ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018

Information technology — Underwater acoustic sensor network (UWASN) — Part 3: Entities and interface

ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 The 30140 series provides general requirements, reference architecture and high-level interface guidelines supporting interoperability among underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs). Part 3 provides descriptions for the entities and interfaces of the UWASN reference architecture.

Technologies de l'information — Réseau de capteurs acoustiques sous-marins — Partie 3: Entités et interface

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Jul-2018
• ICS: 35.110 - Networking
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 - Internet of things and digital twin
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 - Internet of things and digital twin
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Due Date: 04-Feb-2019
• Completion Date: 26-Jul-2018

Standards Content (Sample)

ISO/IEC 30140-3
Edition 1.0 2018-07
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD

Information technology – Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UWASN) –
Part 3: Entities and interfaces


ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018-07(en)

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
Copyright © 2018 ISO/IEC, Geneva, Switzerland

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about
ISO/IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address
below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.


IEC Central Office Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé [e-mail]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland

About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.

IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing 21 000 terms and definitions in
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other English and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.

IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 67 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and

CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished

Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: [e-mail].

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 30140-3


Edition 1.0 2018-07




INTERNATIONAL



STANDARD



















Information technology – Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network (UWASN) –

Part 3: Entities and interfaces



























INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION






ICS 35.110 ISBN 978-2-8322-5912-2




  Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms and definitions . 6
4 Abbreviated terms . 6
5 Overview . 7
6 UWASN entities . 7
6.1 UWASN physical entities. 7
6.1.1 General . 7
6.1.2 UWASN domain physical entities . 8
6.1.3 Network domain physical entities . 8
6.1.4 Application domain physical entities . 9
6.2 UWASN functional entities . 9
6.2.1 General . 9
6.2.2 UWA-APS entities . 10
6.2.3 UWA-BUN entities . 10
6.2.4 UWA-NWK entities. 10
6.2.5 UWA-DL entities . 11
6.2.6 UWA-PHY entities . 11
6.2.7 UWA-Cross layer entities . 11
7 UWASN interfaces . 12
7.1 Overview. 12
7.2 Interfaces between UWASN physical entities . 12
7.2.1 Overview . 12
7.2.2 Interface 1 – User / UWA-GW . 14
7.2.3 Interface 2 – UWA-GW / Relay node . 15
7.2.4 Interface 3 – Relay node / UWA-SNode . 15
7.2.5 Interface 4 – Between UWA-SNodes. 16
7.2.6 Interface 5 – UWA-SNode / UWA-GW . 17
7.3 Interfaces between UWASN functional entities . 17
7.3.1 Interface – UWA-PHY / DL . 17
7.3.2 Interface – UWA-DL / NWK . 18
7.3.3 Interface – UWA-NWK / BUN . 18
7.3.4 Interface – UWA-BUN / APS . 19
7.3.5 Interface – UWA-CLM / APS/BUN/NWK/DL/PHY . 19
7.4 Interfaces between functional layers enabling UWASN services . 19
Bibliography . 21

Figure 1 – Interfaces between UWASN functional layers and functional entities . 9
Figure 2 – Overview of interfaces enabling UWASN services . 12
Figure 3 – Interfaces between physical entities . 13
Figure 4 – Functional view of interfaces between the physical entities . 14
Figure 5 – Information exchange via interface 1 . 14
Figure 6 – Information exchange between different layers via interface 2 . 15

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018 – 3 –
Figure 7 – Information exchange in different layers via interface 3 . 16
Figure 8 – Information exchange in different layers via interface 4 . 16
Figure 9 – Information exchange in different layers via interface 5 . 17
Figure 10 – Service access point provided by the UWA-PHY / DL . 18
Figure 11 – Service access point provided by the UWA-DL / NWK . 18
Figure 12 – Service access point provided by the UWA-NWK / BUN . 18
Figure 13 – Service access point provided by the UWA-BUN/APS . 19
Figure 14 – Service access point provided by the UWA-CLM / APS/BUN/NWK/DL/PHY . 19

Table 1 – UWASN domain physical entities . 8
Table 2 – Network domain physical entities. 8
Table 3 – Interfaces between functional layers enabling UWASN services . 20

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
– 4 – ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –
UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC SENSOR NETWORK (UWASN) –

