ISO/TR 11233:2014
(Main)Space systems - Orbit determination and estimation - Process for describing techniques
Space systems - Orbit determination and estimation - Process for describing techniques
ISO/TR 11233:2014 prescribes the manner in which orbit determination and estimation techniques are to be described so that parties can plan operations with sufficient margin to accommodate different individual approaches to orbit determination and estimation. ISO/TR 11233:2014 does not require the exchange of orbit data nor does it prescribe a method of performing orbit determination. It only prescribes the information that shall accompany such data so that collaborating satellite owners/operators understand the similarities and differences between their independent orbit determination processes. All satellite owners/operators are entitled to a preferred approach to physical approximations, numerical implementation, and computational execution of orbit determination and estimation of future states of their satellites. Mission demands should determine the architecture (speed of execution, required precision, etc.). ISO/TR 11233:2014 will enable stakeholders to describe their techniques in a manner that is uniformly understood. Implementation details that can have proprietary or competitive advantage need not be revealed.
SystΓ¨mes spatiaux β DΓ©termination et estimation de l'orbite β Processus pour la description des techniques
General Information
Overview
ISO/TR 11233:2014 - "Space systems - Orbit determination and estimation - Process for describing techniques" is a Technical Report that prescribes a uniform way to describe orbit determination (OD) and orbit estimation techniques. It does not mandate exchange formats or specific numerical algorithms; rather, it defines the information that should accompany orbit data so collaborating satellite owners and operators can understand differences in modelling, propagation, and uncertainty treatment. The report enables interoperable planning and safe operations while allowing implementers to retain proprietary implementation details.
Key topics and requirements
- Scope and intent: Describe OD and propagation techniques so others can plan operations with appropriate margins without forcing a single method.
- Observation types: Specify which observations were used (radar ranges/angles, optical angles, Doppler, pseudorange/carrier phase, interferometric measures).
- Observation location metadata: Provide facility latitude/longitude/altitude and reference datum (e.g., WGSβ84), station IDs, elevation cutoffs, measurement biases and transponder delays.
- Satellite metadata: Include a priori state, tracking data identifiers, force-model parameters, covariance matrices, general accelerations and transponder delay.
- Estimation & control parameters: Report estimation parameters, force-model controls, numerical integration settings, database controls, and stated observation uncertainties.
- Processing architectures: Identify the OD architecture used - Initial Orbit Determination (IOD), Least Squares (LS) differential corrections, Sequential Processing (SP), or filter/smoother processing - and describe relevant initialization and convergence criteria.
- Data selection and editing: State whether and how tracking data were edited, and the selection criteria used.
- Propagation information: Describe force models, coordinate systems, reference frames, state-variable definitions, mean/orbit representations, orbit propagators, and covariance propagation assumptions.
- Annexes: The report includes informative annexes for representative tool sets, reference frames, integration schemes, and a sample data sheet to standardize documentation.
Applications
- Ensuring interoperable mission planning and collision-avoidance coordination among satellite owners/operators
- Supporting space situational awareness (SSA) data exchange and interpretation without forcing algorithm disclosure
- Enabling mission assurance and operation margin assessments for LEO, HEO, GEO and multi-constellation missions
- Communicating orbit-estimation provenance for regulatory compliance, conjunction assessment, and multi-operator maneuvers
Who should use this
- Satellite owners and operators, mission planners, and flight dynamics teams
- Space situational awareness and traffic-management organizations
- Data providers, ground station operators, and commercial space service vendors
- Standards bodies and system integrators seeking consistent orbit-data documentation
Related standards
ISO/TR 11233:2014 was prepared by ISO/TC 20/SC 14 (Space systems and operations) and complements other ISO space-system documents addressing data exchange and operational procedures. Refer to ISO/TC 20 publications for related guidance on space operations and data formats.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO/TR 11233:2014 is a technical report published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Space systems - Orbit determination and estimation - Process for describing techniques". This standard covers: ISO/TR 11233:2014 prescribes the manner in which orbit determination and estimation techniques are to be described so that parties can plan operations with sufficient margin to accommodate different individual approaches to orbit determination and estimation. ISO/TR 11233:2014 does not require the exchange of orbit data nor does it prescribe a method of performing orbit determination. It only prescribes the information that shall accompany such data so that collaborating satellite owners/operators understand the similarities and differences between their independent orbit determination processes. All satellite owners/operators are entitled to a preferred approach to physical approximations, numerical implementation, and computational execution of orbit determination and estimation of future states of their satellites. Mission demands should determine the architecture (speed of execution, required precision, etc.). ISO/TR 11233:2014 will enable stakeholders to describe their techniques in a manner that is uniformly understood. Implementation details that can have proprietary or competitive advantage need not be revealed.
