ISO 13457:2021

Agricultural irrigation equipment — Water-driven chemical injector pumps

This document specifies the construction, operational requirements and test methods for water-driven chemical injector pumps (hereinafter, water-driven injector pumps). These water-driven injector pumps are used to inject chemicals into irrigation systems. The chemicals include liquid fertilizers and solutions of fertilizers and other soluble agricultural chemicals such as acids and pesticides. This document is applicable to water-driven injector pumps intended to operate at water temperatures of up to 50 °C and with the types and concentrations of chemicals routinely applied in irrigation. It does not cover the function of backflow prevention devices, nor is it applicable to water-driven devices for injecting chemicals into an irrigation system operating on the basis of the Venturi principle.

Matériel agricole d'irrigation — Pompes doseuses à moteur hydraulique pour l'injection de produits chimiques

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 13-Oct-2021
• ICS: 65.060.35 - Irrigation and drainage equipment
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 23/SC 18 - Irrigation and drainage equipment and systems
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 23/SC 18 - Irrigation and drainage equipment and systems
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Start Date: 14-Oct-2021
• Due Date: 02-Dec-2023
• Completion Date: 14-Oct-2021

Relations

• Revises: ISO 13457:2008 - Agricultural irrigation equipment — Water-driven chemical injector pumps
• Effective Date: 23-Apr-2020

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13457
Third edition
2021-10
Agricultural irrigation equipment —
Water-driven chemical injector pumps
Matériel agricole d'irrigation — Pompes doseuses à moteur
hydraulique pour l'injection de produits chimiques
Reference number
ISO 13457:2021(E)
© ISO 2021

