Plastics — Determination of the fluidity of plastics using capillary and slit-die rheometers

This document specifies methods for determining the fluidity of plastics melts subjected to shear stresses at rates and temperatures approximating to those arising in plastics processing. Testing plastics melts in accordance with these methods is of great importance since the fluidity of plastics melts is generally not dependent solely on temperature, but also on other parameters; in particular shear rate and shear stress. The methods described in this document are useful for determining melt viscosities from 10 Pa∙s to 107 Pa∙s, depending on the measurement range of the pressure and/or force transducer and the mechanical and physical characteristics of the rheometer. The shear rates occurring in extrusion rheometers range from 1 s−1 to 106 s−1. Elongational effects at the die entrance cause extrudate swelling at the die exit. Methods for assessing extrudate swelling have also been included. The rheological techniques described are not limited to the characterization of wall-adhering thermoplastics melts only; for example, thermoplastics exhibiting "slip" effects[1][2] and thermosetting plastics can be included. However, the methods used for determining the shear rate and shear viscosity are invalid for materials which are not wall-adhering. Nevertheless, this document can be used to characterize the rheological behaviour of such fluids for a given geometry.

Plastiques — Détermination de la fluidité au moyen de rhéomètres équipés d'une filière capillaire ou plate

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
25-Feb-2021
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
26-Feb-2021
Due Date
25-Sep-2022
Completion Date
26-Feb-2021
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 11443
Fourth edition
2021-02
Plastics — Determination of the
fluidity of plastics using capillary and
slit-die rheometers
Plastiques — Détermination de la fluidité au moyen de rhéomètres
équipés d'une filière capillaire ou plate
Reference number
ISO 11443:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General principles . 4
5 Apparatus . 4
5.1 Test device . 4
5.1.1 General. 4
5.1.2 Rheometer barrel . 5
5.1.3 Capillary dies (method A) . 5
5.1.4 Slit dies (method B) . 9
5.1.5 Piston . 9
5.2 Temperature control . 9
5.3 Measurement of temperature and calibration .10
5.3.1 Test temperature .10
5.3.2 Measurement of test temperature .10
5.3.3 Temperature calibration .10
5.4 Measurement of pressure and calibration .10
5.4.1 Test pressure .10
5.4.2 Pressure drop along the length of the slit die .11
5.4.3 Calibration .11
5.5 Measurement of the volume flow rate of the sample .11
6 Sampling .11
7 Procedure.11
7.1 Cleaning the test device .11
7.2 Selection of test temperatures .12
7.3 Preparation of samples .13
7.4 Preheating .13
7.5 Determination of the maximum permissible test duration .13
7.6 Determination of test pressure at constant volume flow rate: Method 2 .14
7.7 Determination of volume flow rate at constant test pressure: Method 1 .14
7.8 Waiting periods during measurement.14
7.9 Measurement of extrudate swelling .14
7.9.1 General.14
7.9.2 Measurement at room temperature .15
7.9.3 Measurement at the test temperature .15
8 Expression of results .15
8.1 Volume flow rate .15
8.2 Apparent shear rate .16
8.2.1 General.16
8.2.2 Method A: Capillary dies .16
8.2.3 Method B: Slit dies .16
8.3 Apparent shear stress .17
8.3.1 General.17
8.3.2 Method A: Capillary dies .17
8.3.3 Method B: Slit dies .17
8.4 True shear stress .17
8.4.1 General.17
8.4.2 Bagley correction for capillary dies (method A) .18
8.4.3 Bagley correction for slit dies (method B) .21
8.4.4 Direct determination using slit dies (method B) .22
8.5 True shear rate .22
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