ISO/TR 11233:2014 prescribes the manner in which orbit determination and estimation techniques are to be described so that parties can plan operations with sufficient margin to accommodate different individual approaches to orbit determination and estimation. ISO/TR 11233:2014 does not require the exchange of orbit data nor does it prescribe a method of performing orbit determination. It only prescribes the information that shall accompany such data so that collaborating satellite owners/operators understand the similarities and differences between their independent orbit determination processes. All satellite owners/operators are entitled to a preferred approach to physical approximations, numerical implementation, and computational execution of orbit determination and estimation of future states of their satellites. Mission demands should determine the architecture (speed of execution, required precision, etc.). ISO/TR 11233:2014 will enable stakeholders to describe their techniques in a manner that is uniformly understood. Implementation details that can have proprietary or competitive advantage need not be revealed.
ISO/TR 11233:2014 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 49.140 - Space systems and operations. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
You can purchase ISO/TR 11233:2014 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 11233
First edition
2014-04-15
Space systems β Orbit determination
and estimation β Process for
describing techniques
SystΓ¨mes spatiaux β DΓ©termination et estimation de lβorbite β
Processus pour la description des techniques
Reference number
Β©
ISO 2014
Β© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISOβs member body in the country of
the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
ii Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 1
3 Background . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Initial orbit determination . 2
3.3 Subsequent orbit determination . 2
3.4 Required information for orbit determination . 3
3.5 Orbit elements . 7
3.6 Coordinate systems . 9
3.7 Reference frames .12
3.8 State variables, mean orbits, and covariance .13
3.9 Orbit propagators .13
4 Documentary requirements .14
Annex A (informative) Representative widely used orbit determination and estimation tool sets 15
Annex B (informative) Representative reference frames .16
Annex C (informative) Representative numerical integration schemes .17
Annex D (informative) Sample data sheet .18
Bibliography .19
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISOβs adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 14, Space systems and operations.
iv Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved
Introduction
This Technical Report prescribes the manner in which satellite owners/operators describe techniques
used to determine orbits from active and passive observations and the manner in which they estimate
satellite orbit evolution.
The same data inputs lead to different predictions when they are used in different models. Satellite
owners/operators shall often accept orbit descriptions developed with physical models that others
employ. The differences in orbit propagation as a result of using different physical models and numerical
techniques can be significant. Safe and cooperative operations among those who operate satellites
demand that each satellite owner/operator understand the differences among their approaches to orbit
determination and propagation.
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 11233:2014(E)
Space systems β Orbit determination and estimation β
Process for describing techniques
1 Scope
This Technical Report prescribes the manner in which orbit determination and estimation techniques
are to be described so that parties can plan operations with sufficient margin to accommodate different
individual approaches to orbit determination and estimation. This Technical Report does not require the
exchange of orbit data nor does it prescribe a method of performing orbit determination. It only prescribes
the information that shall accompany such data so that collaborating satellite owners/operators
understand the similarities and differences between their independent orbit determination processes.
All satellite owners/operators are entitled to a preferred approach to physical approximations,
numerical implementation, and computational execution of orbit determination and estimation of
future states of their satellites. Mission demands should determine the architecture (speed of execution,
required precision, etc.). This Technical Report will enable stakeholders to describe their techniques in a
manner that is uniformly understood. Implementation details that can have proprietary or competitive
advantage need not be revealed.
