ISO/FDIS 20954-1

• Abstract:

  This document defines the measurement method of optical image stabilization performance for still images compensating for handheld blur consisting of three rotational components, roll, yaw and pitch. It applies to consumer digital cameras with optical image stabilization for still images. Apparatuses such as camcorders and mobile phones with still image shooting functionality are within the scope of this document.

• Status: Not Published
• ICS: 37.040.10 - Photographic equipment. Projectors
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 42 - Photography
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 42/WG 18 - Electronic still picture imaging
• Current Stage: 5020 - FDIS ballot initiated: 2 months. Proof sent to secretariat
• Start Date: 29-Jun-2026
• Completion Date: 29-Jun-2026

• Revises: ISO 20954-1:2019 - Digital cameras — Measurement method for image stabilization performance — Part 1: Optical systems
• Effective Date: 18-Jan-2025

Overview

ISO/FDIS 20954-1:2026 is an international standard issued by ISO Technical Committee 42 (Photography). This document specifies the measurement method for evaluating the performance of optical image stabilization (OIS) systems in digital imaging devices. Covering consumer digital cameras, camcorders, and mobile phones with still image shooting functionalities, the standard defines procedures to assess a camera’s ability to compensate for handheld blur caused by three rotational components: yaw, pitch, and roll. The purpose of this standard is to facilitate objective comparisons of OIS performance and to support transparency in product brochures and technical documentation.

Key Topics

• Scope of Application

  • Applicable to consumer digital cameras, camcorders, and mobile phones with optical image stabilization for still images.
  • Evaluates blur compensation along yaw, pitch, and roll axes, providing a comprehensive measurement of OIS systems.

• Standardized Measurement Method

  • Describes use of vibration generators simulating real-world handheld camera movements.
  • Specifies two vibration waveform types (WB-L and WB-H), selected based on camera mass.
  • Requires use of test charts, consistent lighting, controlled temperature/humidity, and specific camera settings to ensure repeatability and accuracy.

• Performance Assessment Criteria

  • Measurements include image sharpness at both the center and periphery of the frame.
  • Comparisons are made between intrinsic image degradation (camera limitations), total image degradation (OIS enabled), and reference degradation (OIS disabled).
  • Results are expressed in terms of exposure "stops" and quantified using a defined blur threshold.

• Reporting and Presentation

  • Outlines standard formats for OIS performance reporting in technical brochures or product datasheets.
  • Ensures results are meaningful for both technical users and end consumers.

Applications

• Camera Manufacturers:
  By following ISO/FDIS 20954-1, manufacturers can provide credible, comparable OIS performance data. The results can be used in product specification sheets, brochures, and marketing materials, enabling end-users to evaluate stabilization features confidently.

• Quality Assurance & R&D:
  R&D and QA teams benefit from a repeatable, internationally recognized OIS testing methodology, ensuring reliable assessment of new camera system designs and production models. This is critical for continual improvement and validation of OIS technology.

• Regulatory and Certification Bodies:
  Certification and regulatory organizations can reference this standard in their conformity assessments, ensuring the declared OIS performance has been measured using accepted industry practices.

• Consumer Transparency:
  Consumers and reviewers receive unbiased and consistent data on OIS effectiveness, supporting informed purchasing decisions.

Related Standards

• CIPA DC-011
  The Camera & Imaging Products Association standard for measuring and describing OIS performance in digital cameras is referenced as the basis for ISO/FDIS 20954-1.

• ISO 17850:2015
  Provides definitions and terms related to digital still cameras and helps ensure consistency in technical language.

• Other ISO Digital Imaging Standards:

  • ISO 516 (Exposure time vocabulary and measurements)
  • Additional ISO and IEC standards on photography and imaging system terminology.

Summary

Adopting ISO/FDIS 20954-1 enables camera industry stakeholders to ensure that optical image stabilization performance is measured, reported, and compared using a transparent and uniform methodology. This promotes trust in OIS specifications and makes technical product communication clearer and more reliable for manufacturers, retailers, and end users alike. Integrating this standard into design, manufacturing, and marketing processes supports both innovation and user satisfaction in digital imaging technology.

FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 42
Digital imaging — Measurement
Secretariat: ANSI
method for image stabilization
Voting begins on:
performance —
2026-06-29
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
2026-08-24
Optical systems
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
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MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
Reference number
FINAL DRAFT
International
Standard
ISO/TC 42
Digital imaging – Measurement
Secretariat: ANSI
method for image stabilization
Voting begins on:
performance —
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
Optical systems
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT,
WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY
RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE
AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING DOCUMENTATION.
© ISO 2026
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
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BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE
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TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL
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MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Measurement method . 2
4.1 General .2
4.2 Equipment and environment for measurement .3
4.2.1 Test chart.3
4.2.2 Lighting .3
4.2.3 Temperature and humidity .4
4.2.4 Vibration generator . .4
4.2.5 Mounting of camera to be measured on vibratory apparatus .7
4.2.6 Vibration waveform .8
4.2.7 Shooting distance .9
4.3 Settings of camera to be measured .9
4.3.1 Shooting mode .9
4.3.2 Optical image stabilization mode .10
4.3.3 Image quality mode (compression ratio) .10
4.3.4 Image quality mode (number of recorded pixels) .10
4.3.5 Sensitivity .10
4.3.6 Flash .10
4.3.7 Electronic (digital) zoom .10
4.3.8 Focus control .10
4.3.9 White balance .10
4.3.10 Exposure .10
4.3.11 Aperture . . .10
4.3.12 Aspect ratio .10
4.4 Measurement procedures .10
4.4.1 Brief description of the procedures .10
4.4.2 Calculating value from captured image . 12
4.4.3 Measurement of intrinsic image degradation amount . 13
4.4.4 Measurement of total image degradation amount (for selection criteria I and II
in 4.2.6) . 13
4.4.5 Measurement of total image degradation amount (for selection criterion III in
4.2.6) .14
4.4.6 Action when total image degradation amount at peripheral measurement
positions is not measurable . 15
4.5 Calculation of optical image stabilization performance . 15
4.5.1 Calculation of basic values . 15
4.5.2 Method of converting intrinsic image degradation amount and measured image
degradation amount into 35 mm film equivalent values .21
4.5.3 Calculation of optical image stabilization performance .21
5 Presentation of results .23
5.1 Common requirements . 23
5.2 Requirements for the nominal value . 23
5.3 Requirements for the non-nominal value .24
5.4 Performance description of lens integrated camera with image stabilization mechanism .24
5.4.1 Lens integrated camera with image stabilization in roll direction .24
5.4.2 Lens integrated camera with image stabilization in yaw/pitch directions and
without image stabilization in roll direction .24
5.5 Performance description of camera body with image stabilization mechanism.24
5.5.1 Camera body with image stabilization in roll direction .24

iii
5.5.2 Camera body with image stabilization in yaw/pitch directions and without
image stabilization in roll direction.24
5.6 Performance description of interchangeable lens with image stabilization mechanism. 25
5.6.1 Interchangeable lens with image stabilization in yaw/pitch directions and
without image stabilization in roll direction . 25
5.7 Performance description for pairing a camera body with image stabilization
mechanism and an interchangeable lens with image stabilization mechanism . 25
5.7.1 Pairing with image stabilization in yaw/pitch/roll directions . 25
5.7.2 Pairing with image stabilization in yaw/pitch directions and without image
stabilization in roll direction . 25
5.8 Examples of presentation . 25
Annex A (normative) Vibration waveforms .27
Annex B (informative) CIPA test chart method .29
Annex C (informative) Slanted edge test chart method .31
Annex D (informative) Verification of vibration generator .36
Annex E (informative) Additional information .37
Annex F (informative) Description method in brochures .57
Bibliography .62

