ISO/TS 19159-1:2014
(Main)Geographic information — Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data — Part 1: Optical sensors
Geographic information — Calibration and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors and data — Part 1: Optical sensors
ISO/TS 19159-1:2014 defines the calibration and validation of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing imagery sensors. The term "calibration" refers to geometry, radiometry, and spectral, and includes the instrument calibration in a laboratory as well as in situ calibration methods. The validation methods address validation of the calibration information.
Information géographique — Calibration et validation de capteurs de télédétection — Partie 1: Capteurs optiques
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19159-1
First edition
2014-07-15
Geographic information — Calibration
and validation of remote sensing
imagery sensors and data —
Part 1:
Optical sensors
Information géographique — Calibration et validation de capteurs de
télédétecion —
Partie 1: Capteurs optiques
Reference number
ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)
©
ISO 2014
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ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)
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ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance . 1
3 Normative references . 1
4 Terms and definitions . 1
5 Abbreviated terms and symbols . 8
5.1 Abbreviated terms . 8
5.2 Symbols .10
5.3 Variable names of the Jacobsen model .10
5.4 Conventions .10
6 Calibration .11
6.1 Project .11
6.2 Package OpticsSensor, Geometry .16
6.3 Package OpticsSensor, Radiometry .25
6.4 Package OpticsCalibrationFacility, Geometry .35
6.5 Package OpticsCalibrationFacility, Radiometry .41
6.6 Package OpticsValidation .45
7 Documentation .46
7.1 Semantics .46
7.2 Package Documentation .47
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .49
Annex B (normative) Data dictionary .54
Annex C (normative) Self calibration models .85
Annex D (informative) Calibration and validation quality measures .94
Bibliography .100
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ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
ISO 19159 consists of the following parts, under the general title Geographic information — Calibration
and validation of remote sensing imagery sensors:
— Part 1: Optical sensors
Part 2 is planned to cover laser scanning, also known as light detection and ranging (LIDAR), SAR/InSAR
(RADAR) and SONAR (sound). Parts 3 and 4 are planned to cover RADAR (radio detection and ranging)
with the subtopics SAR (synthetic aperture radar) and InSAR (interferometric SAR) as well as SONAR
(sound detection and ranging) that is applied in hydrography
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ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)
Introduction
Imaging sensors are one of the major data sources for geographic information. Typical spatial outcomes
of the production process are vector maps, Digital Elevation Models, and three-dimensional city models.
There are typically two streams of spectral data analysis, that is, the statistical method, which includes
image segmentation, and the physics-based method, which relies on characterization of specific spectral
absorption features.
In each of the cases, the quality of the end products fully depends on the quality of the measuring
instruments that has originally sensed the data. The quality of measuring instruments is determined
and documented by calibration.
A calibration is often a costly and time-consuming process. Therefore, a number of different strategies are
used that combine longer time intervals between subsequent calibrations with simplified intermediate
calibration procedures that bridge the time gap and still guarantee a traceable level of quality. Those
intermediate calibrations are called validations in this part of ISO 19159.
This part of ISO 19159 standardizes the calibration of remote sensing imagery sensors and the validation
of the calibration information and procedures. It does not address the validation of the data and the
derived products.
Many types of imagery sensors exist for remote sensing tasks. Apart from the different technologies, the
need for a standardization of the various sensor types has different levels of priority. In order to meet
those requirements, ISO 19159 has been split into more than one part. Part 1 covers optical sensors, i.e.
airborne photogrammetric cameras and spaceborne optical sensors. Part 2 is intended to cover laser
scanning, also known as LIDAR (Light detection and ranging).
Parts 3 and 4 are planned to cover RADAR (radio detection and ranging) with the subtopics SAR
(synthetic aperture radar) and InSAR (interferometric SAR) as well as SONAR (sound detection and
ranging) that is applied in hydrography.
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TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19159-1:2014(E)
Geographic information — Calibration and validation of
remote sensing imagery sensors and data —
Part 1:
Optical sensors
1 Scope
This part of ISO 19159 defines the calibration and validation of airborne and spaceborne remote sensing
imagery sensors.
The term “calibration” refers to geometry, radiometry, and spectral, and includes the instrument
calibration in a laboratory as well as in situ calibration methods.
The validation methods address validation of the calibration information.
This part of ISO 19159 also addresses the associated metadata related to calibration and validation
which have not been defined in other geographic information International Standards.
The specified sensors include optical sensors of the frame camera and line camera types (2D CCD
scanners).