8.5.1 General.22
8.5.2 Method A: Capillary dies .23
8.5.3 Method B: Slit dies .23
8.6 Viscosity .23
8.7 Determination of extrudate swelling .23
8.7.1 Measurement at room temperature .23
8.7.2 Measurement at the test temperature .24
9 Precision .24
10 Test report .25
10.1 General .25
10.2 Test conditions .25
10.3 Flow characteristics .26
10.3.1 General.26
10.3.2 Graphical representation .26
10.3.3 Individual values .27
10.4 Visual examination .27
Annex A (informative) Method of correcting for the influence of H/B on the apparent shear rate .28
Annex B (informative) Measurement errors .30
Annex C (informative) Uncertainties in the determination of shear viscosity by capillary
extrusion rheometry testing .31
Bibliography .36
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-
chemical properties.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 11443:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the use of a zero length die has been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 11443:2021(E)
Plastics — Determination of the fluidity of plastics using
capillary and slit-die rheometers
1 Scope
This document specifies methods for determining the fluidity of plastics melts subjected to shear
stresses at rates and temperatures approximating to those arising in plastics processing. Testing
plastics melts in accordance with these methods is of great importance since the fluidity of plastics
melts is generally not dependent solely on temperature, but also on other parameters; in particular
shear rate and shear stress.
The methods described in this document are useful for determining melt viscosities from 10 Pa∙s
7
to 10 Pa∙s, depending on the measurement range of the pressure and/or force transducer and the
mechanical and physical characteristics of the rheometer. The shear rates occurring in extrusion
−1 6 −1
rheometers range from 1 s to 10 s .
Elongational effects at the die entrance cause extrudate swelling at the die exit. Methods for assessing
extrudate swelling have also been included.
The rheological techniques described are not limited to the characterization of wall-adhering
[1][2]
thermoplastics melts only; for example, thermoplastics exhibiting “slip” effects and thermosetting
plastics can be included. However, the methods used for determining the shear rate and shear viscosity
are invalid for materials which are not wall-adhering. Nevertheless, this document can be used to
characterize the rheological behaviour of such fluids for a given geometry.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1133-1, Plastics — Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and melt volume-flow rate (MVR)
of thermoplastics — Part 1: Standard method
ISO 1133-2, Plastics — Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and melt volume-flow rate (MVR)
of thermoplastics — Part 2: Method for materials sensitive to time-temperature history and/or moisture
ISO 4287, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms, definitions
and surface texture parameters
ISO 6507-1, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 11403-2, Plastics — Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data — Part 2: Thermal
and processing properties
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

3.1
Newtonian fluid
fluid for which the viscosity is independent of the shear rate and of time
3.2
non-Newtonian fluid
fluid for which the viscosity varies with the shear rate and/or with time
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, this definition refers to fluids for which the viscosity varies
only with the shear rate.
3.3
apparent shear stress
τ
ap
fictive shear stress to which the melt in contact with the die wall is subjected, expressed in pascals (Pa)
Note 1 to entry: It is calculated as the product of test pressure and the ratio of die cross-sectional area to die
wall area.
3.4
apparent shear rate

γ
ap
fictive shear rate that the melt at the wall would experience at the observed volume flow rate if its
−1
behaviour were Newtonian, expressed in reciprocal seconds (s )
3.5
true shear stress
τ
actual shear stress to which the melt in contact with the die wall is subjected, expressed in pascals (Pa)
Note 1 to entry: It is estimated from the test pressure p by applying corrections for entrance and exit pressure
losses, or is directly determined from the melt-pressure gradient in the channel.
Note 2 to entry: For the purposes of notation, the absence of a subscript is used to denote true values.
3.6
true shear rate

γ

shear rate obtained from the apparent shear rate γ (3.4) by taking into account the deviations from
ap
Newtonian behaviour by appropriate correction algorithms (see Note in 8.2.2), expressed in reciprocal
−1
seconds (s )
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of notation, the absence of a subscript is used to denote true values.
3.7
viscosity
η
 
viscosity in steady shear, defined as the ratio τγ/ of true shear stress τ (3.5) to true shear rate γ (3.6),
expressed in pascal seconds (Pa∙s)
3.8
apparent viscosity
η
ap
ratio τγ/ of apparent shear stress τ to apparent shear rate γ (3.4), expressed in pascal
ap
ap ap ap
seconds (Pa∙s)
3.9
Bagley corrected apparent viscosity
η
apB
 
ratio τγ/ of true shear stress τ (3.5) to apparent shear rate γ (3.4), expressed in pascal seconds (Pa∙s)
ap ap
2 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