iv
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 20954-1:2019), which was been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— vibration waveform of a roll direction has been added along with the yaw and pitch directions;
— measurement at the 60 % of the image height in addition to centre has been required;
— determination level of image blur has been changed.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20954 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

v
Introduction
The image stabilization function is important for digital cameras and has become a selling point in marketing
materials. Therefore, the measurement methods and its reporting method are then very important to
compare the image stabilization performance among cameras based on their brochures.
The Camera & Imaging Products Association (CIPA) issued CIPA standard DC-011 in 2012 to specify how
to measure and describe the optical image stabilization performance of digital cameras. When image
stabilization performance is measured and described according to that standard, end users have unbiased
and useful information to help them select from a variety of digital cameras (see Bibliography).
This document is based on the CIPA standard, which is referenced in the Bibliography. The standardized
measurement method primarily includes performance assessment with simulated handheld camera
movements.
In response to subsequent changes in photographic viewing environments, this document has been revised
to allow measurement and description of image stabilization performance for vibrations including roll
motion, in addition to yaw and pitch motions.

vi
FINAL DRAFT International Standard ISO/FDIS 20954-1:2026(en)
Digital imaging – Measurement method for image
stabilization performance —
Part 1:
Optical systems
1 Scope
This document defines the measurement method of optical image stabilization performance for still images
compensating for handheld blur consisting of three rotational components, yaw, pitch and roll.
It applies to consumer digital cameras with optical image stabilization for still images. Apparatuses such as
camcorders and mobile phones with still image shooting functionality are within the scope of this document.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
image stabilization
camera function that prevents handheld blur (3.3) by using a means of camera movement detection
Note 1 to entry: Even if a camera function uses a means of camera movement detection, it is not regarded as an image
stabilization function if its primary means of blur mitigation is shortening exposure time based on exposure control
program optimization.
3.2
optical image stabilization
function that compensates image displacement on the focal plane due to movement of a handheld camera by
moving a part or whole of the optical system and/or image sensor, based on a means of camera movement
detection
3.3
handheld blur
loss of image sharpness caused by movement of a handheld camera during exposure
3.4
stop
number that expresses a doubling or halving of the amount of light let in when taking a picture and which is
typically represented by an exposure value
Note 1 to entry: For instance, the difference between exposure times of 1/1 000 s (Tv10) and 1/500 s (Tv9) or 1/125 s
(Tv7) and 1/60 s (Tv6) is one stop.

Note 2 to entry: “Tvn" expresses that time value of APEX equals to n. See Annex C of Reference [5] for APEX.
3.5
handheld blur threshold
level of handheld blur (3.3) at which image stabilization (3.1) performance is determined
Note 1 to entry: In this document, this level is 20 μm of motion in the focal plane on one frame of 35 mm film, where
one frame means the picture size (24 mm × 36 mm).
3.6
average vibration angle
expected deflection angle of camera rotation under handheld vibration during exposure
Note 1 to entry: The handheld vibration is given as the vibration waveform data that is specified in this document.
Note 2 to entry: The average vibration angles are given as amount of angle in degrees of each exposure time as shown
in Figure 13. The values are statistical expectation and are calculated from average of oscillation amplitude from peak
to bottom of the vibration waveform when certain exposure time is applied.
3.7
35 mm film equivalent focal length
focal length of a lens attached to a camera with a sensor size of 24 mm × 36 mm (originated from 35 mm
film) that produces the same field of view as the camera system with a lens at a given focal length for which
the 35 mm sensor equivalent focal length is specified
3.8
image height
distance between an image point and the centre of the imaging area or its relative expression
which is the value normalized by one half of the diagonal of the image area
Note 1 to entry: “DSC” is an abbreviation for “digital still camera” or “digital camera”.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, the image height is expressed as percentage normalized by the distance from the
centre to the corner of the imaging area.
[SOURCE: ISO 17850:2015, 3.2.1, modified —Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been added.]
4 Measurement method
4.1 General
The objective of this document is to specify how to measure optical image stabilization performance of a
camera held in the user’s hands. Accordingly, a measurement session would better simulate a real shooting
situation if the camera was actually held by a test photographer. However, this makes it difficult to eliminate
variation among individual photographers or how well the camera is designed for handheld shooting. In
order to cancel these effects, the test camera shall be mounted on a vibration generator that shakes the
camera with a simulated handheld vibration waveform, and image stabilization performance shall be
measured with images of a test chart specified by this document.
This document specifies two waveforms that simulate the important characteristics of how a camera shakes
when it is held by hand. These waveforms were developed by analysing extensive measurement data and
adding further theoretical observations. Both waveforms contain three rotational components, yaw, pitch
and roll.
This document stipulates that, in addition to the evaluation of the image stabilization performance at the
centre of the image, where the influence of yaw and pitch blur are primarily observed, the evaluation on the
periphery of the image is to be conducted, where the influence of roll blur becomes more significant than at
the centre of the image.
Figure 1 shows an overview of the measurement method. Annex E collaterally gives additional explanations
for background of specifying measurement method, vibration generator, vibration waveform and reference
information.
Key
1 chart
2 vibration generator
3 pc for handheld blur measurement
4 vibration waveform
5 variable brightness
a
Release operation.
Figure 1 — Overview of measurement method
4.2 Equipment and environment for measurement
4.2.1 Test chart
For this document, the test chart shall meet following requirements. Specifications and usage of the test
chart are described in Annex B and alternatives are described in Annex C.
a) The chart shall be comprised of measurement locations at the centre of the image and four positions at
image height 60 % in the diagonal directions. The chart may optionally include a portion having natural
colour images.
b) The ratio of reflectance between the white and black regions of the measurement locations shall be 4:1
or higher, and the white and black region shall be wider than the expected maximum image degradation
amount.
c) No particular features are specified for the natural image portion, but the portion preferably contains
images similar to real subjects.
4.2.2 Lighting
Lighting shall be flicker-free. The light source should illuminate the chart with minimal direct reflection and
illuminance variation.
4.2.3 Temperature and humidity
The temperature and humidity should be (23 ± 2) °C and 30 % to 70 %, respectively.
4.2.4 Vibration generator
4.2.4.1 General
For the measurements in this document, a CIPA-certified vibration generator should be used. If a non-
certified vibration generator is used, it shall satisfy the amplitude and phase characteristics under the
excitation conditions specified in 4.2.4.2.
4.2.4.2 Excitation conditions
This subclause describes the required specifications for the amplitude and phase characteristics of the
vibrations generated by the vibration generator excited with sine waves. Table 1 shows the properties of the
sine waves that shall be used to measure the amplitude and phase characteristics. Table 2 and 3 respectively
show the input sine wave combinations that shall be used to measure the vibration amplitude characteristics
and phase characteristics. To measure the amplitude and phase characteristics, the vibration generator
shall be excited in yaw, pitch and roll directions simultaneously, carrying a load weighing at least as much
as the test objects, i.e. camera, storage media, battery and lens. Figure 2 is an overview of how to verify the
vibration generator using these waveforms.
Key
1 vibration measurement
2 measuring device (sensor)
3 weight
4 sine wave vibration
5 vibration generator
Figure 2 — Overview of vibration generator verification scheme

