ISO/ASTM 51607:2004

Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system

ISO/ASTM 51607:2004 covers materials description, dosimeter preparation, instrumentation, and procedures for using the alanine-EPR dosimetry system for measuring the absorbed dose in the photon and electron irradiation processing of materials. The system is based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of free radicals derived from the amino acid alanine. ISO/ASTM 51607:2004 covers alanine-EPR dosimetry systems for dose measurements under the following conditions: The absorbed dose range is between 1 and 105 Gy. The absorbed dose rate is up to 102 Gy/s for continuous radiation fields and up to 5 × 107 Gy/s for pulsed radiation fields. The radiation energy for photons and electrons is between 0,1 and 28 MeV. The irradiation temperature is between - 60 °C and + 90 °C. ISO/ASTM 51607:2004 does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use.

Pratique de l'utilisation d'un système dosimétrique à l'alanine utilisant la résonance paramagnétique électronique

General Information

• Status: Withdrawn
• Publication Date: 24-Oct-2004
• Withdrawal Date: 24-Oct-2004
• ICS: 17.240 - Radiation measurements
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 85 - Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 85 - Nuclear energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection
• Current Stage: 9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
• Completion Date: 15-May-2013

Relations

• Revised: ISO/ASTM 51607:2013 - Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetry system
• Effective Date: 20-Oct-2012
• Revises: ISO/ASTM 51607:2002 - Practice for use of the alanine-EPR dosimetriy system
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51607
Second edition
2004-08-15
Practice for use of an alanine-EPR
dosimetry system
Pratique pour l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique à l’alanine
utilisant la résonance paramagnétique électronique
Reference number
ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
© ISO/ASTM International 2004

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ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
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ii © ISO/ASTM International 2004 – All rights reserved

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ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Referenced documents . 1
3 Terminology . 1
4 Significance and use . 2
5 Alanine characteristics . 2
6 Preparation of dosimeters . 2
7 Instrumentation . 3
8 Calibration procedures . 3
9 Measurement of the EPR spectrum . 3
10 General dosimetry practice . 4
11 Environmental interferences . 4
12 Minimum documentation requirements . 5
13 Measurement uncertainty . 5
14 Keywords . 5
Bibliography . 6
Figure 1 EPR spectrum of an alanine dosimeter irradiated to an absorbed dose of 1 kGy . 4
© ISO/ASTM International 2004 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this project, ASTM Subcommittee E10.01,
Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry
standards with unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51607 was developed by ASTM Committee E10, Nuclear Technology and
Applications, through Subcommittee E10.01, and by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy.
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2004 – All rights reserved