2 Conformance
This part of ISO 19159 standardizes the service metadata for the calibration procedures of optical remote
sensing sensors as well as the associated data types and code lists. Therefore conformance depends on
the type of entity declaring conformance.
Mechanisms for the transfer of data are conformant to this part of ISO 19159 if they can be considered to
consist of transfer record and type definitions that implement or extend a consistent subset of the object
types described within this part of ISO 19159.
Details of the conformance classes are given in the Abstract test suite in Annex A.
3 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable to its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 19115-2:2009, Geographic information — Metadata — Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data
ISO/TS 19130:2010, Geographic information — Imagery sensor models for geopositioning
4 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
4.1
blooming
overflow of an over-saturated signal of one pixel to the neighbouring pixel
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4.2
calibration
process of quantitatively defining a system’s responses to known, controlled signal inputs
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.2]
Note 1 to entry: A calibration is an operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a
relationship between indications (with associated measurement (4.16) uncertainties) and the physical quantity
(4.27) values (with measurement uncertainties) provided by measurement standards.
4.3
calibration curve
expression of the relation between indication and corresponding measured quantity (4.27) value
Note 1 to entry: A calibration curve expresses a one-to-one relation that does not supply a measurement (4.16)
result as it bears no information about the measurement uncertainty (4.38).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 4.31]
4.4
calibration validation
process of assessing the validity of parameters
Note 1 to entry: With respect to the general definition of validation the “calibration validation” does only refer to
a small set of parameters (attribute values) such as the result of a sensor (4.32) calibration.
4.5
correction
compensation for an estimated systematic effect
Note 1 to entry: See ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, 3.2.3, for an explanation of “systematic effect”.
Note 2 to entry: The compensation can take different forms, such as an addend or a factor, or can be deduced from
a table.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.53]
4.6
dark current
output current of a photoelectric detector (4.9) (or of its cathode) in the absence of incident radiation
Note 1 to entry: For calibration of optical sensors (4.32) dark current is measured by the absence of incident
optical radiation.
4.7
dark current noise
noise (4.22) of current at the output of a detector (4.9), when no optical radiation is sensed
4.8
dark signal non uniformity
DSNU
response of a detector (4.9) element if no visible or infrared light is present
Note 1 to entry: This activation is mostly caused by imperfection of the detector.
4.9
detector
device that generates an output signal in response to an energy input
Note 1 to entry: The energy input may be provided by electro-magnetic radiation. The output may be a measurable
and reproducible electrical signal.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.18, modified]
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4.10
ground sampling distance
GSD
linear distance between pixel centres on the ground
Note 1 to entry: GSD is a measure (4.15) of one limitation to image resolution (4.30), that is, the limitation due to
sampling distance on the ground that corresponds to the pixel distances in the image plane.
Note 2 to entry: The GSD is the distance between the centre points of surface elements represented by adjacent
elements in the image matrix.
Note 3 to entry: The GSD depends on flying height, terrain height and observation angle.
Note 4 to entry: The GSD can also be named ground sample distance.
Note 5 to entry: This definition also applies for water surfaces.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130:2010, 4.45, modified — Notes 1 to 4 have been added.]
4.11
in situ measurement
direct measurement (4.16) of the measurand in its original place
4.12
instantaneous field of view
IFOV
instantaneous region seen by a single detector (4.9) element, measured in angular space
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130-2:2014, 4.36]
4.13
irradiance
electro-magnetic radiation energy per unit area per unit time
2
Note 1 to entry: The SI unit is watts per square metre (W/m ).
4.14
keystone effect
distortion of a projected image caused by a tilt between the image plane and the projection plane
resulting in a trapezoidal shaped projection of a rectangular image
4.15
measure
value described using a numeric amount with a scale or using a scalar reference system
Note 1 to entry: When used as a noun, measure is a synonym for physical quantity (4.27).
[SOURCE: ISO 19136:2007, 4.1.41]
4.16
measurement
set of operations having the object of determining the value of a quantity (4.27)
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.20]
4.17
measurement accuracy
accuracy of measurement
accuracy
closeness of agreement between a test result or measurement (4.16) result and the true value
Note 1 to entry: The concept “measurement accuracy” is not a quantity (4.27) and is not given a numerical quantity
value. A measurement is said to be more accurate when it offers a smaller measurement error (4.18).
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Note 2 to entry: The term “measurement accuracy” should not be used for measurement trueness and the term
measurement precision (4.19) should not be used for “measurement accuracy”, which, however, is related to both
these concepts.
Note 3 to entry: “Measurement accuracy” is sometimes understood as closeness of agreement between measured
quantity values that are being attributed to the measurand.