2 Symbols and abbreviated terms
BDRF Bidirectional Reflectance Function
FPA Flight Path Angle
GPS Global Positioning System
HEO High Earth Orbit
IOD Initial Orbital Determination
LEO Low Earth Orbit
LS Least Squares
OD Orbital Determination
RAAN Right Ascension of the Ascending Node
RMS Root Mean Square
SP Sequential Processing
TLE Two-line Elements
UTC Coordinated Universal Time
3 Background
3.1 General
Satellite orbit determination (OD) estimates the position and velocity of an orbiting object from discrete
observations. The set of observations includes external measurements from terrestrial or space-based
sensors and measurements from instruments on the satellite itself. Satellite orbit propagation estimates
the future state of motion of a satellite whose orbit has been determined from past observations. Though
a satelliteβs motion is described by a set of ideal equations of motion representing physical hypotheses,
the observations used in OD are subject to systematic and random uncertainties. Therefore, OD and
propagation are probabilistic and can only approximately describe the satelliteβs motion. The degree of
approximation that can be tolerated depends on the intended use of the orbital information.
A spacecraft is influenced by a variety of external forces, including terrestrial gravity, atmospheric
drag, multibody gravitation, solar radiation pressure, tides, and spacecraft thrusters. Selection of forces
for modelling depends on the accuracy and precision required from the OD process and the amount
of available data. The complex modelling of these forces results in a highly nonlinear set of dynamical
equations. Many physical and computational uncertainties limit the accuracy and precision of the
spacecraft state that can be determined. Similarly, the observational data are inherently nonlinear with
respect to the state of motion of the spacecraft and some influences might not have been included in
models of the observation of the state of motion.
Satellite OD and propagation are stochastic estimation problems because observations are inherently
noisy and uncertain and because not all of the phenomena that influence satellite motion are clearly
discernable. Estimation is the process of extracting a desired time-varying signal from statistically
noisy observations accumulated over time. Estimation encompasses data smoothing, which is statistical
inference from past observations; filtering, which infers the signal from past observations and current
observations; and prediction or propagation, which employs past and current observations to infer the
future of the signal.
This Technical Report and related ISO documents employ the term βorbit data.β Orbit data encompasses
all forms of data that contribute to determining the orbits of satellites and that report the outcomes of
orbit determination in order to estimate the future trajectory of a satellite. This includes observations
of satellite states of motion either through active illumination, as with radars, or through passive
observation of electromagnetic energy emitted or reflected from satellites, as with telescopes.
It is desirable to keep each space orbit standard as simple as possible, treating the form and content
of orbit data exchange, description of the modelling approach, and other relevant but independent
aspects individually. It is hoped that this will develop a sufficient body of standards incrementally, not
complicating matters for which there is consensus with matters that might be contentious.
Most in the space community employ a variation of only a few major architectures. These architectures
are cited in many texts and references that need not be enumerated in this document.
OD begins with observations from specified locations and produces spacecraft position and velocity, all
quantities subject to quantifiable uncertainty.
3.2 Initial orbit determination
Initial OD (IOD) methods input tracking measurements with tracking platform locations, and output
spacecraft position and velocity estimates. No a priori orbit estimate is required. Associated solution
error magnitudes can be very large. IOD methods are sometimes nonlinear methods and are often
trivial to implement. Measurement editing is typically not performed during IOD calculations because
there are insufficient observations. Operationally, the OD process is frequently begun, or restarted, with
IOD. IOD methods were derived by various authors: LaPlace, PoincarΓ©, Gauss, Lagrange, Lambert, Gibbs,
Herrick, Williams, Stumpp, Lancaster, Blanchard, Gooding, and Smith. Restarting techniques are most
easily accomplished by using a solution from another technique.
3.3 Subsequent orbit determination
3.3.1 Least squares differential corrections
Least squares (LS) methods input tracking measurements with tracking platform locations and an a
priori orbit estimate, and output a refined orbit estimate. Associated solution error magnitudes are
by definition small when compared to IOD outputs. LS methods consist of an iterative sequence of
2 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved
corrections where sequence convergence is defined as a function of tracking measurement residual root
mean square (RMS). Each correction is characterized by a minimization of the sum of squares of tracking
measurement residuals. The LS method was derived first by Gauss in 1795 and then independently by
Legendre.