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ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
Standard Practice for
1
Use of an Alanine-EPR Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51607; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope E 668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose
1.1 This practice covers materials description, dosimeter
in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices
preparation, instrumentation, and procedures for using the
4
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
alanine-EPR dosimetry system for measuring the absorbed
51204 Practice for Dosimetry in Gamma Irradiation Facili-
dose in the photon and electron irradiation processing of
ties for Food Processing
materials. The system is based on electron paramagnetic
51261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry
resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of free radicals derived from the
2
Systems for Radiation Processing
amino acid alanine. It is classified as a reference-standard
51400 Practice for Characterization and Performance of a
dosimetry system (see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261)).
High-Dose Gamma Radiation Dosimetry Calibration
1.2 This practice covers alanine-EPR dosimetry systems for
Laboratory
dose measurements under the following conditions:
5
51431 Practice for Dosimetry in Electron and bremsstrahl-
1.2.1 The absorbed dose range is between 1 and 10 Gy.
2 −1
ung Irradiation Facilities for Food Processing
1.2.2 The absorbed dose rate is up to 10 Gy s for
7 −1
51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
continuous radiation fields and up to 5 3 10 Gy s for pulsed
3
Radiation Processing
radiation fields (1-3).
5
2.3 ICRU Reports:
1.2.3 The radiation energy for photons and electrons is
ICRU Report 14 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays and
between 0.1 and 28 MeV (1, 2, 4).
Gamma-Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between
1.2.4 The irradiation temperature is between − 60
0.6 and 50 MeV
and + 90°C (2, 5).
ICRU Report 17 Radiation Dosimetry: X-Rays Generated at
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Potentials of 5 to 150 kV
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
ICRU Report 34 The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation
only.
ICRU Report 35 Radiation Dosimetry: Electron Beams with
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Energies between 1 and 50 MeV
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ICRU Report 37 Stopping Powers for Electrons and
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Positrons
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ICRU Report 44 Tissue Substitutes in Radiation Dosimetry
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
and Measurement
2. Referenced documents
ICRU Report 60 Fundamental Quantities and Units for
4
Ionizing Radiation
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6
2.4 ISO Document:
E 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements
Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
and Dosimetry
3. Terminology
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear
3.1 Definitions:
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.1.1 alanine dosimeter—specified quantity and physical
E10.01 on Dosimetry for Radiation Processing, and is also under the jurisdiction of
form of the radiation-sensitive material alanine and any added
ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
Current edition approved June 30, 2004. Published August 15, 2004. Originally
inert substance such as a binder.
e1
published as ASTM E 1607 – 94. Last previous ASTM edition E 1607 – 96 .
3.1.2 alanine-EPR dosimetry system—system used for de-
ASTM E 1607 – 94 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation
termining absorbed dose, consisting of alanine dosimeters, an
ISO 15566:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
replaces ISO 15566 and is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM EPR spectrometer and its associated reference materials, and
51607–2002(E).
procedures for the system’s use.
2
The term “electron spin resonance” (ESR) is used interchangeably with
electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR).
3
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this
5
standard. Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-
4
For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ments, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
6
www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036 or the International Organization for Standardiza-
Document Summary page on the ASTM website. tion, 1 rue de Varembé, Case Postal 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.
© ISO/ASTM International 2004 – All rights reserved
1