[SOURCE: ISO 6709:2008, 4.1, modified — The preferred term is “measurement accuracy” rather than
“accuracy” and Notes 1 to 3 have been added.]
4.18
measurement error
error of measurement
error
measured quantity (4.27) value minus a reference quantity value
Note 1 to entry: The concept of “measurement error” can be used both
a) when there is a single reference quantity value to refer to, which occurs if a calibration is made by means of
a measurement (4.16) standard with a measured quantity value having a negligible measurement uncertainty
(4.38) or if a conventional quantity value is given, in which case the measurement error is known, and
b) if a measurand is supposed to be represented by a unique true quantity value or a set of true quantity values
of negligible range, in which case the measurement error is not known.
Note 2 to entry: Measurement error should not be confused with production error or mistake.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.16]
4.19
measurement precision
precision
closeness of agreement between indications or measured quantity (4.27) values obtained by replicate
measurements (4.16) on the same or similar objects under specified conditions
Note 1 to entry: Measurement precision is usually expressed numerically by measures of imprecision, such as
standard deviation, variance, or coefficient of variation under the specified conditions of measurement.
Note 2 to entry: The “specified conditions” can be, for example, repeatability conditions of measurement,
intermediate precision conditions of measurement, or reproducibility conditions of measurement (see ISO 5725-3).
Note 3 to entry: Measurement precision is used to define measurement repeatability, intermediate measurement
precision, and measurement reproducibility.
Note 4 to entry: Sometimes “measurement precision” is erroneously used to mean measurement accuracy (4.17).
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.15]
4.20
metric traceability
property of the result of a measurement (4.16) or the value of a standard whereby it can be related to stated
references, usually national or international standards, through an unbroken chain of comparisons all
having stated uncertainties
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.23]
4.21
metrological traceability chain
traceability chain
sequence of measurement (4.16) standards and calibrations that is used to relate a measurement result
to a reference
Note 1 to entry: A metrological traceability chain is defined through a calibration hierarchy.
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Note 2 to entry: A metrological traceability chain is used to establish metrological traceability of a measurement
result.
Note 3 to entry: A comparison between two measurement standards may be viewed as a calibration if the
comparison is used to check and, if necessary, correct the quantity (4.27) value and measurement uncertainty
(4.38) attributed to one of the measurement standards.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 2.42]
4.22
noise
unwanted signal which can corrupt the measurement (4.16)
Note 1 to entry: Noise is a random fluctuation in a signal disturbing the recognition of a carried information.
[SOURCE: ISO 12718:2008, 2.26]
4.23
pixel response non-uniformity
PRNU
inhomogeneity of the response of the detectors (4.9) of a detector array to a uniform activation
4.24
point-spread function
PSF
characteristic response of an imaging system to a high-contrast point target
[SOURCE: IEC 88528-11:2004]
4.25
positional accuracy
closeness of coordinate value to the true or accepted value in a specified reference system
Note 1 to entry: The phrase “absolute accuracy” is sometimes used for this concept to distinguish it from relative
positional accuracy. Where the true coordinate value may not be perfectly known, accuracy is normally tested by
comparison to available values that can best be accepted as true.
[SOURCE: ISO 19116:2004, 4.20]
4.26
quality assurance
part of quality management focused on providing confidence that quality requirements will be fulfilled
[SOURCE: ISO 9000:2005, 3.2.11]
4.27
quantity
property of a phenomenon, body, or substance, where the property has a magnitude that can be expressed
as a number and a reference
Note 1 to entry: A reference can be a measurement (4.16) unit, a measurement procedure, a reference material, or
a combination of such.
Note 2 to entry: Symbols for quantities are given in the ISO 80000 and IEC 80000 series Quantities and units. The
symbols for quantities are written in italics. A given symbol can indicate different quantities.
Note 3 to entry: A quantity as defined here is a scalar. However, a vector or a tensor, the components of which are
quantities, is also considered to be a quantity.
Note 4 to entry: The concept “quantity” may be generically divided into, e.g. “physical quantity”, “chemical
quantity”, and “biological quantity”, or “base quantity” and “derived quantity”.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 1.1, modified — The Notes have been changed.]
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4.28
reference standard
measurement (4.16) standard designated for the calibration of other measurement standards for
quantities of a given kind in a given organization or at a given location
4.29
remote sensing
collection and interpretation of information about an object without being in physical contact with the
object
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.33]
4.30
resolution
smallest distance between two uniformly illuminated objects that can be separately resolved
in an image
Note 1 to entry: This definition refers to the spatial resolution.