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 13457:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
  © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 13457:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Classification . 3
4.1 Classification according to installation type . 3
4.2 Classification according to mixing ratio . 5
5 Marking . . 5
6 Technical characteristics .6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Materials . 6
6.3 Connection of a water-driven injector pump to an irrigation system . 6
7 Mechanical and function tests . 7
7.1 General . 7
7.2 Test of resistance to pressure . 7
7.3 Test of watertightness of check valves . 7
7.4 Test of range of working pressure . 7
7.5 Test of resistance to draining . 8
7.6 Test of injection rate as a function of inlet pressure . 8
7.7 Drive water ratio test . 9
7.8 Test of injection rate for proportional water-driven injector pump . 9
7.9 Test of head loss for in-line water-driven injector pump . 9
8 Durability .10
9 Information to be supplied by the manufacturer .11
Bibliography .12
iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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ISO 13457:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture
and forestry, Subcommittee SC 18, Irrigation and drainage equipment and systems.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 13457:2008), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the definitions have been updated;
— in 6.2, a new requirement has been added: Waterways that are not opaque shall be UV resistant if
uncovered;
— in Clause 8, the test method has been modified: both irrigation and injection water are filtered with
a 100 µm filter element (instead of a 120 µm filter element).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
  © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13457:2021(E)
Agricultural irrigation equipment — Water-driven
chemical injector pumps
1 Scope
This document specifies the construction, operational requirements and test methods for water-driven
chemical injector pumps (hereinafter, water-driven injector pumps). These water-driven injector
pumps are used to inject chemicals into irrigation systems. The chemicals include liquid fertilizers and
solutions of fertilizers and other soluble agricultural chemicals such as acids and pesticides.
This document is applicable to water-driven injector pumps intended to operate at water temperatures
of up to 50 °C and with the types and concentrations of chemicals routinely applied in irrigation.
It does not cover the function of backflow prevention devices, nor is it applicable to water-driven
devices for injecting chemicals into an irrigation system operating on the basis of the Venturi principle.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7-1, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances
and designation
ISO 7005-1, Pipe flanges — Part 1: Steel flanges for industrial and general service piping systems
ISO 7005-2, Metallic flanges — Part 2: Cast iron flanges
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
water-driven chemical injector pump
water-driven injector pump
hydraulic pump intended to inject chemicals (3.12) into an irrigation system, powered by a single source
energy supplied by irrigation water through a hydraulic motor, such as a piston or turbine
3.2
nominal size
numerical designation used to define the nominal size of the connection of the water-driven injector
pump (3.1) to the irrigation system, by means of threads, flanges or other connecting device
1
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ISO 13457:2021(E)
3.3
minimum working pressure
p
min
lowest pressure immediately upstream from a water-driven injector pump (3.1), following the
manufacturer information, to ensure continuous operation and functionality specific to the device
Note 1 to entry: See Clause 9 b) 14) for manufacturer information.
3.4
maximum working pressure
p
max
highest pressure immediately upstream from a water-driven injector pump (3.1), following the
manufacturer information, to ensure continuous operation and functionality specific to the device
Note 1 to entry: See Clause 9 b) 14) for manufacturer information.
3.5
range of working pressures
all of the pressures between the minimum working pressure (3.3) and the maximum working pressure
(3.4)
3.6
drive water
irrigation water used to operate an on-line water-driven injector pump (3.19) which is either ejected or
returned to the irrigation system after use in the operative function
3.7
drive water flow rate
rate of flow of drive water used to operate an on-line water-driven injector pump (3.19)
3.8
drive water ratio
ratio of one unit volume of injected chemical to the volume of drive water required to inject one unit
volume of chemical
3.9
drive water flow range
range of flow between minimum and maximum flows stated by the manufacturer to be appropriate for
operating the pump
3.10
irrigation water flow rate
flow rate of irrigation water through the body of an in-line water-driven injector pump (3.18) or through
the irrigation system to which an on-line water-driven injector pump (3.19) is connected in parallel
3.11
injection rate
pumping rate
flow rate of a chemical (3.12) injected into an irrigation system during operation of a water-driven
injector pump (3.1)
3.12
chemical
liquid fertilizers, solutions of fertilizers or other soluble substances, such as acids, pesticides and
herbicides, used in agriculture in liquid, solution or water-soluble form, normally applied through or
otherwise injected into an irrigation system
3.13
chemical solution
water in which one or more chemicals (3.12) have been dissolved or diluted
2
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ISO 13457:2021(E)
3.14
irrigation system water flow rate
sum of the irrigation water flow rate (3.10) and the injection rate (3.11)
3.15
mixing ratio
ratio of injection rate (3.11) of a water-driven injector pump (3.1) or a chemical injection tank unit to
irrigation system water flow rate (3.14)
Note 1 to entry: For example, an injection rate of 1 l/h into an irrigation water flow rate of 199 l/h gives an
irrigation system water flow rate of 200 l/h, and a mixing ratio of 1:200.
3.16
stroke volume
pulse volume
volume of chemical solution (3.13) injected into an irrigation system in one water-driven injector pump
cycle
3.17
proportional water-driven injector pump
water-driven injector pump (3.1) intended to maintain a relatively constant mixing ratio (3.15) throughout
the period of its operation at the irrigation water flow rates (3.10) declared by the manufacturer
3.18
in-line water-driven injector pump
water-driven injector pump (3.1) installed in the main irrigation system piping or in bypass piping
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.19
on-line water-driven injector pump
water-driven injector pump (3.1) installed off the main irrigation system piping
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.20
chemical storage tank
container for storing chemicals (3.12) and supplying them to a water-driven injector pump (3.1)
3.21
maximum suction head
maximal distance between the centreline of the outlet of the water-driven injector pump (3.1) and the
lowest level of the chemical (3.12) in the storage tank
4 Classification
4.1 Classification according to installation type
4.1.1 In-line water-driven injector pump (see Figure 1)
3
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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ISO 13457:2021(E)
a) In-line full flow b) In-line bypass
Key
1 injector pump
2 inlet for irrigation water
3 outlet for irrigation water with injected chemicals
4 inlet for chemicals
5 valve
NOTE 1 The arrows denote the flow direction.
NOTE 2 The injection of a chemical occurs inside the water-driven injector pump.
Figure 1 — In-line water-driven injector pump
4.1.1.1 Full flow installation
4.1.1.2 Bypass flow installation
4
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ISO 13457:2021(E)
4.1.2 On-line water-driven injector pump (see Figure 2)
Key
1 injector pump 5 irrigation water with injected chemicals
2 inlet for drive water 6 check valve
3 inlet for chemicals 7 outlet for chemicals
4 irrigation flow 8 outlet for drive water
NOTE 1 The arrows denote the flow direction.
NOTE 2 The injection of a chemical into the irrigation water occurs outside the water-driven injector pump.
The outlet for the chemical is intended to be connected to the main irrigation system piping. The drive water
from the drive water outlet cannot be returned to the main irrigation system piping.
NOTE 3 The drive water can be ejected from the water-driven injector pump as shown or returned to the
irrigation system (see Figure 1).
Figure 2 — On-line water-driven injector pump
4.2 Classification according to mixing ratio
4.2.1 Proportional water-driven injector pump
4.2.1.1 Fixed mixing ratio
4.2.1.2 Adjustable mixing ratio
4.2.2 Non-proportional water-driven injector pump
5 Marking
The water-driven injector pump shall bear a clear, legible and durable marking giving the following
information:
a) name of the manufacturer or the manufacturer's trademark;
b) nominal size;
c) maximum working pressure (p );
max
d) model number identical with that given in the manufacturer's catalogue;
e) year of production or a mark identifying the production series;
5
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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ISO 13457:2021(E)
f) arrows indicating the direction of flow of water and chemicals into and out of the water-driven
injector pump.
6 Technical characteristics
6.1 General
The water-driven injector pump shall employ means, such as a vacuum breaker valve, to prevent
emptying of the chemical storage tank to the irrigation sys
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 13457
Third edition
Agricultural irrigation equipment —
Water-driven chemical injector pumps
Matériel agricole d'irrigation — Pompes doseuses à moteur
hydraulique pour l'injection de produits chimiques
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 13457:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 13457:2021(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: [phone]
Email: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 13457:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Classification . 4
4.1 Classification according to installation type. 4
4.2 Classification according to mixing ratio . 5
5 Marking . 5
6 Technical characteristics . 6
6.1 General . 6
6.2 Materials . 6
6.3 Connection of a water-driven injector pump to an irrigation system . 6
7 Mechanical and function tests . 7
7.1 General . 7
7.2 Test of resistance to pressure . 7
7.3 Test of watertightness of check valves . 7
7.4 Test of range of working pressure . 7
7.5 Test of resistance to draining . 8
7.6 Test of injection rate as a function of inlet pressure . 8
7.7 Drive water ratio test . 9
7.8 Test of injection rate for proportional water-driven injector pump . 9
7.9 Test of head loss for in-line water-driven injector pump . 9
8 Durability .10
9 Information to be supplied by the manufacturer .11
Bibliography .12
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 13457:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 23, Tractors and machinery for agriculture
and forestry, Subcommittee SC 18, Irrigation and drainage equipment and systems.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 13457:2008), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the definitions have been updated;
— in 6.2, a new requirement has been added: Waterways that are not opaque shall be UV resistant if
uncovered;
— in Clause 8, the test method has been modified: both irrigation and injection water are filtered with
a 100 µm filter element (instead of a 120 µm filter element).
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 13457:2021(E)
Agricultural irrigation equipment — Water-driven
chemical injector pumps
1 Scope
This document specifies the construction, operational requirements and test methods for water-driven
chemical injector pumps (hereinafter, water-driven injector pumps). These water-driven injector
pumps are used to inject chemicals into irrigation systems. The chemicals include liquid fertilizers and
solutions of fertilizers and other soluble agricultural chemicals such as acids and pesticides.
This document is applicable to water-driven injector pumps intended to operate at water temperatures
of up to 50 °C and with the types and concentrations of chemicals routinely applied in irrigation.
It does not cover the function of backflow prevention devices, nor is it applicable to water-driven
devices for injecting chemicals into an irrigation system operating on the basis of the Venturi principle.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7-1, Pipe threads where pressure-tight joints are made on the threads — Part 1: Dimensions, tolerances
and designation
ISO 7005-1, Pipe flanges — Part 1: Steel flanges for industrial and general service piping systems
ISO 7005-2, Metallic flanges — Part 2: Cast iron flanges
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
water-driven chemical injector pump
water-driven injector pump
hydraulic pump intended to inject chemicals (3.12) into an irrigation system, powered by a single source
energy supplied by irrigation water through a hydraulic motor, such as a piston or turbine
3.2
nominal size
numerical designation used to define the nominal size of the connection of the water-driven injector
pump (3.1) to the irrigation system, by means of threads, flanges or other connecting device
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 13457:2021(E)