3.3.2 Sequential processing
Sequential processing (SP) methods are distinguished from LS processing methods in that batches of
data are considered sequentially, collecting a set of observations over a specified time interval and
batch-processing one interval after the next. SP can be thought of as a moving time window whose
contents are captured and processed at intervals, independent of previously processed batches of data.
The analysis does not include process noise inputs and calculations. It is in no way equivalent to filter
processing, in which each new observation is added to past observations, improving estimates in a
rigorous, traceable manner.
3.3.3 Filter processing
Filter methods output refined state estimates sequentially at each observation time. Filter methods
are forward-time recursive sequential methods consisting of a repeating pattern of time updates of
the state of motion estimate and measurement updates of the state of motion estimate. The filter time
update propagates the state estimate forward, and the filter measurement update incorporates the
next measurement. The recursive pattern includes an important interval of filter initialization. Filter-
smoother methods are backward-time recursive sequential methods consisting of a repeating pattern
of state estimate refinement using filter outputs and backwards transition. Time transitions for both
filter and smoother are dominated most significantly by numerical orbit propagators. The search for
sequential processing was begun by Wiener, Kalman, Bucy, and others.
3.4 Required information for orbit determination
3.4.1 Observations
When observation data are communicated for collaborative or independent determination of satellite
orbits, the observation types upon which that information is based shall be included. Several types of
ground-based, airborne, and space-based sensor observations are routinely used in orbit determination.
Table 1 describes the various observation types and sources.
Table 1 β Space surveillance observation product description
Content Source
two angles and slant range Radars
two angles Baker-Nunn cameras, telescopes, binocu-
lars, visual sightings
Azimuth Direction finders
Time of closest approach Radars, radio receivers [for transmitting
(Doppler) satellites]
Range, angles, and rates Radars
Pseudorange and carrier phase, as GPS or onboard inertial sensors
well as single, double, and triple dif-
ferences of these basic measurement
types
Direction cosines Interferometric radars
3.4.1.1 Observation location information
When data are communicated for collaborative or independent determination of satellite orbits, the
following information about the observation location and measuring devices shall be communicated:
β facility location latitude, longitude, altitude, and the reference from which such are measured, (e.g.
WGS-84);
β tracking station identification (ID);
β elevation cutoff;
β measurement biases;
β transponder delay for downlinked information.
3.4.1.2 Satellite information
When data are communicated for collaborative or independent determination of satellite orbits, the
following information about the satellite subject shall be included:
β a priori state estimate;
β tracking data ID;
β force model parameters;
β covariance matrix;
β general accelerations;
β transponder delay.
3.4.1.3 Estimation parameters and control
When data are communicated for collaborative or independent determination of satellite orbits, the
following information about estimation parameters and control shall be included:
β estimation parameters;
β global force model controls;
β integration controls;
β database controls;
β observation uncertainties.
3.4.2 Tracking data selection and editing
When data are communicated for collaborative or independent determination of satellite orbits, the
provider shall state whether data were edited and what the criteria were for tracking data selection.
3.4.3 Widely used OD schemes
When a widely used, consensus-validated, and authoritatively documented OD scheme is employed, the
requirements of this Technical Report can be satisfied by citing that documentation and the specific
parameter sets that the data provider employed within that scheme, which vary with scheme and version.
Some widely used OD schemes that are acceptable are cited in Annex A. The list is not exhaustive.
4 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved
3.4.4 Required information for orbit propagation or prediction
The following subclauses enumerate and decribe standard alternatives for information acceptable
under this Technical Report.
3.4.4.1 Force models
Spacecraft are affected by several different conservative and non-conservative forces. Non-conservative
phenomena dissipate spacecraft energy, for example by doing work on and heating the atmosphere.
3.4.4.1.1 Gravitation
Descriptions of an orbit propagation or prediction scheme shall include complete information about
gravitational field characteristics employed. That description shall be based on the following formalism.
3.4.4.1.2 Earth gravity
The Earthβs gravitational field shall be described in terms of a Jacobi polynomial expansion of finite
order and degree. Jacobi polynomials are a complete, orthonormal set over the unit sphere. There are
two angular degrees of freedom, equivalent to latitude and longitude. Any analytic function within that
space can be represented by a weighted doubly infinite series of Jacobi polynomials.