Table 1 — Combinations of sine wave frequency and amplitude for vibration generator verification
Angular
Frequency Amplitude
velocity
Hz degree degree/s
a 0,1 2 1,26
b 0,5 2 6,28
c 1 1 6,28
d 5 0,2 6,28
e 10 0,1 6,28
Table 2 — Yaw, pitch and roll combinations (for amplitude characteristic evaluation)
Pattern 1 Pattern 2 Pattern 3 Pattern 4 Pattern 5
Yaw a b c d e
Pitch c d e a b
Roll e a b c d
Table 3 — Yaw, pitch and roll combinations (for phase characteristic evaluation)
Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern

6 7 8 9 10 11
Yaw c d c d - -
Pitch d c - - c d
Roll - - d c d c
4.2.4.3 Amplitude characteristics
The amplitude of the measured vibration from the vibration generator shall be within ±5 %, inclusive, of the
amplitude of the input sine wave for all excitation conditions, Patterns 1 through 5, shown in Table 2. See
Figure 3.
Key
1 measured vibration form vibration generator
2 amplitude of input sine wave
3 amplitude of measured vibration of vibration generator
4 input sine wave
a
Difference in amplitude values.
Figure 3 — Illustration of amplitude differences
4.2.4.4 Phase characteristics
The phase difference between the measured yaw, pitch and roll vibrations shall be 90° or less when the
vibration generator is excited by Patterns 6 through 11 in Table 3. See Figure 4. The phase difference
between the zero-cross position of the low frequency waveform and the zero-cross position of the high
frequency waveform shall be within 90° of high frequency waveform.
Key
1 measured vibration form vibration generator
a
Phase difference.
b, c
Two arbitrary waveforms out of three components, yaw, pitch and roll.
Figure 4 — Illustration of phase differences

4.2.5 Mounting of camera to be measured on vibratory apparatus
When mounting the camera to be measured on the vibratory apparatus, vibration of the vibratory apparatus
and that of the camera to be measured mounted on the vibratory apparatus have to match.
When measuring a camera with a long-barrel lens (e.g. high-powered zoom lens), vibrations of the camera
body and the lens may not match due to distortion induced in the lens by excitation preventing the applied
vibration from being correctly transmitted to the lens. Thus, given measures are to be taken for such
measurements so that lens and camera body vibrations match, such as fixing the lens to the vibratory
apparatus in addition to the camera body.
The vibration waveforms adopted in this document are vibrations that rotate on the rotational axes of
yaw, pitch, and roll; therefore, the positional relationship between the centre of rotation of the vibratory
apparatus and the optical axis of the camera and lens to be measured at the time of mounting affects the
vibration measurement results. (Hereafter, camera and lens are abbreviated as camera.)
Therefore, to ensure measurement condition alignment, the centre of rotation of the vibration table are
preferably aligned with the optical axis of the lens in the horizontal and vertical directions on the plane
orthogonal to the optical axis, as shown in Figures 5, 6, and 7.
Key
1 back of camera
2 line of sight in direction of chart for shooting
3 optical axis of imaging lens
4 centre of rotation of vibration table
5 align when fixing camera
6 vibration table
Figure 5 — Centre of rotation of vibration table and optical axis of lens

Key
1 line of sight in direction of chart for shooting
2 optical axis
3 centre of rotation of vibration table
4 vibration table
Figure 6 — Camera fixed with lens optical axis aligned with centre of rotation of vibration table
a)  Horizontal direction b)  Chart direction for shooting
Key
1 optical axis
2 vibration table
3 lens
4 camera
5 centre of rotation of vibration table
6 optical axis
7 vibration table
Figure 7 — Fixed state of camera with bending optical system
4.2.6 Vibration waveform
There are two types of vibration waveforms that shall be used to verify optical image stabilization
performance: WB-L and WB-H defined in Annex A. One or both shall be used based on the total mass of
the test camera according to the following criteria. Total mass refers to the camera body, including storage
media and battery, and lens.
— Selection criterion I: WB-H shall be used for a total mass of 600 g or more.

— Selection criterion II: WB-L shall be used for a total mass of less than 400 g.
— Selection criterion III: Both WB-L and WB-H shall be used for a total mass of 400 g or more but less than
600 g.
Both waveforms consist of three axis components: yaw, pitch and roll. All components, yaw, pitch and roll
shall be excited at the same time (see Annex A).
4.2.7 Shooting distance
The shooting distance shall be adjusted so that the four peripheral measurement features at image height
60 % of the chart are within an image height of 60 ± 3 % in captured image. The vibration generator shall be
stopped during the adjustment of the shooting distance.
Figure 8 shows imaging areas with the 60 ± 3 % tolerance for 3:2 aspect ratio on “CIPA test chart” as an
example. The CIPA test chart is defined in Annex B. For simplicity, the framing lines for 4:3 and 16:9 aspect
ratios are removed in Figure 8.
Key
1 imaging area with peripheral measurement positions of image at image height 57 %
2 imaging area at aspect ratio 3:2 (peripheral measurement positions of image at image height 60 %)
3 imaging area with peripheral measurement positions of image at image height 63 %
4 positions at image height 60 % (peripheral measurement features)
Figure 8 — Shift in imaging area and change in image height at peripheral measurement features
4.3 Settings of camera to be measured
4.3.1 Shooting mode
a) The mode with the shortest latency time should be used given that shooting shall begin within three
seconds after shooting is enabled following turning on the camera power. (The shooting modes should
retain as many of the settings in 4.3.2 to 4.3.12 as possible after the camera is turned off. It is also
convenient to use a mode that allow for easy changing of the exposure time.) For cameras without the
capability of changing exposure time, the factory shipping setting should be used.

b) No mode that applies extreme edge enhancement to images shall be used because such modes influence
the amount of image degradation measured. Typically, these are modes optimized for specific scenes.
4.3.2 Optical image stabilization mode
When a purpose of the measurement is a “nominal value” which is mentioned and required in 5.2, the factory
shipping setting should be used for the optical image stabilization mode.
4.3.3 Image quality mode (compression ratio)
Although no specific compression ratio is specified, a high image quality mode setting with low compression
ratio should be used.
4.3.4 Image quality mode (number of recorded pixels)
The maximum number of recorded pixels available for the camera should be set. However, settings that use
more pixels than the number of effective pixels of the image sensor by pixel interpolation, image processing,
or other means shall not be used.
4.3.5 Sensitivity
The sensitivity should be set to a constant value with minimal image noise.
4.3.6 Flash
Flash shall not be used.
4.3.7 Electronic (digital) zoom
Electronic (digital) zoom shall not be used.
4.3.8 Focus control
A focus control method that allows the camera to focus on the test chart shall be used.
4.3.9 White balance
The white balance shall be adjusted in accordance with light source.
4.3.10 Exposure
The exposure shall be such that there is no colour channel containing areas where detail is lost due to pixel
saturation or clipping in the image.
4.3.11 Aperture
The aperture shall be kept constant, if possible, when shooting at the same focal length and exposure time.
4.3.12 Aspect ratio
The factory shipping setting should be used.
4.4 Measurement procedures
4.4.1 Brief description of the procedures
Two quantities, measured handheld blur amount and reference handheld blur amount, shall be compared
to quantify optical image stabilization performance. To obtain these values, four additional quantities are