3.3
minimum working pressure
p
min
lowest pressure immediately upstream from a water-driven injector pump (3.1), following the
manufacturer information, to ensure continuous operation and functionality specific to the device
Note 1 to entry: See Clause 9 b) 14) for manufacturer information.
3.4
maximum working pressure
p
max
highest pressure immediately upstream from a water-driven injector pump (3.1), following the
manufacturer information, to ensure continuous operation and functionality specific to the device
Note 1 to entry: See Clause 9 b) 14) for manufacturer information.
3.5
range of working pressures
all of the pressures between the minimum working pressure (3.3) and the maximum working pressure
(3.4)
3.6
drive water
irrigation water used to operate an on-line water-driven injector pump (3.19) which is either ejected or
returned to the irrigation system after use in the operative function
3.7
drive water flow rate
rate of flow of drive water used to operate an on-line water-driven injector pump (3.19)
3.8
drive water ratio
ratio of one unit volume of injected chemical to the volume of drive water required to inject one unit
volume of chemical
3.9
drive water flow range
range of flow between minimum and maximum flows stated by the manufacturer to be appropriate for
operating the pump
3.10
irrigation water flow rate
flow rate of irrigation water through the body of an in-line water-driven injector pump (3.18) or through
the irrigation system to which an on-line water-driven injector pump (3.19) is connected in parallel
3.11
injection rate
pumping rate
flow rate of a chemical (3.12) injected into an irrigation system during operation of a water-driven
injector pump (3.1)
3.12
chemical
liquid fertilizers, solutions of fertilizers or other soluble substances, such as acids, pesticides and
herbicides, used in agriculture in liquid, solution or water-soluble form, normally applied through or
otherwise injected into an irrigation system
3.13
chemical solution
water in which one or more chemicals (3.12) have been dissolved or diluted
2 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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ISO 13457:2021(E)