3.10
Rabinowitsch corrected apparent viscosity
η
apR
 
ratio τγ/ of apparent shear stress τ to true shear rate γ (3.6), expressed in pascal seconds (Pa∙s)
ap
ap
Note 1 to entry: This term is appropriate for use when testing with a single die of large length-to-diameter aspect
ratio for which entrance effects are negligible.
3.11
volume flow rate
Q
3
volume of melt flowing through the die per unit time, expressed in cubic millimetres per second (mm /s)
3.12
swell ratio at room temperature
S
a
ratio of the diameter of the extrudate to the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at room
temperature
3.13
swell ratio at the test temperature
S
T
ratio of the diameter of the extrudate to the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at the test
temperature
3.14
percent swell at room temperature
s
a
difference between the diameter of the extruded strand and the diameter of the capillary die, expressed
as a percentage of the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at room temperature
3.15
percent swell at the test temperature
s
T
difference between the diameter of the extruded strand and the diameter of the capillary die, expressed
as a percentage of the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at the test temperature
Note 1 to entry: Equivalent slit-die extrudate swell terms can be derived based on the thickness of slit-die
extrudate with reference to the slit-die thickness.
3.16
preheating time
time interval between completion of charging of the barrel and the beginning of measurement
3.17
dwell time
time interval between the completion of charging of the barrel and the end of measurements
Note 1 to entry: In certain special cases, it can be necessary to note the dwell time at the end of each measurement
where more than one measurement per barrel filling is made.
3.18
extrusion time
time corresponding to the period of measurement for a given shear rate
3.19
critical shear stress
value of the shear stresses at the die wall at which any of the following occur:
— a discontinuity in the curve plotting shear stress against flow rate or shear rate;
— roughness (or waving) of the extrudate as it leaves the die
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in pascals (Pa).
3.20
critical shear rate
−1
shear rate corresponding to the critical shear stress (3.19), expressed in reciprocal seconds (s )
3.21
zero length die
special designed die for an easy, quick and accurate entrance pressure loss correction by Bagley
correction, because only measurements with two different die lengths are necessary
4 General principles
The plastics melt is forced through a capillary or slit die of known dimensions. Two principal methods
can be used:
a) Method 1: for a specified constant test pressure p, the volume flow rate Q is measured, or
b) Method 2: for a specified constant volume flow rate Q, the test pressure p is measured.
These methods can be used with capillary dies (method A) and slit dies (method B). For full designation
of the test method options, see Table 1.
Table 1 — Designation of test methods
Preset parameter
Die cross section
Test pressure, p Volume flow rate, Q
Circular (capillary die) A1 A2
Rectangular (slit die) B1 B2
Measurements can be made using a range of values of the preset parameter (either applied test pressure
in method 1, or volume flow rate in method 2).
If a slit die with pressure transducers positioned along its length and also upstream of the die entry
is used, then entrance and exit pressure drop values can be determined. If capillary dies of the same
radius but of varying lengths are used, then the sum of the entrance and exit pressure drops can be
determined.
A slit die with pressure transducers positioned along its length is particularly suited for automated
measurements using online computer evaluation.
Recommended values for capillary die dimensions and for flow rates and temperatures to be used in
testing are presented either in the relevant clauses below or in ISO 11403-2.
In using a slit die, either the aspect ratio H/B between the thickness H and the width B of the slit is small
or else a correction for H/B (see Annex A) is necessary. In the latter case, the calculated quantities are
dependent on assumptions made in deriving the correction formulae used, notably that elastic effects
are irrelevant.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Test device
5.1.1 General
The test device shall consist of a heatable barrel, the bore of which is closed at the bottom end by an
interchangeable capillary or slit die. The test pressure shall be exerted on the melt contained in this
4 © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 11443:2021(E)