used: intrinsic image degradation amount, total image degradation amount, reference image degradation
amount, and theoretical handheld blur amount. These terms are used uniquely as variables in the calculation
procedure in this document and explained hereinafter. Table 4 gives symbols and units of the values.
Intrinsic image degradation amount is loss of image sharpness caused by factors unique to the camera, such
as optical performance, effective number of pixels, and image processing. It does not include handheld blur.
When measuring optical image stabilization performance, subtracting intrinsic image degradation amount
excludes most of the effects of camera elements that are not part of the image stabilization function. See
4.5.1 a).
Total image degradation amount is the measured amount of loss of sharpness of an image taken by a test
camera excited with a vibration waveform while the image stabilization function is enabled. See 4.5.1 d).
Reference image degradation amount is the expected amount of loss of sharpness in an image taken by a test
camera excited with a vibration waveform while the image stabilization function is disabled. This value is
the square root of the sum of the squares of intrinsic image degradation amount and theoretical handheld
blur amount. See 4.5.1 c).
Theoretical handheld blur amount is the theoretically calculated amount of handheld blur that would
be measured from an image taken by a test camera excited with a vibration waveform while the image
stabilization function is disabled. See 4.5.1 b).
Measured handheld blur amount is the amount of handheld blur that remains uncompensated after enabling
the image stabilization function of the camera. This value is calculated by subtracting intrinsic image
degradation amount from the total image degradation amount. See 4.5.1 f).
Reference handheld blur amount is the baseline value against which to compare measured handheld blur
amount to determine optical image stabilization performance. This value is calculated by subtracting
intrinsic image degradation amount from reference image degradation amount and represents the handheld
blur with the image stabilization function disabled. See 4.5.1 e).
Table 4 — Symbols and units
Symbol Meaning Unit Specified in
t Exposure time s ISO 516
E
D (t ) intrinsic image degradation amount μm 4.4.3, 4.5.1
intrinsic E
D (t ) total image degradation amount μm 4.4.4, 4.4.5, 4.5.1
total E
D (t ) reference image degradation amount μm 4.5.1
reference E
B (t ) theoretical handheld blur amount μm 4.5.1
theoretical E
B (t ) yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount μm 4.5.1
theoretical_yp E
B (t ) roll theoretical handheld blur amount μm 4.5.1
theoretical_r E
B (t ) reference handheld blur amount μm 4.5.1
reference E
B (t ) measured handheld blur amount μm 4.5.1
measured E
θ(t ) average vibration angle degree 3.6
E
K handheld blur threshold μm 3.5
threshold
P optical image stabilization performance stop 4.5.3
optical
f 35 mm film equivalent focal length mm 4.5.1
D (t ) intrinsic image degradation amount pixel 4.5.2
intrinsic,pixel E
D (t ) measured image degradation amount pixel 4.5.2
total,pixel E
N diagonal length of one Frame of 35 mm Film μm 4.5.2
diagonal,35
N diagonal length of the captured Image pixel 4.5.2
diagonal,pixel
N the number of recorded pixels in vertical direction pixel 4.5.2
vertical,pixel
N the number of recorded pixels in horizontal direction pixel 4.5.2
horizontal,pixel
Figure 9 — Calculation flow
4.4.2 Calculating value from captured image
Analysing captured image yields the intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation
amount. This subclause describes the calculation steps from captured image.
The intrinsic image degradation amount and measured total image degradation amount shall be measured
in accordance with the following:
a) The tone characteristic shall be linearized;
b) For stable measurements, multiple points on the boundary of the black and white portions near the
measurement location of the chart image shall be selected, and the measured results from c) shall be
averaged over them; and
c) The signal levels at the central points on the boundary between the black and white portions of the
captured image of the chart shall be normalized from 0 % to 100 %. In this regard, the black level as
0 % and the white level as 100 % shall be assessed from stable and flat portion that is not affected
by undershoot or overshoot due to edge enhancement processing as shown in Figure 10. The number
of pixels in the section between 10 % to 90 % of the signal level (see footnote a in Figure 10) shall be
calculated and then multiplied by 10/8.

Key
X pixel
Y signal level, expressed in percent
a
The number of pixels in the section between 10 % to 90 % of signal levels.
Figure 10 — Measuring blur
4.4.3 Measurement of intrinsic image degradation amount
a) Mount a camera to be measured on the vibration generator.
b) Turn on the camera. Adjust the shooting distance by adjusting the position of the camera and/or the test
chart.
c) Set the camera and the lighting for a desired exposure time.
d) Take at least 10 images with the vibration generator off. There is no specified upper limit to the number
of images, but all images shall be used without selection. Optical image stabilization should be turned
off. A remote release button or remote control should be used when possible.
e) Reduce the exposure time sequentially by at most one stop at a time. Shoot at least 10 images for each
exposure time. Continue shooting until data is collected within the necessary exposure time range.
When shooting at different exposure times, measurement conditions other than the lighting should not
be changed.
f) The intrinsic image degradation amount shall be measured at the centre and, if a performance
description at the periphery of the image is required, at each of the four positions at image height 60 %.
The shooting environment and camera settings in 4.4.3 should generally not be changed in the measurement
of total image degradation amount of 4.4.4 and 4.4.5.
4.4.4 Measurement of total image degradation amount (for selection criteria I and II in 4.2.6)
a) Mount the camera to be measured on the vibration generator. Oscillated movements of the vibration
generator and the whole test camera shall be the same. When measuring a camera with a long-barrel
lens (e.g. high-powered zoom lens), the vibrations of the camera body and the lens might not match due
to lens deflection of the lens barrel. In this case both the lens and the body shall be fixed to the vibration
generator respectively so that the vibrations of the camera and the lens match. The verification of
synchronization between the vibration generator and the camera shall be executed. An example of
verification method and its criteria are given in Annex D.

b) Turn on the camera. Set the exposure time so that the measured handheld blur amount is at or around
the handheld blur threshold for determining optical image stabilization performance mentioned in
4.5.3. After the setting is completed, turn off the camera.
c) Excite the vibration generator using one of the vibration waveforms in 4.2.6. The vibration generator
should be continuously excited until h) below is completed.
d) While the generator is vibrating, turn on the camera to be measured. If the settings from b) have
changed, reset them as soon as possible.
e) Start shooting within three seconds after shooting is enabled with optical image stabilization on
following turning on the camera power. Shoot at approximately 1 s intervals for a total of 10 shots.
Turn off the camera afterward (see NOTE 1). Each shooting timing and intervals shall be performed at
different position of the waveform (see NOTE 2). The shooting operation shall not affect the vibrating
state. A remote release button or a remote control should be used when possible.
NOTE 1 The use case assumed in this document is the typical one that the user turns on the camera power,
shoots about 10 images immediately and then turns off the power subsequently. In such a use case, there are
cameras whose image stabilization performance varies depending on the time from the turning on/off the power
supply. Therefore, unless the procedure for turning on/off the power supply of the camera is monitored and
contr
...