3.4.4.1.2.1 Two-body motion
Two-body motion or Keplerian motion considers only the force of gravity from the Earth. Both the
spacecraft and the Earth are considered point masses, with all mass concentrated at their centres of
mass. This is the lowest- order zonal harmonic approximation.
3.4.4.1.3 Zonal harmonics
3.4.4.1.3.1 J2
The J2 perturbation (first-order) accounts for secular (constant rate over time) variations in the orbit
elements due to Earth oblateness, mainly nodal precession and rotation of the semi-major axis of orbit
elements that are otherwise those of unperturbed, Newtonian orbits. J2 is a zonal harmonic coefficient
in an infinite Jacobi polynomial series representation of the Earthβs gravity field. It represents the
dominant effects of Earth oblateness. The even zonal harmonic coefficients of the gravity field are the
only coefficients that result in secular changes in satellite orbital elements. The J2 propagator includes
only the dominant first-order secular effects.
3.4.4.1.3.2 J4
The J4 perturbation (second-order) accounts for secular variations in the orbit elements due to Earth
oblateness. The effects of J4 are approximately 1 000 times smaller than J2 and are a result of Earth
oblateness.
3.4.4.1.3.3 Generalized zonal harmonics
It is impractical to determine the weights (coefficients) for a mathematically complete Jacobi polynomial
series representation; therefore the series is truncated at meaningful (in terms of precision of the
representation of the gravity field) order (latitudinal) and degree (longitudinal). If the order and degree
are equal, the truncation is βsquare.β Since gravitational and other perturbations are not necessarily
symmetrical in latitude and longitude, the best approximation for a given application is not necessarily
square. Static elements of the gravity field are the gravitation of the fixed portions of the distribution of
the Earthβs mass. The static gravity field is not uniform. Dynamic elements of the gravity are caused by
the fluid elements of the Earthβs core and by variations in the distribution of water. There are solid and
ocean tides.
3.4.4.1.4 Multibody gravitation
Certain phenomena, such as libration points, only exist with more than two gravitationally interacting
bodies. Descriptions of spacecraft orbit propagation or prediction schemes shall include information
about third-body or multiple-body gravitational interactions if such are considered.
3.4.4.1.4.1 Lunar gravitation
Descriptions of spacecraft orbit propagation or prediction shall state whether Lunar influences were
considered and how they were described.
3.4.4.1.4.2 Restricted three-body problem
The restricted three-body problem considers one of the participating bodies to be a point mass. The
data set shall state whether such approximations were employed.
3.4.4.1.4.3 Other gravitational influences
The data set shall state whether other massive bodies were considered beyond the Earth, the Moon, and
the satellite of interest and how those influences were approximated.
3.4.4.1.5 Atmospheric resistance
Gas-dynamic resistance can be a significant dissipative force in low Earth orbits (LEOs). It is usually
sufficient to represent it as aerodynamic drag, the product of dynamic pressure, aggregated drag
coefficient, and cross-sectional area. Since dynamic pressure is proportional to gas density, the minimum
description of atmospheric drag shall include the information described in 3.4.4.1.4.1 through 3.4.4.1.4.2.
3.4.4.1.5.1 Drag coefficient
Drag coefficient depends upon satellite geometry, orientation, and gas-dynamic regime described by
Knudsen number (ratio of object characteristic dimension to gas mean free path) and Mach number
(ratio of object speed to acoustic propagation speed). When describing how atmospheric resistance is
represented, data providers shall provide the value of drag coefficient employed or, if drag is allowed to
vary, the manner in which drag coefficient varies. If gas-dynamic drag is approximated differently, the
scheme shall be described. If gas-dynamic drag is not considered, that shall be stated explicitly.
3.4.4.1.5.2 Atmospheric density model
Density within the Earthβs atmosphere varies temporally and spatially. Those variations are important
in LEO. Some acceptable and most-often used atmospheric density models are as follows:
β 1976 Standard Harris-Priester;
β Jacchia 1970 and 1971;
β Jaccia-Roberts;
β MSIS (Several Versions and extensions).