barrel by a piston, screw, or by the use of gas pressure. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show typical examples.
Other dimensions are permitted.
5.1.2 Rheometer barrel
The barrel shall consist of a material resistant to wear and corrosion up to the maximum temperature
of the heating system.
The barrel can have a lateral bore for the insertion of a melt-pressure transducer close to the die
entrance.
The permissible deviations in the mean bore diameter throughout the length of the barrel shall be less
than ±0,007 mm.
The barrel shall be manufactured using techniques and materials that produce a Vickers hardness
preferably of at least 800 HV 30 (according to ISO 6507-1 and Note 1) and a surface roughness of less
than R = 0,25 µm (average arithmetic discrepancy, according to ISO 4287).
a
NOTE 1 For temperatures up to 400 °C, nitrided steel has been found suitable. Materials of hardness values
lower than that specified but of sufficient corrosion and abrasion resistance have been found to be acceptable for
construction of the barrel and dies.
NOTE 2 An increase in barrel-bore diameter increases the number of measurements that can be made with a
single barrel filling and increases the shear rate range of the instrument. Disadvantages of using a larger barrel-
bore diameter are that larger sample masses are required and that the time necessary to reach temperature
equilibrium throughout the sample is greater. The barrel-bore diameters of commercially available rheometers
lie in the range between 6,35 mm and 30 mm.
5.1.3 Capillary dies (method A)
5.1.3.1 The entire length of the capillary die wall shall be machined to an accuracy of ±0,007 mm for
the diameter (D) and ±0,025 mm for the length (L) (see Figure 1).
The capillary shall be manufactured using techniques and materials that produce a Vickers hardness
preferably of at least 800 HV 30 (according to ISO 6507-1 and Note 1 in 5.1.2) and a surface roughness of
less than R = 0,25 µm (average arithmetic discrepancy, according to ISO 4287).
a
The capillary opening shall show no visible machining marks or perceptible eccentricity.
NOTE 1 Diameters of capillary dies typically used lie in the range between 0,5 mm and 2 mm, with various
lengths to obtain the desired L/D ratios. For testing of filled materials, larger diameters can be required.
NOTE 2 Hardened steel, tungsten carbide, stellite, and hardened stainless steel are the most common die
materials.
NOTE 3 The precision with which capillary dimensions can be measured is dependent upon both the capillary
radius and the capillary length. With capillaries of diameter smaller than 1,25 mm, the specified precision
(±0,007 mm) is difficult to obtain. Due to the extreme sensitivity of flow data to capillary dimens
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 11443
ISO/TC 61/SC 5
Plastics — Determination of the
Secretariat: DIN
fluidity of plastics using capillary and
Voting begins on:
2020­12­03 slit-die rheometers
Voting terminates on:
Plastiques — Détermination de la fluidité au moyen de rhéomètres
2021­01­28
équipés d'une filière capillaire ou plate
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/FDIS 11443:2020(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2020