3.14
irrigation system water flow rate
sum of the irrigation water flow rate (3.10) and the injection rate (3.11)
3.15
mixing ratio
ratio of injection rate (3.11) of a water-driven injector pump (3.1) or a chemical injection tank unit to
irrigation system water flow rate (3.14)
Note 1 to entry: For example, an injection rate of 1 l/h into an irrigation water flow rate of 199 l/h gives an
irrigation system water flow rate of 200 l/h, and a mixing ratio of 1:200.
3.16
stroke volume
pulse volume
volume of chemical solution (3.13) injected into an irrigation system in one water-driven injector pump
cycle
3.17
proportional water-driven injector pump
water-driven injector pump (3.1) intended to maintain a relatively constant mixing ratio (3.15) throughout
the period of its operation at the irrigation water flow rates (3.10) declared by the manufacturer
3.18
in-line water-driven injector pump
water-driven injector pump (3.1) installed in the main irrigation system piping or in bypass piping
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.19
on-line water-driven injector pump
water-driven injector pump (3.1) installed off the main irrigation system piping
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 2.
3.20
chemical storage tank
container for storing chemicals (3.12) and supplying them to a water-driven injector pump (3.1)
3.21
maximum suction head
maximal distance between the centreline of the outlet of the water-driven injector pump (3.1) and the
lowest level of the chemical (3.12) in the storage tank
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ISO 13457:2021(E)

4 Classification
4.1 Classification according to installation type
4.1.1 In-line water-driven injector pump (see Figure 1)
a) In-line full flow b) In-line bypass
Key
1 injector pump
2 inlet for irrigation water
3 outlet for irrigation water with injected chemicals
4 inlet for chemicals
5 valve
NOTE 1 The arrows denote the flow direction.
NOTE 2 The injection of a chemical occurs inside the water-driven injector pump.
Figure 1 — In-line water-driven injector pump
4.1.1.1 Full flow installation
4.1.1.2 Bypass flow installation
4 PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

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ISO 13457:2021(E)

4.1.2 On-line water-driven injector pump (see Figure 2)
Key
1 injector pump 5 irrigation water with injected chemicals
2 inlet for drive water 6 check valve
3 inlet for chemicals 7 outlet for chemicals
4 irrigation flow 8 outlet for drive water
NOTE 1 The arrows denote the flow direction.
NOTE 2 The injection of a chemical into the irrigation water occurs outside the water-driven injector pump.
The outlet for the chemical is intended to be connected to the main irrigation system piping. The drive water
from the drive water outlet cannot be returned to the main irrigation system piping.
NOTE 3 The drive water can be ejected from the water-driven injector pump as shown or returned to the
irrigation system (see Figure 1).
Figure 2 — On-line water-driven injector pump
4.2 Classification according to mixing ratio
4.2.1 Proportional water-driven injector pump
4.2.1.1 Fixed mixing ratio
4.2.1.2 Adjustable mixing ratio
4.2.2 Non-proportional water-driven injector pump
5 Marking
The water-driven injector pump shall bear a clear, legible and durable marking giving the following
information:
a) name of the manufacturer or the manufacturer's trademark;
b) nominal size;
c) maximum working pressure (p );
max
d) model number identical with that given in the manufacturer's catalogue;
e) year of production or a mark identifying the production series;
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 5

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ISO 13457:2021(E)

f) arrows indicating the direction of flow of water and chemicals into and out of the water-driven
injector pump.
6 Technical characteristics
6.1 General
The water-driven injector pump shall employ means, such as a vacuum breaker valve, to prevent
emptying of the chemical storage
...