These models can also include measurable parameters that are βproxiesβ for the variation of atmospheric
parameters. These include solar flux/geomagnetic particle flux which can be inferred from the
meteorological observables
β daily F10.7,
β average F10.7, and
β geomagnetic index.
6 Β© ISO 2014 β All rights reserved
3.4.4.2 Radiation pressure
Momentum transfer from photons to satellites can be an important force for HEOs. Radiation pressure
depends on the area and surface characteristics of the satellite and the nature of the incident radiative
fluxes. The Sun is the predominant direct source of electromagnetic radiation, but the Earth and the
Moon also emit and reflect electromagnetic radiation. The minimum description of radiation pressure
is as follows:
β solar radiation press
...
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ΠΠ’Π§ΠΠ’ 11233
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
2014-04-15
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Space systems β Orbit determination and estimation β Process for
describing techniques
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ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ . 4
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ . 5
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 1
2 Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 1
3 ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ° . 1
3.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ . 1
3.2 ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ . 2
3.3 ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ . 3
3.4 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ . 3
3.5 ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ . 8
3.6 ΠΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ . 9
3.7 Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° . 13
3.8 ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ . 13
3.9 Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ . 14
4 Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌ . 14
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ . 15
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° . 16
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π·Π΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ . 17
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ D (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. 18
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ . 19
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ISO) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ISO). Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ISO. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½,
Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ISO, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. ISO ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ
ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IEC) ΠΏΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² Π§Π°ΡΡΠΈ 1 ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²
ISO/IEC. Π ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ISO. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π§Π°ΡΡΠΈ 2 ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²
ISO/IEC www.iso.org/directives.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π². ΠΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ISO Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π². ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°
ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ISO Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π². www.iso.org/patents
ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π΄ΠΏΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΠ° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ISO, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ISO ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΠΠ’Π ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ
Π²
ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ (TBT β Technical Barriers to Trade) ΡΠΌ. ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ URL: ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ - ΠΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Foreword - Supplementary information
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ISO/TC 20 ΠΠ²ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ SC 14, ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
iv Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ/ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ².
ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ
. Π‘ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ/ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅. Π Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Ρ/ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π» Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ
Π½Π΅ΠΉ.
Π’ΠΠ₯ΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ’Π§ΠΠ’ ISO/TR 11233:2014(R)
Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ°.
ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ,
ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π²/ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ Π΅Π΅
ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ/ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅
Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ (ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ.). ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ.
2 Π‘ΠΈΠΌΠ²ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ²ΡΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
BDRF
FPA Π£Π³ΠΎΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ
GPS Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
HEO ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°
IOD ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
LEO ΠΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°
LS ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
OD ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
RAAN ΠΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ·Π»Π°
RMS ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
SP ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°
TLE ΠΠ²ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ
UTC Π£Π½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
3 ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°
3.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° (OD) ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°
Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅) ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π₯ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π·Ρ, Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π²
OD ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ OD ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°.
Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ», Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΈ
Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»,
Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° OD ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅, Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΌ, Π½Π΅
Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π‘ΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ OD ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ,
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅
ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° - ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ,
Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
c
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΠ΅
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»Π°Ρ
.
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Ρ ISO ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ βΠ΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ.β
ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅
ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠΎ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΠΎΠ², Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.
ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠΌ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
Π°ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ. Π₯ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ.
Π Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠ°Ρ
, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅
OD Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
3.2 ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ (IOD β initial orbit determination) ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ΅
ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ
Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ IOD ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² IOD, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ OD ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½, Ρ IOD.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ IOD Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π°, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ, ΠΡΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΠΠ°Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΆ, ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ±Π΅ΡΡ, ΠΠΈΠ±Π±Ρ, ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΊ, Π£ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΌΡ, Π¨ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΏ, ΠΠ°Π½ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ,
ΠΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π³, ΠΈ Π‘ΠΌΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π·Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ.
2 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
3.3 ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
3.3.1 ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΊΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² (LS) ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π΅Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄
Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° Π² 1795 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠΎΠΌ.
3.3.2 ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ (SP) ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²
ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π·Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π° Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, Π²Π½Π΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΡ ΡΡΠΌΠ° Π½Π° Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅. ΠΡΠΎ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ.
3.3.3 ΠΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Π Π΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΡΠ³Π»Π°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ° - ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠΈΡΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΠ°Π»ΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ.