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11443:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH­1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11443:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General principles . 4
5 Apparatus . 4
5.1 Test device . 4
5.1.1 General. 4
5.1.2 Rheometer barrel . 5
5.1.3 Capillary dies (method A) . 5
5.1.4 Slit dies (method B) . 9
5.1.5 Piston . 9
5.2 Temperature control . 9
5.3 Measurement of temperature and calibration .10
5.3.1 Test temperature .10
5.3.2 Measurement of test temperature .10
5.3.3 Temperature calibration .10
5.4 Measurement of pressure and calibration .10
5.4.1 Test pressure .10
5.4.2 Pressure drop along the length of the slit die .11
5.4.3 Calibration .11
5.5 Measurement of the volume flow rate of the sample .11
6 Sampling .11
7 Procedure.11
7.1 Cleaning the test device .11
7.2 Selection of test temperatures .12
7.3 Preparation of samples .13
7.4 Preheating .13
7.5 Determination of the maximum permissible test duration .13
7.6 Determination of test pressure at constant volume flow rate: Method 2 .14
7.7 Determination of volume flow rate at constant test pressure: Method 1 .14
7.8 Waiting periods during measurement.14
7.9 Measurement of extrudate swelling .14
7.9.1 General.14
7.9.2 Measurement at room temperature .15
7.9.3 Measurement at the test temperature .15
8 Expression of results .15
8.1 Volume flow rate .15
8.2 Apparent shear rate .16
8.2.1 General.16
8.2.2 Method A: Capillary dies .16
8.2.3 Method B: Slit dies .16
8.3 Apparent shear stress .17
8.3.1 General.17
8.3.2 Method A: Capillary dies .17
8.3.3 Method B: Slit dies .17
8.4 True shear stress .17
8.4.1 General.17
8.4.2 Bagley correction for capillary dies (method A) .18
8.4.3 Bagley correction for slit dies (method B) .21
8.4.4 Direct determination using slit dies (method B) .22
8.5 True shear rate .22
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11443:2020(E)

8.5.1 General.22
8.5.2 Method A: Capillary dies .23
8.5.3 Method B: Slit dies .23
8.6 Viscosity .23
8.7 Determination of extrudate swelling .23
8.7.1 Measurement at room temperature .23
8.7.2 Measurement at the test temperature .24
9 Precision .24
10 Test report .25
10.1 General .25
10.2 Test conditions .25
10.3 Flow characteristics .26
10.3.1 General.26
10.3.2 Graphical representation .26
10.3.3 Individual values .27
10.4 Visual examination .27
Annex A (informative) Method of correcting for the influence of H/B on the apparent shear rate .28
Annex B (informative) Measurement errors .30
Annex C (informative) Uncertainties in the determination of shear viscosity by capillary
extrusion rheometry testing .31
Bibliography .36
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 11443:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non­governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-
chemical properties.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 11443:2014), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the use of a zero length die has been added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 11443:2020(E)
Plastics — Determination of the fluidity of plastics using
capillary and slit-die rheometers
1 Scope
This document specifies methods for determining the fluidity of plastics melts subjected to shear
stresses at rates and temperatures approximating to those arising in plastics processing. Testing
plastics melts in accordance with these methods is of great importance since the fluidity of plastics
melts is generally not dependent solely on temperature, but also on other parameters; in particular
shear rate and shear stress.
The methods described in this document are useful for determining melt viscosities from 10 Pa∙s
7
to 10 Pa∙s, depending on the measurement range of the pressure and/or force transducer and the
mechanical and physical characteristics of the rheometer. The shear rates occurring in extrusion
−1 6 −1
rheometers range from 1 s to 10 s .
Elongational effects at the die entrance cause extrudate swelling at the die exit. Methods for assessing
extrudate swelling have also been included.
The rheological techniques described are not limited to the characterization of wall-adhering
[1][2]
thermoplastics melts only; for example, thermoplastics exhibiting “slip” effects and thermosetting
plastics can be included. However, the methods used for determining the shear rate and shear viscosity
are invalid for materials which are not wall­adhering. Nevertheless, this document can be used to
characterize the rheological behaviour of such fluids for a given geometry.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1133­1, Plastics — Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and melt volume-flow rate (MVR)
of thermoplastics — Part 1: Standard method
ISO 1133­2, Plastics — Determination of the melt mass-flow rate (MFR) and melt volume-flow rate (MVR)
of thermoplastics — Part 2: Method for materials sensitive to time-temperature history and/or moisture
ISO 4287, Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) — Surface texture: Profile method — Terms, definitions
and surface texture parameters
ISO 6507­1, Metallic materials — Vickers hardness test — Part 1: Test method
ISO 11403­2, Plastics — Acquisition and presentation of comparable multipoint data — Part 2: Thermal
and processing properties
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
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3.1
Newtonian fluid
fluid for which the viscosity is independent of the shear rate and of time
3.2
non-Newtonian fluid
fluid for which the viscosity varies with the shear rate and/or with time
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of this document, this definition refers to fluids for which the viscosity varies
only with the shear rate.
3.3
apparent shear stress
τ
ap
fictive shear stress to which the melt in contact with the die wall is subjected, expressed in pascals (Pa)
Note 1 to entry: It is calculated as the product of test pressure and the ratio of die cross-sectional area to die
wall area.
3.4
apparent shear rate