Note 2 to entry: In the general case, the resolution determines the possibility to distinguish between separated
neighbouring features (objects).
Note 3 to entry: Resolution can also refer to the spectral and the temporal resolution.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19130-2:2014, 4.61, modified: Notes 1 to 3 have been added]
4.31
resolution
smallest difference between indications of a sensor (4.32) that can be meaningfully distinguished
Note 1 to entry: For imagery, resolution (4.30) refers to radiometric, spectral, spatial and temporal resolutions.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 19101-2:2008, 4.34]
4.32
sensor
element of a measuring system that is directly affected by a phenomenon, body, or substance carrying a
quantity (4.27) to be measured
Note 1 to entry: Active or passive sensors exist. Often two or more sensors are combined to a measuring system.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 99:2007, 3.8, modified — The Note has been changed.]
4.33
smile distortion
centre wavelength shift of spectral channels caused by optical distortion
Note 1 to entry: This distortion is often simply called smile.
4.34
spectral resolution
specific wavelength interval within the electromagnetic spectrum
Note 1 to entry: The spectral wavelength interval is the least difference in the radiation wavelengths of two
monochromatic radiators of equal intensity that can be distinguished according to a given criterion.
Note 2 to entry: Spectral resolution determines the ability to distinguish between separated adjacent spectral
features.
[SOURCE: ISO 19115-2:2009, 4.30, modified: Notes 1 to 2 have been added]
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4.35
spectral responsivity
responsivity per unit wavelength interval at a given wavelength
Note 1 to entry: The spectral responsivity is the response of the sensor (4.32) with respect to the wavelengths
dependent radiance.
Note 2 to entry: The definition is described mathematically in IEC 60050–845. The spectral responsivity is
quotient of the detector (4.9) output d Y(λ) by the monochromatic detector input dX (λ) = X , (λ) • dλ in the
e e λ
wavelength interval dλ as a function of the wavelength λ
dY()λ
s()λ =
dX ()λ
c
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-845]
4.36
standardization
activity of establishing, with regard to actual or potential problems, provisions for common and repeated
use, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of order in a given context
Note 1 to entry: In particular, the activity consists of the processes of formulating, issuing and implementing
standards.
Note 2 to entry: Important benefits of standardization are improvement of the suitability of products, processes
and services for their intended purposes, prevention of barriers to trade and facilitation of technological
cooperation.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 2:2004, 1.1]
4.37
stray light
electromagnetic radiation that has been detected but did not come directly from the IFOV (4.12)
Note 1 to entry: Stray light may be reflected light within a telescope.
Note 2 to entry: This definition is valid for the optical portion of the spectrum under observation.
4.38
uncertainty
parameter, associated with the result of measurement (4.16), that characterizes the dispersion of values
that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand
Note 1 to entry: The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation (or a given multiple of it), or the half-
width of an interval having a stated level of confidence.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty of measurement comprises, in general, many components. Some of these components
may be evaluated from the statistical distribution of the results of series of measurements and can be characterized
by experimental standard deviations. The other components, which can also be characterized by standard
deviations, are evaluated from assumed probability distributions based on experience or other information.
Note 3 to entry: It is understood that the result of the measurement is the best estimate of the value of the
measurand, and that all components of uncertainty, including those arising from systematic effects, such as
components associated with corrections (4.5) and reference standards (4.28), contribute to the dispersion.
Note 4 to entry: When the quality of accuracy or precision (4.19) of measured values, such as coordinates, is to be
characterized quantitatively, the quality parameter is an estimate of the uncertainty of the measurement results.
Because accuracy is a qualitative concept, one should not use it quantitatively, that is associate numbers with it;
numbers should be associated with measures of uncertainty instead.
Note 5 to entry: Measurement uncertainty includes components arising from systematic effects, such as
components associated with corrections and the assigned quantity (4.27) values of measurement standards, as
well as the definitional uncertainty. Sometimes estimated systematic effects are not corrected for but, instead,
associated measurement uncertainty components are incorporated
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Note 6 to entry: The parameter may be, for example, a standard deviation called standard measurement
uncertainty (or a specified multiple of it), or the half-width of an interval, having a stated coverage probability.
Note 7 to entry: Measurement uncertainty comprises, in general, many components. Some of these may be
evaluated by Type A evaluation of measurement uncertainty from the statistical distribution of the quantity
values from series of measurements and can be characterized by standard deviations. The other components,
which may be evaluated by Type B evaluation of measurement uncertainty, can also be characterized by standard
deviations, evaluated from probability den
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