ISO/TC 42
Secretariat: ANSI
Date: 2026-04-24xx
Digital imaging— – Measurement method for image stabilization
performance — —
Part 1:
Optical systems
FDIS stage
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO
at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: + 41 22 749 01 11
EmailE-mail: [e-mail]
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents
Foreword . iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Measurement method . 2
4.1 General . 2
4.2 Equipment and environment for measurement . 3
4.3 Settings of camera to be measured . 10
4.4 Measurement procedures . 11
4.5 Calculation of optical image stabilization performance . 16
5 Presentation of results . 25
5.1 Common requirements . 25
5.2 Requirements for the nominal value . 25
5.3 Requirements for the non-nominal value . 25
5.4 Performance description of lens integrated camera with image stabilization mechanism25
5.5 Performance description of camera body with image stabilization mechanism . 26
5.6 Performance description of interchangeable lens with image stabilization mechanism . 26
5.7 Performance description for pairing a camera body with image stabilization mechanism
and an interchangeable lens with image stabilization mechanism . 27
5.8 Examples of presentation . 27
Annex A (normative) Vibration waveforms . 28
Annex B (informative) CIPA test chart method . 30
Annex C (informative) Slanted edge test chart method . 32
Annex D (informative) Verification of vibration generator . 37
Annex E (informative) Additional information . 38
Annex F (informative) Description method in brochures . 60
Bibliography . 66

iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types of
ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent rights
in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had received notice of (a) patent(s) which
may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that this may not
represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee 42, Photography.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 20954-1:2019), which was been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— — Vibrationvibration waveform of a roll direction has been added along with the yaw and pitch
directions;
— — Measurementmeasurement at the 60 % of the image height in addition to centre has been required;
— — Determinationdetermination level of image blur has been changed.
A list of all parts in the ISO 20954 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
The image stabilization function is important for digital cameras and has become a selling point in marketing
materials. Therefore, the measurement methods and its reporting method are then very important to compare
the image stabilization performance among cameras based on their brochures.
The Camera & Imaging Products Association (CIPA) issued CIPA standard DC-011 in 2012 to specify how to
measure and describe the optical image stabilization performance of digital cameras. When image
stabilization performance is measured and described according to that standard, end users have unbiased and
useful information to help them select from a variety of digital cameras (see Bibliography).
This document is based on the CIPA standard, which is referenced in the Bibliography. The standardized
measurement method primarily includes performance assessment with simulated handheld camera
movements.
In response to subsequent changes in photographic viewing environments, this document has been revised to
allow measurement and description of image stabilization performance for vibrations including roll motion,
in addition to yaw and pitch motions.
v
Digital imaging — – Measurement method for image stabilization
performance — —
Part 1:
Optical systems
1 Scope
This document defines the measurement method of optical image stabilization performance for still images
compensating for handheld blur consisting of three rotational components, yaw, pitch and roll.
It applies to consumer digital cameras with optical image stabilization for still images. Apparatuses such as
camcorders and mobile phones with still image shooting functionality are within the scope of this document.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— — ISO Online browsing platform: available at https://www.iso.org/obp
— — IEC Electropedia: available at https://www.electropedia.org/
3.1 3.1
image stabilization
camera function that prevents handheld blur (3.3(3.3)) by using a means of camera movement detection
Note 1 to entry: Even if a camera function uses a means of camera movement detection, it is not regarded as an image
stabilization function if its primary means of blur mitigation is shortening exposure time based on exposure control
program optimization.
3.2 3.2
optical image stabilization
function that compensates image displacement on the focal plane due to movement of a handheld camera by
moving a part or whole of the optical system and/or image sensor, based on a means of camera movement
detection
3.3 3.3
handheld blur
loss of image sharpness caused by movement of a handheld camera during exposure
3.4 3.4
stop
number that expresses a doubling or halving of the amount of light let in when taking a picture and which is
typically represented by an exposure value
Note 1 to entry: For instance, the difference between exposure times of 1/1 000 s (Tv10) and 1/500 s (Tv9) or 1/125 s
(Tv7) and 1/60 s (Tv6) is one stop.
Note 2 to entry: “Tvn" expresses that time value of APEX equals to n. See Annex CAnnex C of Reference [5][5] for APEX.
3.5 3.5
handheld blur threshold
level of handheld blur (3.3(3.3)) at which image stabilization (3.1(3.1)) performance is determined
Note 1 to entry: In this document, this level is 20 μm of motion in the focal plane on one frame of 35 mm film, where
one frame means the picture size (24 mm × 36 mm).
3.6 3.6
average vibration angle
expected deflection angle of camera rotation under handheld vibration during exposure
Note 1 to entry: The handheld vibration is given as the vibration waveform data that is specified in this document.
Note 2 to entry: The average vibration angles are given as amount of angle in degrees of each exposure time as shown
in Figure 13Figure 13. The values are statistical expectation and are calculated from average of oscillation amplitude
from peak to bottom of the vibration waveform when certain exposure time is applied.
3.7 3.7
35 mm film equivalent focal length
focal length of a lens attached to a camera with a sensor size of 24 mm × 36 mm (originated from 35 mm film)
that produces the same field of view as the camera system with a lens at a given focal length for which the
35 mm sensor equivalent focal length is specified
3.8 3.8
image height
distance between an image point and the centre of the imaging area or its relative expression which
is the value normalized by one half of the diagonal of the image area
Note 1 to entry: “DSC” is an abbreviation for “digital still camera” or “digital camera”.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, the image height is expressed as percentage normalized by the distance from the
centre to the corner of the imaging area.
[SOURCE: ISO 17850:2015, 3.2.1, modified —Notes 1 and 2 to entry have been added.]
4 Measurement method
4.1 General
The objective of this document is to specify how to measure optical image stabilization performance of a
camera held in the user’s hands. Accordingly, a measurement session would better simulate a real shooting
situation if the camera was actually held by a test photographer. However, this makes it difficult to eliminate
variation among individual photographers or how well the camera is designed for handheld shooting. In order
to cancel these effects, the test camera shall be mounted on a vibration generator that shakes the camera with
a simulated handheld vibration waveform, and image stabilization performance shall be measured with
images of a test chart specified by this document.
This document specifies two waveforms that simulate the important characteristics of how a camera shakes
when it is held by hand. These waveforms were developed by analysing extensive measurement data and
adding further theoretical observations. Both waveforms contain three rotational components, yaw, pitch and
roll.
This document stipulates that, in addition to the evaluation of the image stabilization performance at the
centre of the image, where the influence of yaw and pitch blur are primarily observed, the evaluation on the
periphery of the image is to be conducted, where the influence of roll blur becomes more significant than at
the centre of the image.
Figure 1Figure 1 shows an overview of the measurement method. Annex EAnnex E collaterally gives
additional explanations for background of specifying measurement method, vibration generator, vibration
waveform and reference information.
20954-1_ed2fig1.EPS
Key
1 chart
2 vibration generator
3 pc for handheld blur measurement
4 vibration waveform
5 variable brightness
a
Release operation.
Figure 1 — Overview of measurement method
4.2 Equipment and environment for measurement
4.2.1 Test chart
For this document, the test chart shall meet following requirements. Specifications and usage of the test chart
are described in Annex BAnnex B and alternatives are described in Annex CAnnex C.
a) a) The chart shall be comprised of measurement locations at the centre of the image and four
positions at image height 60 % in the diagonal directions. The chart may optionally include a portion
having natural colour images.
b) b) The ratio of reflectance between the white and black regions of the measurement locations
shall be 4:1 or higher, and the white and black region shall be wider than the expected maximum image
degradation amount.
c) c) No particular features are specified for the natural image portion, but the portion preferably
contains images similar to real subjects.
4.2.2 Lighting
Lighting shall be flicker-free. The light source should illuminate the chart with minimal direct reflection and
illuminance variation.
4.2.3 Temperature and humidity
The temperature and humidity should be (23 ± 2) °C and 30 % to 70 %, respectively.
4.2.4 Vibration generator
4.2.4.1 General
For the measurements in this document, a CIPA-certified vibration generator should be used. If a non-certified
vibration generator is used, it shall satisfy the amplitude and phase characteristics under the excitation
conditions specified in 4.2.4.24.2.4.2.
4.2.4.2 Excitation conditions
This subclause describes the required specifications for the amplitude and phase characteristics of the
vibrations generated by the vibration generator excited with sine waves. Table 1Table 1 shows the properties
of the sine waves that shall be used to measure the amplitude and phase characteristics. Table 2Table 2 and
33 respectively show the input sine wave combinations that shall be used to measure the vibration amplitude
characteristics and phase characteristics. To measure the amplitude and phase characteristics, the vibration
generator shall be excited in yaw, pitch and roll directions simultaneously, carrying a load weighing at least as
much as the test objects, i.e. camera, storage media, battery and lens. Figure 2Figure 2 is an overview of how
to verify the vibration generator using these waveforms.
20954-1_ed2fig2.EPS
Key
1 vibration measurement
2 measuring device (sensor)
3 weight
4 sine wave vibration
5 vibration generator
Figure 2 — Overview of vibration generator verification scheme
Table 1 — Combinations of sine wave frequency and amplitude for vibration generator verification
Angular
Frequency Amplitude
velocity
Hz degree degree/s
a 0,1 2 1,26
b 0,5 2 6,28
c 1 1 6,28
d 5 0,2 6,28
e 10 0,1 6,28
Table 2 — Yaw, pitch and roll combinations (for amplitude characteristic evaluation)
Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern

