittal plane passing through the virtual hip point (3.6.10) between hip and

thigh or its level with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.20]
3.6.13
virtual elbow point
most protruding point of the elbow
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.17]
3.6.14
virtual wrist point

most concave point of the extended line of the little finger passing through the cross section between

the arm and hand with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.18]
3.6.15
virtual side neck-base point

intersection point of the concave contour line at the neck-base passing through the shoulder ridge line

with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.4]
3.6.16
virtual landing heel point

lowest point or level of the posterior calcaneus with the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing

position (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: The virtual landing heel point can reach the floor or the top of the shoe heel.

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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.1.26, modified — "or level" has been added, Note 1 to entry has been

modified.]
3.7
virtual body dimensions

size information on virtual body segments of the virtual human body (3.3.2) that corresponds to

measured anthropometric dimensions of the user in the virtual standing position (3.4)

Note 1 to entry: See 6.2.
3.7.1
virtual chest girth

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual axilla point (3.6.3) with the virtual human body

(3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.17]
3.7.2
virtual bust girth

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual bust point (3.6.4) with the virtual human body

(3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.18]
3.7.3
virtual underbust girth

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual underbust point (3.6.5) with the virtual human

body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.19]
3.7.4
virtual waist girth

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual side waist point (3.6.7) with the virtual human

body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.20]
3.7.5
virtual hip girth

horizontal girth of the torso passing through the virtual hip point (3.6.10) with the virtual human body

(3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.22]
3.7.6
virtual thigh girth

horizontal girth of the leg at the level of virtual gluteal fold point (3.6.12) with the virtual human body

(3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)

[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.23, modified — "virtual crotch point" has been changed to "virtual

gluteal fold point".]
3.7.7
virtual chest height

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual axilla point (3.6.3) with the

virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
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ISO/FDIS 20947-1:2021(E)
3.7.8
virtual bust height

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual bust point (3.6.4) with the

virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.2]
3.7.9
virtual underbust height

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual underbust point (3.6.5) with

the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
3.7.10
virtual waist height

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual side waist point (3.6.7) with

the virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4)
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.3]
3.7.11
virtual hip height

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual hip point (3.6.10) with the

virtual human body (3.3.2) in the virtual standing position (3.4).
[SOURCE: ISO 18825-2:2016, 2.2.4]
3.7.12
virtual thigh height

vertical distance between the virtual landing heel point (3.6.16) and virtual gluteal fold point (3.6.12)

with the virtual human bo
...