ISO 12233:2023
(Main)Photography — Electronic still picture imaging — Resolution and spatial frequency responses
Photography — Electronic still picture imaging — Resolution and spatial frequency responses
This document specifies methods for measuring the resolution and the spatial frequency response (SFR) of electronic still-picture cameras. It is applicable to the measurement of both monochrome and colour cameras which output digital data or analogue video signals.
Photographie — Imagerie des prises de vues électroniques — Résolution et réponses en fréquence spatiale
Fotografija - Elektronsko upodabljanje mirujočih slik - Ločljivost in frekvenčni odzivi v prostoru
Ta dokument določa metode za merjenje ločljivosti in frekvenčnega odziva v prostoru (SFR) elektronskih fotoaparatov. Uporablja se za merjenje monokromatskih in barvnih fotoaparatov, ki oddajajo digitalne podatke ali analogne video signale.
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Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-september-2023
Nadomešča:
SIST ISO 12233:2017
Fotografija - Elektronsko upodabljanje mirujočih slik - Ločljivost in frekvenčni
odzivi v prostoru
Photography - Electronic still picture imaging - Resolution and spatial frequency
responses
Photographie - Imagerie des prises de vues électroniques - Résolution et réponses en
fréquence spatiale
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 12233:2023
ICS:
37.040.10 Fotografska oprema. Photographic equipment.
Projektorji Projectors
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12233
Fourth edition
2023-02
Photography — Electronic still picture
imaging — Resolution and spatial
frequency responses
Photographie — Imagerie des prises de vues électroniques —
Résolution et réponses en fréquence spatiale
Reference number
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test conditions .5
4.1 Test chart illumination . 5
4.2 Camera framing and lens focal length setting . 6
4.3 Camera focusing . 6
4.4 Camera settings . 6
4.5 White balance . 7
4.6 Luminance and colour measurements . 7
4.7 Gamma correction . 7
5 Visual resolution measurement .7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Test chart . 8
5.2.1 General . 8
5.2.2 Material. 8
5.2.3 Size . 8
5.2.4 Test patterns . 8
5.2.5 Test pattern modulation . 8
5.2.6 Positional tolerance . 8
5.3 Rules of judgement for visual observation . 9
5.3.1 Rules of judgement . 9
5.3.2 An example of a correct visual judgement . 9
6 Edge-based spatial frequency response (e-SFR) .10
6.1 General . 10
6.2 Methodology . 13
7 Sinewave-based spatial frequency response (s-SFR) measurement .13
8 Presentation of results .14
8.1 General . 14
8.2 Resolution . 15
8.2.1 General .15
8.2.2 Basic presentation . 15
8.2.3 Representative presentation . 15
8.3 Spatial frequency response (SFR) . 15
8.3.1 General .15
8.3.2 Spatial frequency response . 15
8.3.3 Report of resolution value derived from the s-SFR . 16
Annex A (informative) CIPA resolution chart .18
Annex B (informative) Visual resolution measurement software .24
Annex C (informative) Edge SFR test chart .30
Annex D (informative) Edge spatial frequency response (e-SFR) algorithm .32
Annex E (normative) Sine wave star test chart .38
Annex F (normative) Sine wave spatial frequency response (s-SFR) analysis algorithm .41
Annex G (informative) Colour-filtered resolution measurements .46
Annex H (informative) Units and summary metrics .48
iii
Annex I (informative) Original test chart defined in ISO 12233:2000 .52
Annex J (informative) Non-uniform illumination compensation for some applications .56
Annex K (informative) Derivation of correction functions .62
Annex L (informative) Acutance calculation .66
Annex M (informative) Matlab function for computing e-SFR .69
Bibliography .75
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 12233:2017), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— In Clause 6 and Annex C, the e-SFR test chart has been modified by replacing the “slanted square”
features with four-cycle “slanted star” features, to enable diagonal measurements in addition to
horizontal and vertical measurements.