1 2 3 4 5
Yaw a b c d e
Pitch c d e a b
Roll e a b c d
Table 3 — Yaw, pitch and roll combinations (for phase characteristic evaluation)
Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern Pattern

6 7 8 9 10 11
Yaw c d c d - -
Pitch d c - - c d
Roll - - d c d c
4.2.4.3 Amplitude characteristics
The amplitude of the measured vibration from the vibration generator shall be within ±5 %, inclusive, of the
amplitude of the input sine wave for all excitation conditions, Patterns 1 through 5, shown in Table 2Table 2.
See Figure 3Figure 3.
20954-1_ed2fig3.EPS
Key
1 measured vibration form vibration generator
2 amplitude of input sine wave
3 amplitude of measured vibration of vibration generator
4 input sine wave
a
Difference in amplitude values.
Figure 3 — Illustration of amplitude differences
4.2.4.4 Phase characteristics
The phase difference between the measured yaw, pitch and roll vibrations shall be 90° or less when the
vibration generator is excited by Patterns 6 through 11 in Table 3Table 3. See Figure 4Figure 4. The phase
difference between the zero-cross position of the low frequency waveform and the zero-cross position of the
high frequency waveform shall be within 90° of high frequency waveform.
20954-1_ed2fig4.EPS
Key
1 measured vibration form vibration generator
a
Phase difference.
b, c
Two arbitrary waveforms out of three components, yaw, pitch and roll.
Figure 4 — Illustration of phase differences
4.2.5 Mounting of camera to be measured on vibratory apparatus
When mounting the camera to be measured on the vibratory apparatus, vibration of the vibratory apparatus
and that of the camera to be measured mounted on the vibratory apparatus have to match.
When measuring a camera with a long-barrel lens (e.g. high-powered zoom lens), vibrations of the camera
body and the lens may not match due to distortion induced in the lens by excitation preventing the applied
vibration from being correctly transmitted to the lens. Thus, given measures are to be taken for such
measurements so that lens and camera body vibrations match, such as fixing the lens to the vibratory
apparatus in addition to the camera body.
The vibration waveforms adopted in this standarddocument are vibrations that rotate on the rotational axes
of yaw, pitch, and roll; therefore, the positional relationship between the centre of rotation of the vibratory
apparatus and the optical axis of the camera and lens to be measured at the time of mounting affects the
vibration measurement results. (Hereafter, camera and lens are abbreviated as camera.)
Therefore, to ensure measurement condition alignment, the centre of rotation of the vibration table are
preferably aligned with the optical axis of the lens in the horizontal and vertical directions on the plane
orthogonal to the optical axis, as shown in Figures 5, 6Figures 5, 6,, and 77.
20954-1_ed2fig5.EPS
Key
1 back of camera
2 line of sight in direction of chart for shooting
3 optical axis of imaging lens
4 centre of rotation of vibration table
5 align when fixing camera
6 vibration table
Figure 5 — Centre of rotation of vibration table and optical axis of lens
20954-1_ed2fig6.EPS
Key
1 line of sight in direction of chart for shooting
2 optical axis
3 centre of rotation of vibration table
4 vibration table
Figure 6 — Camera fixed with lens optical axis aligned with centre of rotation of vibration table
20954-1_ed2fig7a.EPS 20954-1_ed2fig7b.EPS