γ
ap
fictive shear rate that the melt at the wall would experience at the observed volume flow rate if its
−1
behaviour were Newtonian, expressed in reciprocal seconds (s )
3.5
true shear stress
τ
actual shear stress to which the melt in contact with the die wall is subjected, expressed in pascals (Pa)
Note 1 to entry: It is estimated from the test pressure p by applying corrections for entrance and exit pressure
losses, or is directly determined from the melt-pressure gradient in the channel.
Note 2 to entry: For the purposes of notation, the absence of a subscript is used to denote true values.
3.6
true shear rate

γ

shear rate obtained from the apparent shear rate γ (3.4) by taking into account the deviations from
ap
Newtonian behaviour by appropriate correction algorithms (see Note in 8.2.2), expressed in reciprocal
−1
seconds (s )
Note 1 to entry: For the purposes of notation, the absence of a subscript is used to denote true values.
3.7
viscosity
η
 
viscosity in steady shear, defined as the ratio τγ/ of true shear stress τ (3.5) to true shear rate γ (3.6),
expressed in pascal seconds (Pa∙s)
3.8
apparent viscosity
η
ap
ratio τγ/ of apparent shear stress τ to apparent shear rate γ (3.4), expressed in pascal
ap
ap ap ap
seconds (Pa∙s)
3.9
Bagley corrected apparent viscosity
η
apB
 
ratio τγ/ of true shear stress τ (3.5) to apparent shear rate γ (3.4), expressed in pascal seconds (Pa∙s)
ap ap
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3.10
Rabinowitsch corrected apparent viscosity
η
apR
 