3.4 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ
3.4.1 ΠΠ°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
, Π±ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ. Π
ΡΠ°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ 1 ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ.
Π’Π°Π±Π»ΠΈΡΠ° 1 β ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ
ΠΠ²Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π½Π°ΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π° Π Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ
ΠΠ²Π° ΡΠ³Π»Π° ΠΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΉΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°-ΠΡΠ½Π½Π°, ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΡ, Π±ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΊΠ»ΠΈ,
Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ·ΠΈΠΌΡΡ ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±, ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈ Π Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ
ΠΡΠ΅Π²Π΄ΠΎΠ΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°, Π° GPS ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° Π±ΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ, Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅
Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠΎΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ
3.4.1.1 ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ,
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ:
β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°, ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠ°, Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ wgs-84;
β ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ (ID);
β Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π°;
β ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ;
β Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
3.4.1.2 ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ,
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ:
β ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ;
β ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ID;
β ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ;
β ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°;
β ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ;
β Π·Π°Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°.
3.4.1.3 ΠΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ,
ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ:
β ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ;
β ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ»;
β ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ;
β ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π·Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
;
β Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
3.4.2 ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ,
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΉΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΎΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
4 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
3.4.3 Π¨ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ OD (ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ)
ΠΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΈ
Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ OD ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π.
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ.
3.4.4 ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΏΡΠ½ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π°Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ,
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
3.4.4.1 Π‘ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ
Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠ». ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ°,
Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
3.4.4.1.1 ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ
Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Ρ
.
3.4.4.1.2 ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΌ, ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ
Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ±Π°Ρ
Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΡΠΌ
Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΈ.
3.4.4.1.2.1 ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»
ΠΠ²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΏΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΠ°Π±Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΉ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ
Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
3.4.4.1.3 ΠΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
3.4.4.1.3.1 J2
ΠΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ J2 (ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ) Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ, Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ·Π»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΡΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ. J2 β
ΡΡΠΎ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΈ Π² Π±Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ.
Π§Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ Π² ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
.
J2-ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ°.
3.4.4.1.3.2 J4
ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° J4 ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π°
ΡΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ. ΠΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ J4 ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² 1 000 ΡΠ°Π· ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ J2, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠΌ
ΡΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ.
3.4.4.1.3.3 ΠΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠ° (ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΡ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ±ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ (Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ) Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ΅ (ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ). ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π²Π½Ρ,
ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ βΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎβ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΡΠΈΠΌΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅, Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ
ΠΊΠ²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΠΈΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ. Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Ρ.
3.4.4.1.4 ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»
ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Ρ Π΄Π²ΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΅
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π» ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π», Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ.
3.4.4.1.4.1 ΠΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ½Ρ
ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ
3.4.4.1.4.2 ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»
ΠΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π», ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ - ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
3.4.4.1.4.3 ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»Π° Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΡΠ½Ρ
ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΡ
Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ.
3.4.4.1.5 Π‘ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ
ΠΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
(LEO). ΠΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅
Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π°Π³ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΡ
Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π³Π°Π·Π°, ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ Π² 3.4.4.1.4.1 ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· 3.4.4.1.4.2.
3.4.4.1.5.1 ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈ
Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π° (ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π³Π° Π² Π³Π°Π·Π΅) ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°Ρ
Π° (ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π²ΡΠΊΠ°). ΠΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°
6 Β© ISO 2014 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ, Π° Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ-ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡ
Π΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π°.
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ.
3.4.4.1.5.2 ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
ΠΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
Π·Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π±Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ
Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² LEO. ΠΠΎΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ
ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ:
β 1976 ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Harris-Priester;
β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Jacchia 1970 ΠΈ 1971;
β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ Jaccia-Roberts;
β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ MSIS (Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ).
ΠΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ βΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈβ Π΄Π»Ρ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½ΠΈ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
/Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ
β Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΠΉ F10.7,
β ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠΉ F10.7, ΠΈ
β Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π΄Π΅ΠΊΡ.
3.4.4.2 Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ NEO (Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°). Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ². Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΡΠΌΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π³Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ:
β ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ;
β ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅;
β ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΡΠ½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° (BDRF) ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½Ρ;
β ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ;
β ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ (ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ, Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°);
β Π°Π»ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΠΌΠ»ΠΈ, ΠΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π» Π½Π° ΡΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ.
3.4.5 Π§ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄
Π Π°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π°ΠΏΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π». Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ
ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ) ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ», ΠΈΠ· ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡΠ»Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ. Π§ΠΈΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎ. ΠΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
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