a)  Horizontal direction b)  Chart direction for shooting
Key
1 optical axis
2 vibration table
3 lens
4 camera
5 centre of rotation of vibration table
6 optical axis
7 vibration table
Figure 7 — Fixed state of camera with bending optical system
4.2.6 Vibration waveform
There are two types of vibration waveforms that shall be used to verify optical image stabilization
performance: WB-L and WB-H defined in Annex AAnnex A. One or both shall be used based on the total mass
of the test camera according to the following criteria. Total mass refers to the camera body, including storage
media and battery, and lens.
— — Selection criterion I: WB-H shall be used for a total mass of 600 g or more.
— — Selection criterion II: WB-L shall be used for a total mass of less than 400 g.
— — Selection criterion III: Both WB-L and WB-H shall be used for a total mass of 400 g or more but less
than 600 g.
Both waveforms consist of three axis components: yaw, pitch and roll. All components, yaw, pitch and roll
shall be excited at the same time (see Annex AAnnex A).).
4.2.7 Shooting distance
The shooting distance shall be adjusted so that the four peripheral measurement features at image height
60 % of the chart are within an image height of 60 ± 3 % in captured image. The vibration generator shall be
stopped during the adjustment of the shooting distance.
Figure 8Figure 8 shows imaging areas with the 60 ± 3 % tolerance for 3:2 aspect ratio on “CIPA test chart” as
an example. The CIPA test chart is defined in Annex BAnnex B. For simplicity, the framing lines for 4:3 and
16:9 aspect ratios are removed in Figure 8Figure 8.
20954-1_ed2fig8.EPS
Key
1 imaging area with peripheral measurement positions of image at image height 57 %
2 imaging area at aspect ratio 3:2 (peripheral measurement positions of image at image height 60 %)
3 imaging area with peripheral measurement positions of image at image height 63 %
4 positions at image height 60 % (peripheral measurement features)
Figure 8 — Shift in imaging area and change in image height at peripheral measurement features
4.3 Settings of camera to be measured
4.3.1 Shooting mode
a) a) The mode with the shortest latency time should be used given that shooting shall begin within
three seconds after shooting is enabled following turning on the camera power. (The shooting modes
should retain as many of the settings in 4.3.24.3.2 to 4.3.124.3.12 as possible after the camera is turned
off. It is also convenient to use a mode that allow for easy changing of the exposure time.) For cameras
without the capability of changing exposure time, the factory shipping setting should be used.
b) b) No mode that applies extreme edge enhancement to images shall be used because such modes
influence the amount of image degradation measured. Typically, these are modes optimized for specific
scenes.
4.3.2 Optical image stabilization mode
When a purpose of the measurement is a “nominal value” which is mentioned and required in 5.25.2,, the
factory shipping setting should be used for the optical image stabilization mode.
4.3.3 Image quality mode (compression ratio)
Although no specific compression ratio is specified, a high image quality mode setting with low compression
ratio should be used.
4.3.4 Image quality mode (number of recorded pixels)
The maximum number of recorded pixels available for the camera should be set. However, settings that use
more pixels than the number of effective pixels of the image sensor by pixel interpolation, image processing,
or other means shall not be used.
4.3.5 Sensitivity
The sensitivity should be set to a constant value with minimal image noise.
4.3.6 Flash
Flash shall not be used.
4.3.7 Electronic (digital) zoom
Electronic (digital) zoom shall not be used.
4.3.8 Focus control
A focus control method that allows the camera to focus on the test chart shall be used.
4.3.9 White balance
The white balance shall be adjusted in accordance with light source.
4.3.10 Exposure
The exposure shall be such that there is no colour channel containing areas where detail is lost due to pixel
saturation or clipping in the image.
4.3.11 Aperture
The aperture shall be kept constant, if possible, when shooting at the same focal length and exposure time.
4.3.12 Aspect ratio
The factory shipping setting should be used.
4.4 Measurement procedures
4.4.1 Brief description of the procedures
Two quantities, measured handheld blur amount and reference handheld blur amount, shall be compared to
quantify optical image stabilization performance. To obtain these values, four additional quantities are used:
intrinsic image degradation amount, total image degradation amount, reference image degradation amount,
and theoretical handheld blur amount. These terms are used uniquely as variables in the calculation procedure
in this document and explained hereinafter. Table 4Table 4 gives symbols and units of the values.
Intrinsic image degradation amount is loss of image sharpness caused by factors unique to the camera, such
as optical performance, effective number of pixels, and image processing. It does not include handheld blur.
When measuring optical image stabilization performance, subtracting intrinsic image degradation amount
excludes most of the effects of camera elements that are not part of the image stabilization function. See
4.5.14.5.1 a).
Total image degradation amount is the measured amount of loss of sharpness of an image taken by a test
camera excited with a vibration waveform while the image stabilization function is enabled. See 4.5.14.5.1 d).
Reference image degradation amount is the expected amount of loss of sharpness in an image taken by a test
camera excited with a vibration waveform while the image stabilization function is disabled. This value is the
square root of the sum of the squares of intrinsic image degradation amount and theoretical handheld blur
amount. See 4.5.14.5.1 c).
Theoretical handheld blur amount is the theoretically calculated amount of handheld blur that would be
measured from an image taken by a test camera excited with a vibration waveform while the image
stabilization function is disabled. See 4.5.14.5.1 b).
Measured handheld blur amount is the amount of handheld blur that remains uncompensated after enabling
the image stabilization function of the camera. This value is calculated by subtracting intrinsic image
degradation amount from the total image degradation amount. See 4.5.14.5.1 f).
Reference handheld blur amount is the baseline value against which to compare measured handheld blur
amount to determine optical image stabilization performance. This value is calculated by subtracting intrinsic
image degradation amount from reference image degradation amount, and represents the handheld blur with
the image stabilization function disabled. See 4.5.14.5.1 e).
Table 4 — Symbols and units
Symbol Meaning Unit Specified in
tE Exposure time s ISO 516
D (t ) intrinsic image degradation amount μm 4.4.34.4.3, 4.5.1, 4.5.1
intrinsic E
Dtotal(tE) total image degradation amount μm 4.4.4, 4.4.54.4.4, 4.4.5,
4.5.1, 4.5.1
Dreference(tE) reference image degradation amount μm 4.5.14.5.1
Symbol Meaning Unit Specified in
Btheoretical (tE) theoretical handheld blur amount μm 4.5.14.5.1
B (t ) yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount μm 4.5.14.5.1
theoretical_yp E
Btheoretical_r (tE) roll theoretical handheld blur amount μm 4.5.14.5.1
B (t ) reference handheld blur amount μm 4.5.14.5.1
reference E
Bmeasured(tE) measured handheld blur amount μm 4.5.14.5.1
θ(t ) average vibration angle degree 3.63.6
E
Kthreshold handheld blur threshold μm 3.53.5
P optical image stabilization performance stop 4.5.34.5.3
optical
f35 35 mm film equivalent focal length mm 4.5.14.5.1
D (t ) intrinsic image degradation amount pixel 4.5.24.5.2
intrinsic,pixel E
Dtotal,pixel(tE) measured image degradation amount pixel 4.5.24.5.2
N diagonal length of one Frame of 35 mm Film μm 4.5.24.5.2
diagonal,35
Ndiagonal,pixel diagonal length of the captured Image pixel 4.5.24.5.2
Nvertical,pixel the number of recorded pixels in vertical direction pixel 4.5.24.5.2
N the number of recorded pixels in horizontal direction pixel 4.5.24.5.2
horizontal,pixel
20954-1_ed2fig9.EPS
Figure 9 — Calculation flow
4.4.2 Calculating value from captured image
Analysing captured image yields the intrinsic image degradation amount and total image degradation amount.
This subclause describes the calculation steps from captured image.
The intrinsic image degradation amount and measured total image degradation amount shall be measured in
accordance with the following:
a) a) The tone characteristic shall be linearized;
b) b) For stable measurements, multiple points on the boundary of the black and white portions near
the measurement location of the chart image shall be selected, and the measured results from c) shall be
averaged over them; and
c) c) The signal levels at the central points on the boundary between the black and white portions
of the captured image of the chart shall be normalized from 0 % to 100 %. In this regard, the black level
as 0 % and the white level as 100 % shall be assessed from stable and flat portion that is not affected by
undershoot or overshoot due to edge enhancement processing as shown in Figure 10Figure 10. The
number of pixels in the section between 10 % to 90 % of the signal level (see footnote a in Figure 10ain
Figure 10)) shall be calculated and then multiplied by 10/8.