ratio τγ/ of apparent shear stress τ to true shear rate γ (3.6), expressed in pascal seconds (Pa∙s)
ap
ap
Note 1 to entry: This term is appropriate for use when testing with a single die of large length-to-diameter aspect
ratio for which entrance effects are negligible.
3.11
volume flow rate
Q
3
volume of melt flowing through the die per unit time, expressed in cubic millimetres per second (mm /s)
3.12
swell ratio at room temperature
S
a
ratio of the diameter of the extrudate to the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at room
temperature
3.13
swell ratio at the test temperature
S
T
ratio of the diameter of the extrudate to the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at the test
temperature
3.14
percent swell at room temperature
s
a
difference between the diameter of the extruded strand and the diameter of the capillary die, expressed
as a percentage of the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at room temperature
3.15
percent swell at the test temperature
s
T
difference between the diameter of the extruded strand and the diameter of the capillary die, expressed
as a percentage of the diameter of the capillary die, both measured at the test temperature
Note 1 to entry: Equivalent slit-die extrudate swell terms can be derived based on the thickness of slit-die
extrudate with reference to the slit-die thickness.
3.16
preheating time
time interval between completion of charging of the barrel and the beginning of measurement
3.17
dwell time
time interval between the completion of charging of the barrel and the end of measurements
Note 1 to entry: In certain special cases, it can be necessary to note the dwell time at the end of each measurement
where more than one measurement per barrel filling is made.
3.18
extrusion time
time corresponding to the period of measurement for a given shear rate
3.19
critical shear stress
value of the shear stresses at the die wall at which any of the following occur:
— a discontinuity in the curve plotting shear stress against flow rate or shear rate;
— roughness (or waving) of the extrudate as it leaves the die
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Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in pascals (Pa).
3.20
critical shear rate
−1
shear rate corresponding to the critical shear stress (3.19), expressed in reciprocal seconds (s )
3.21
zero length die
special designed die for an easy, quick and accurate entrance pressure loss correction by Bagley
correction, because only measurements with two different die lengths are necessary
4 General principles
The plastics melt is forced through a capillary or slit die of known dimensions. Two principal methods
can be used:
a) Method 1: for a specified constant test pressure p, the volume flow rate Q is measured, or
b) Method 2: for a specified constant volume flow rate Q, the test pressure p is measured.
These methods can be used with capillary dies (method A) and slit dies (method B). For full designation
of the test method options, see Table 1.
Table 1 — Designation of test methods
Preset parameter
Die cross section
Test pressure, p Volume flow rate, Q
Circular (capillary die) A1 A2
Rectangular (slit die) B1 B2
Measurements can be made using a range of values of the preset parameter (either applied test pressure
in method 1, or volume flow rate in method 2).
If a slit die with pressure transducers positioned along its length and also upstream of the die entry
is used, then entrance and exit pressure drop values can be determined. If capillary dies of the same
radius but of varying lengths are used, then the sum of the entrance and exit pressure drops can be
determined.
A slit die with pressure transducers positioned along its length is particularly suited for automated
measurements using online computer evaluation.
Recommended values for capillary die dimensions and for flow rates and temperatures to be used in
testing are presented either in the relevant clauses below or in ISO 11403­2.
In using a slit die, either the aspect ratio H/B between the thickness H and the width B of the slit is small
or else a correction for H/B (see Annex A) is necessary. In the latter case, the calculated quantities are
dependent on assumptions made in deriving the correction formulae used, notably that elastic effects
are irrelevant.
5 Apparatus
5.1 Test device
5.1.1 General
The test device shall consist of a heatable barrel, the bore of which is closed at the bottom end by an
interchangeable capillary or slit die. The test pressure shall be exerted on the melt contained in this
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barrel by a piston, screw, or by the use of gas pressure. Figure 1 and Figure 2 show typical examples.
Other dimensions are permitted.
5.1.2 Rheometer barrel
The barrel shall consist of a material resistant to wear and corrosion up to the maximum temperature
of the heating system.
The barrel can have a lateral bore for the insertion of a melt­pressure transducer close to the die
entrance.
The permissible deviations in the mean bore diameter throughout the length of the barrel shall be less
than ±0,007 mm.
The barrel shall be manufactured using techniques and materials that produce a Vickers hardness
preferably of at least 800 HV 30 (according to ISO 6507-1 and Note 1) and a surface roughness of less
than R = 0,25 µm (average arithmetic discrepancy, according to ISO 4287).
a
NOTE 1 For temperatures up to 400 °C, nitrided steel has been found suitable. Materials of hardness values
lower than that specified but of sufficient corrosion and abrasion resistance have been found to be acceptable for
construction of the barrel and dies.
NOTE 2 An increase in barrel­bore diameter increases the number of measurements that can be made with a
single barrel filling and increases the shear rate range of the instrument. Disadvantages of using a larger barrel-
bore diameter are that larger sample masses are required and that the time necessary to reach temperature
equilibrium throughout the sample is greater. The barrel-bore diameters of commercially available rheometers
lie in the range between 6,35 mm and 30 mm.
5.1.3 Capillary dies (method A)
5.1.3.1 The entire length of the capillary die wall shall be machined to an accuracy of ±0,007 mm for
the diameter (D) and ±0,025 mm for the length (L) (see Figure 1).
The capillary shall be manufactured using techniques and materials that produce a Vickers hardness
preferably of at least 800 HV 30 (according to ISO 6507-1 and Note 1 in 5.1.2) and a surface roughness of
less than R = 0,25 µm (average arithmetic discrepancy, according to ISO 4287).
a
The capillary opening shall show no visible machining marks or perceptible eccentricity.
NOTE 1 Diamete
...

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