— In Clause 6 and Annex D, the e-SFR algorithm has been modified by using a Tukey window, by using
a 5th-order polynomial equation to fit the edge, and by correcting for the edge-angle sampling. As
a result, the measurement results may be slightly different compared to the results obtained using
the 3rd edition.
— Clause 6 and Annex D were updated to clarify the steps in the e-SFR algorithm.
— In Annex C, the reflectances of the surround and the light and dark patches were clarified.
— Annexes J, K, L, and M were added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s nationa
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 12233
Fourth edition
2023-02
Photography — Electronic still picture
imaging — Resolution and spatial
frequency responses
Photographie — Imagerie des prises de vues électroniques —
Résolution et réponses en fréquence spatiale
Reference number
© ISO 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Test conditions .5
4.1 Test chart illumination . 5
4.2 Camera framing and lens focal length setting . 6
4.3 Camera focusing . 6
4.4 Camera settings . 6
4.5 White balance . 7
4.6 Luminance and colour measurements . 7
4.7 Gamma correction . 7
5 Visual resolution measurement .7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Test chart . 8
5.2.1 General . 8
5.2.2 Material. 8
5.2.3 Size . 8
5.2.4 Test patterns . 8
5.2.5 Test pattern modulation . 8
5.2.6 Positional tolerance . 8
5.3 Rules of judgement for visual observation . 9
5.3.1 Rules of judgement . 9
5.3.2 An example of a correct visual judgement . 9
6 Edge-based spatial frequency response (e-SFR) .10
6.1 General . 10
6.2 Methodology . 13
7 Sinewave-based spatial frequency response (s-SFR) measurement .13
8 Presentation of results .14
8.1 General . 14
8.2 Resolution . 15
8.2.1 General .15
8.2.2 Basic presentation . 15
8.2.3 Representative presentation . 15
8.3 Spatial frequency response (SFR) . 15
8.3.1 General .15
8.3.2 Spatial frequency response . 15
8.3.3 Report of resolution value derived from the s-SFR . 16
Annex A (informative) CIPA resolution chart .18
Annex B (informative) Visual resolution measurement software .24
Annex C (informative) Edge SFR test chart .30
Annex D (informative) Edge spatial frequency response (e-SFR) algorithm .32
Annex E (normative) Sine wave star test chart .38
Annex F (normative) Sine wave spatial frequency response (s-SFR) analysis algorithm .41
Annex G (informative) Colour-filtered resolution measurements .46
Annex H (informative) Units and summary metrics .48
iii
Annex I (informative) Original test chart defined in ISO 12233:2000 .52
Annex J (informative) Non-uniform illumination compensation for some applications .56
Annex K (informative) Derivation of correction functions .62
Annex L (informative) Acutance calculation .66
Annex M (informative) Matlab function for computing e-SFR .69
Bibliography .75
iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 12233:2017), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— In Clause 6 and Annex C, the e-SFR test chart has been modified by replacing the “slanted square”
features with four-cycle “slanted star” features, to enable diagonal measurements in addition to
horizontal and vertical measurements.
— In Clause 6 and Annex D, the e-SFR algorithm has been modified by using a Tukey window, by using
a 5th-order polynomial equation to fit the edge, and by correcting for the edge-angle sampling. As
a result, the measurement results may be slightly different compared to the results obtained using
the 3rd edition.
— Clause 6 and Annex D were updated to clarify the steps in the e-SFR algorithm.
— In Annex C, the reflectances of the surround and the light and dark patches were clarified.
— Annexes J, K, L, and M were added.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
Introduction
Purpose
The spatial resolution capability is an important attribute of a digital camera. Resolution measurement
standards allow users to compare and verify spatial resolution measurements, as described in
Reference [14]. This document defines terminology, test charts, and test methods for performing
resolution measurements for analogue and digital cameras.
Technical background
Because digital cameras are sampled imaging systems, the term resolution is often incorrectly
interpreted as the number of addressable photoelements. While there are existing protocols for
determining camera pixel counts, these are not to be confused with the interpretation of resolut
...
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