20954-1_ed2fig10.EPS
Key
X pixel
Y signal level, expressed in percent
a
The number of pixels in the section between 10 % to 90 % of signal levels.
Figure 10 — Measuring blur
4.4.3 Measurement of intrinsic image degradation amount
a) a) Mount a camera to be measured on the vibration generator.
b) b) Turn on the camera. Adjust the shooting distance by adjusting the position of the camera
and/or the test chart.
c) c) Set the camera and the lighting for a desired exposure time.
d) d) Take at least 10 images with the vibration generator off. There is no specified upper limit to
the number of images, but all images shall be used without selection. Optical image stabilization should
be turned off. A remote release button or remote control should be used when possible.
e) e) Reduce the exposure time sequentially by at most one stop at a time. Shoot at least 10 images
for each exposure time. Continue shooting until data is collected within the necessary exposure time
range. When shooting at different exposure times, measurement conditions other than the lighting should
not be changed.
f) f) The intrinsic image degradation amount shall be measured at the centre and, if a performance
description at the periphery of the image is required, at each of the four positions at image height 60 %.
The shooting environment and camera settings in 4.4.34.4.3 should generally not be changed in the
measurement of total image degradation amount of 4.4.44.4.4 and 4.4.54.4.5.
4.4.4 Measurement of total image degradation amount (for selection criteria I and II in
4.2.64.2.6))
a) a) Mount the camera to be measured on the vibration generator. Oscillated movements of the
vibration generator and the whole test camera shall be the same. When measuring a camera with a long-
barrel lens (e.g. high-powered zoom lens), the vibrations of the camera body and the lens might not match
due to lens deflection of the lens barrel. In this case both the lens and the body shall be fixed to the
vibration generator respectively so that the vibrations of the camera and the lens match. The verification
of synchronization between the vibration generator and the camera shall be executed. An example of
verification method and its criteria are given in Annex DAnnex D.
b) b) Turn on the camera. Set the exposure time so that the measured handheld blur amount is at or
around the handheld blur threshold for determining optical image stabilization performance mentioned
in 4.5.34.5.3. After the setting is completed, turn off the camera.
c) c) Excite the vibration generator using one of the vibration waveforms in 4.2.64.2.6. The
vibration generator should be continuously excited until h) below is completed.
d) d) While the generator is vibrating, turn on the camera to be measured. If the settings from b)
have changed, reset them as soon as possible.
e) e) Start shooting within three seconds after shooting is enabled with optical image stabilization
on following turning on the camera power. Shoot at approximately 1 s intervals for a total of 10 shots.
Turn off the camera afterward (see NOTE 1). Each shooting timing and intervals shall be performed at
different position of the waveform (see NOTE 2). The shooting operation shall not affect the vibrating
state. A remote release button or a remote control should be used when possible.
NOTE 1 The use case assumed in this document is the typical one that the user turns on the camera power, shoots
about 10 images immediately and then turns off the power subsequently. In such a use case, there are cameras
whose image stabilization performance varies depending on the time from the turning on/off the power supply.
Therefore, unless the procedure for turning on/off the power supply of the camera is monitored and controlled, a
difference can occur in the measurement result.
NOTE 2 If shooting timing is performed every time at the same position of the waveform, there is a possibility
that the measurement result is biased.
f) f) Repeat d) and e) and take 200 or more shots (see NOTE 3). There is no upper limit to the
shooting count, but all images shall be used without selecting only the favourable ones.
NOTE 3 While the generator is vibrating, the centre of the captured chart deviates from the centre of the image.
However, by averaging at least 200 images, the result can be considered as an evaluation of the centre of the image.
g) g) Reduce or increase the exposure time by at most one stop at a time and repeat Steps b) to f)
above. When shooting at different exposure times, measurement conditions other than lighting should
not be changed.
h) h) Finish the measurement when the following two measurement results are obtained: the
longest exposure time at which the measured handheld blur amount does not exceed the handheld blur
threshold for determining optical image stabilization performance, and the shortest exposure time at
which it exceeds the said threshold.
4.4.5 Measurement of total image degradation amount (for selection criterion III in 4.2.64.2.6))
a) a) Mount the camera to be measured on the vibration generator. Oscillated movements of the
vibration generator and the whole test camera shall be the same. When measuring a camera with a long-
barrel lens (e.g. high-powered zoom lens), the vibrations of the camera body and the lens might not match
due to lens deflection of the lens barrel. In this case both the lens and the body shall be fixed to the
vibration generator respectively so that the vibrations of the camera and the lens match. The verification
of synchronization between the vibration generator and the camera shall be executed. An example of
verification method and its criteria are given in Annex DAnnex D.
b) b) Turn on the camera. Set the exposure time so that the measured handheld blur amount is at or
around the handheld blur threshold for determining optical image stabilization performance mentioned
in 4.5.34.5.3. After the setting is completed, turn off the camera.
c) c) Excite the vibration generator using one of the vibration waveforms in 4.2.64.2.6. The
vibration generator should be continuously excited until h) below is completed.
d) d) While the generator is vibrating, turn on the camera to be measured. If the settings from b)
have changed, reset them as soon as possible.
e) e) Start shooting within three seconds after shooting is enabled with optical image stabilization
on following turning on the camera power. Shoot at approximately 1 s intervals for a total of 10 shots.
Turn off the camera afterward (see NOTE 1). Each shooting timing and intervals shall be performed at
different position of the waveforms (see NOTE 2). The shooting operation shall not affect the vibrating
state. A remote release button or a remote control should be used when possible.
NOTE 1 The use case assumed in this document is the typical one that the user turns on the camera power, shoots
about 10 images immediately and then turns off the power subsequently. In such a use case, there are cameras
whose image stabilization performance varies depending on the time from the turning on/off the power supply.
Therefore, unless the procedure for turning on/off the power supply of the camera is monitored and controlled, a
difference can occur in the measurement result.
NOTE 2 If shooting timing is performed every time at the same position of the waveforms, there is a possibility
that the measurement result is biased.
f) f) Repeat d) and e) using both kinds of waveforms and take 100 or more shots for each waveform
(see NOTE 3). There is no specified upper limit for the shooting count, but all images shall be used without
selection.
NOTE 3 While the generator is vibrating, the centre of the captured chart deviates from the centre of the image.
However, by averaging at least 200 images, the result can be considered as an evaluation of the centre of the image.
g) g) Reduce or increase the exposure time by at most one stop at a time and repeat b) to f) above.
When shooting at differing exposure times, measurement conditions other than the lighting should not be
changed.
h) h) Finish the measurement when the following two measurement results are obtained: the
longest exposure time at which the measured handheld blur amount does not exceed the handheld blur
threshold for determining optical image stabilization performance, and the shortest exposure time at
which it exceeds the said threshold.
4.4.6 Action when total image degradation amount at peripheral measurement positions is not
measurable
When a lens with long focal length is used for the measurement, the captured centre of the image could
significantly deviate from the centre of the test chart, and it could also make measurements at the peripheral
measurement positions of the test chart impossible. This deviation is attributable to changes in the captured
part of the test chart and not necessarily indicative of inferior image stabilization performance. Therefore, it
is permissible to exclude such images from analysis (see NOTE).
Additionally, the peripheral measurement positions of the test chart could deviate from 60 % of the image
height. However, by averaging the results from the four measurement positions, the averaged value can be
considered as the value of 60 % of the image height. (Refer to the explanation provided in E.24E.24))
NOTE At least 200 images are still necessary. By averaging at least 200 images, the result can be considered as an
evaluation at 60 % of the image height.
4.5 Calculation of optical image stabilization performance
4.5.1 Calculation of basic values
The six quantitative values are used to calculate optical image stabilization performance: intrinsic image
degradation amount, theoretical handheld blur amount, reference image degradation amount, measured
image degradation amount, reference handheld blur amount, and measured handheld blur amount.
The main objectives of these values are as follows:
— — Remove the effects of factors other than camera shake from the total image degradation amount
measured in 4.4.44.4.4 and 4.4.54.4.5.
— — Enable the calculation of optical image stabilization performance even for cameras incapable of
turning off the optical image stabilization function.
Methods of calculating these values are shown below.:
a) a) Intrinsic image degradation amount.
For each image captured according to the method in 4.4.34.4.3,, calculate the square root of the sum of the
squares of the yaw and pitch of the intrinsic image degradation amounts, and then average the total over
all of the images of each exposure time. If the averaged intrinsic image degradation amount is in pixels,
convert it into a 35 mm film equivalent amount in micrometres (μm) according to the method in 4.5.24.5.2
below. Use at least 10 values in calculating the average.
b) b) Theoretical handheld blur amount.
Calculate theoretical handheld blur amount for each exposure time using Formulae (1)Formulae (1) to
(5)(5). Because the average vibration angles differ among selection criteria I, II and III in 4.2.64.2.6,, use
the value associated with the vibration waveform used in the measurement.
First, the yaw and pitch theoretical handheld blur amounts shall be calculated using
Formulae (1)Formulae (1), (2), (2) and (3)(3). This yaw/pitch theoretical handheld blur amount is
proportional to the 35 mm film equivalent focal length and the yaw/pitch average vibration angle.
(1)
𝐵𝐵 =𝑓𝑓 × tan𝜃𝜃 × 1 000 (1)
theoretical_yp 35 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦
where Θ yaw/pitch average vibration angle
yp
If the 35 mm film equivalent focal length is unknown, the conversion factor (f ) may be used.
r
(2)
(3)
2 2
√
𝑏𝑏 24 +36
𝑓𝑓 =𝑎𝑎 × × × 10 (2)
𝑟𝑟
2 2
𝑒𝑒 √𝑐𝑐 +𝑑𝑑
𝐵𝐵 =𝑓𝑓 ×𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑎𝑡
...