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ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
3.1.3 EPR signal amplitude—peak-to-peak amplitude of the 6. Preparation of dosimeters
central signal of the EPR spectrum. This signal is proportional
6.1 The alanine dosimeter may be used in powdered form or
to the alanine-derived free radical concentration in the alanine
as a solid compressed with a binder.
dosimeter.
NOTE 2—Additives, capsules, or film support materials used in the
3.1.4 EPR spectroscopy—measurement of resonant absorp-
preparation of dosimeters should not add any significant intrinsic or
tion of electromagnetic energy resulting from the transition of
radiation-induced EPR signal. Examples of suitable binders are cellulose,
unpaired electrons between different energy levels, upon ap-
ethylene-propylene rubber, gelatin, paraffin, polyethylene, polyethylene
plication of radiofrequencies to a paramagnetic substance in
vinyl acetate, polystyrene, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl propylene, and
the presence of a magnetic field. stearin. Lubricants added in the dosimeter manufacturing process are
optional. An example of a suitable lubricant is stearic acid.
3.1.5 EPR spectrum—first derivative of the electron para-
magnetic absorption spectrum measured as a function of the
6.2 Powder Dosimeters:
magnetic field.
6.2.1 Alanine powder may be used directly as supplied by
3.1.6 zero dose amplitude—EPR signal amplitude of an
the manufacturer.
unirradiated alanine dosimeter with the same EPR spectrom-
NOTE 3—Sieving to achieve a narrower range of grain sizes from
eter parameters used for the lowest measurable absorbed dose
several tens to several hundreds of μm is recommended to improve the
value.
reproducibility of the EPR signal.
3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this standard that
6.2.2 The alanine powder is contained in a sachet or capsule
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
for use. From 50 to 200 mg of powder is typically used for a
in ASTM Terminology E 170. Definitions in E 170 are com-
dosimeter.
patible with ICRU 60; that document, therefore, may be used
6.3 Dosimeters Using Binders:
as an alternative reference.
6.3.1 Alanine dosimeters can be prepared by compressing,
casting, or extruding a mixture of alanine, binder, and lubricant
4. Significance and use
(optional).
4.1 The alanine-EPR dosimetry system provides a means
6.3.2 Usual physical shapes are pellets, films, cylinders, or
for measuring the absorbed dose. It is based on the measure-
cables. The dimensions depend on the inner diameter of the
ment of specific stable free radicals in crystalline alanine
microwave cavity of the EPR spectrometer, the dosimeter
generated by ionizing radiation.
holder, and the required precision of the measurement.
4.2 The dosimeter contains crystalline alanine and registers
6.3.3 The expected maximum temperature experienced by
the absorbed dose by the formation of alanine-derived free
the dosimeter must be considered in relation to the softening
radicals. Identification and measurement of alanine-derived
point of the binder.
free radicals are performed by EPR spectroscopy.
6.3.4 The alanine content can vary. Some published values
4.3 The measurement of free radicals by EPR spectroscopy
of the alanine content (with various binders) are 95 % (poly-
is nondestructive. Alanine dosimeters can be read out repeat-
vinylpyrrolidone) (6), 60 to 95 % (polyethylene) (2, 7-10),
edly and hence can be used for archival purposes.
70 % (polystyrene) (11), and 67 % (ethylene-propylene rubber)
(12).
NOTE 1—For a comprehensive discussion of various dosimetry meth-
6.3.5 The manufacturing process involves a number of
ods and materials applicable to the radiation types and energies discussed
operations, for example, mortaring, sieving, binder and lubri-
in this practice, see ASTM Practice E 668, ISO/ASTM Practices 51204,
51400, 51431, ISO/ASTM Guide 51261, and ICRU Reports 14, 17, 34, cant (optional) addition, homogenization, pressing, or extrud-
35, 37, 44 and 60.
ing.
6.4 Preparation Quality Assurance:
4.4 Alanine-EPR dosimetry systems are used as reference-
6.4.1 Care shall be exercised in conducting dosimeter
or transfer-standard or routine dosimetry systems in radiation
preparation. Preparation shall be performed under clean labo-
applications that include: sterilization of medical devices and
ratory conditions and with high-quality fabrication procedures
pharmaceuticals, food irradiation, polymer modifications,
as specified in the literature (7, 13). The introduction of free
medical therapy and radiation damage studies in materials.
radicals from even small amounts of paramagnetic material or
4.5 The EPR signal amplitudes of irradiated alanine dosim-
from mechanical force must be avoided during the manufac-
eters have been shown to be equivalent for photon and electron
turing process. Several fabrication techniques are described in
absorbed doses (4).
Refs (10) and (14). Measurement repeatability, batch radiation
sensitivity and the related interspecimen variation may be
5. Alanine characteristics
affected by each process step.
5.1 The dosimeter is prepared using a-alanine, CH -
3 6.4.2 Important factors for measurement precision are
CH(NH )-COOH, in the form of polycrystalline powder.
2
alanine/binder homogeneity, reproducibility of mass, density,
5.2 All stereoisomers of a-alanine are suitable for dosim-
size, and shape of the dosimeters. The environmental influ-
etry; L-alanine is used most commonly.
ences discussed in Section 11 shall be considered.
5.3 The purity of the alanine shall be analytical grade (99 % 6.4.3 Representative samples of dosimeters shall be selected
or better). Alanine of this purity is commercially available. from each dosimeter batch and subjected to quality control
© ISO/ASTM International 2004 – All rights reserved
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ISO/ASTM 51607:2004(E)
tests which may include, for example, visual inspection and 8.1.2 Irradiation is a critical component of the calibration of
mass and dimensional consistency. the dosimetry system. Calibration irradiations shall be per-
6.4.4 Dosimetric quality control for each production batch formed at an accredited calibration laboratory, or at an in-house
includes the mean batch radiation sensitivity and the related calibration facility meeting the requirements in ISO/ASTM
interspecimen variation. Practice 51400, that provides an absorbed dose (or absorbed-
6.4.5 To achieve the expanded uncertainty cited in 13.4, the dose rate) having measurement traceability to nationally or
interspecimen variation of the radiation-induced EPR signal internationally recognized standards.
amplitude should be within 61.0 % (1s). 8.1.3 When the alanine dosimeter is used as a routine
dosimeter, the calibration irradiation may be performed as per
8.1.2, or at a production or research irradiation facility together
7. Instrumentation
with reference- or transfer-standard dosimeters that have mea-
7.1 An X-band EPR spectrometer is used to measure the
surement traceability to nationally or internationally recog-
EPR signal amplitude of an alanine dosimeter. To obtain the
nized standards.
expanded uncertainty cited in 13.4, an EPR spectrometer
8.1.4 Measurement Instrument Performa
...