Part 3: Entities and interfaces
FOREWORD
1) ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)
form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC
participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the
respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees
collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have
established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC and ISO on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested IEC National Committees and ISO member bodies.
3) IEC, ISO and ISO/IEC publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted
by IEC National Committees and ISO member bodies in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to
ensure that the technical content of IEC, ISO and ISO/IEC publications is accurate, IEC or ISO cannot be held
responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees and ISO member bodies undertake to
apply IEC, ISO and ISO/IEC publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and
regional publications. Any divergence between any ISO, IEC or ISO/IEC publication and the corresponding
national or regional publication should be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) ISO and IEC do not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. ISO or IEC are not responsible
for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or ISO or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts
and members of their technical committees and IEC National Committees or ISO member bodies for any
personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for
costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication of, use of, or reliance upon, this ISO/IEC
publication or any other IEC, ISO or ISO/IEC publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this ISO/IEC publication may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard ISO/IEC 30140-3 was prepared by subcommittee 41: Internet of Things
and related technologies, of ISO/IEC joint technical committee 1: Information technology.
The list of all currently available parts of the ISO/IEC 30140 series, under the general title
Information technology – Underwater acoustic sensor network (UWASN), can be found on the
IEC and ISO websites.
This International Standard has been approved by vote of the member bodies, and the voting
results may be obtained from the address given on the second title page.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018 – 5 –
INTRODUCTION
Water covers approximately 71 % of the surface of the Earth. Modern technologies introduce
new methods to monitor the body of water, for example pollution monitoring and detection.
Underwater data gathering techniques require exploring the water environment, which can be
most effectively performed by underwater acoustic sensor networks (UWASNs). Applications
developed for the UWASNs can record underwater climate, detect and control water pollution,
monitor marine biology, discover natural resources, detect pipeline leakages, monitor and
locate underwater intruders, perform strategic surveillance, and so on.
The ISO/IEC 30140 series provides general requirements, reference architecture (RA)
including the entity models and high-level interface guidelines supporting interoperability
among UWASNs in order to provide the essential UWASN construction information to help
and guide architects, developers and implementers of UWASNs.
Additionally, the ISO/IEC 30140 series provides high-level functional models related to
underwater sensor nodes and relationships among the nodes to construct architectural
perspective of UWASNs. However, the ISO/IEC 30140 series is an application agnostic
standard. Thus, the ISO/IEC 30140 series specifies neither any type of communication
waveforms for use in UWASNs nor any underwater acoustic communication frequencies.
Specifying communication waveforms and/or frequencies are the responsibility of architects,
1

developers and implementers.
Acoustical data communication in sensor networks necessitates the introduction of acoustical
signals that overlap biologically important frequency bands into the subject environment.
These signals can conflict with regional, national, or international noise exposure regulations.
Implementers of acoustical communication networks should consult the relevant regulatory
agencies prior to designing and deployment of these systems to ensure compliance with
regulations and avoid conflicts with the agencies.
The purpose of the ISO/IEC 30140 series is to provide general requirements, guidance and
facilitation in order for the users of the ISO/IEC 30140 series to design and develop the target
UWASNs for their applications and services.
The ISO/IEC 30140 series comprises four parts as shown below.
• Part 1 provides a general overview and requirements of the UWASN reference
architecture.
• Part 2 provides reference architecture models for UWASN.
• Part 3 provides descriptions for the entities and interfaces of the UWASN reference
architecture.
• Part 4 provides information on interoperability requirements among the entities within a
UWASN and among various UWASNs.

___________
1 Architects, developers, and implementers need to be aware of the submarine emergency frequency band, near
and below 12 kHz, and it is recommended to provide a provision for such submarine emergency band in their
UWASN design and applications.

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
– 6 – ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY –
UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC SENSOR NETWORK (UWASN) –

Part 3: Entities and interfaces



1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC 30140 specifies the various entities in UWASNs. Moreover, it describes
the interfaces between different physical and functional entities.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 29182-2, Information technology – Sensor networks: Sensor Network Reference
Architecture (SNRA) – Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 29182-2 apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Abbreviated terms
A/C analog-to-digital converter
CLM cross layer management
2
I C inter integrated circuit
IP Internet protocol
MLDE MAC layer data entity
MLME MAC layer management entity
NLDE network layer data entity
NLME network layer management entity
PLDE physical layer data entity
PLME physical layer management entity
PWM pulse width modulation
QoS quality of service
SAP service access point
SCI serial communication interface
SPI serial peripheral interface

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018 – 7 –
USV underwater surface vehicle
UUV unmanned underwater vehicle
UWA-APS underwater application layer
UWA-BUN underwater bundle layer
UWA-CH underwater acoustic cluster head
UWA-DL underwater datalink layer
UWA-DTN underwater delay tolerant network
UWA-DTN-GW underwater DTN gateway
UWA-FN underwater acoustic fundamental network
UWA-GW underwater acoustic gateway
UWA-NWK underwater network layer
UWA-PHY underwater physical layer
UWA-SNode underwater acoustic sensor node
UWASN underwater acoustic sensor network
UWA-UN underwater acoustic united network
5 Overview
The purpose of this document is to provide basic information about and high-level models for
the various entities and interfaces that comprise an UWASN. Entities can be roughly
categorized into two classes, physical and functional. An underwater sensor node is a
physical entity that contains many sensors. A functional entity represents a certain task that
can be carried out on one or more types of physical entities. Routing and authentication are
examples of functional entities. More often than not, functional entities are pieces of code that
run on physical entities.
UWASN physical entities are categorized into three groups, namely underwater domain
physical entities, network domain physical entities, and application domain physical entities.
Examples of such physical entities include sensors and actuators, surface gateways, relay
nodes, cluster head and user, access and backbone networks, etc. Similarly, more detailed
models have been provided for functional entities such as environmental monitoring, disaster
prevention, aquafarm monitoring, data forwarding, persistent storage, network coding, data
processing, privacy management, self-localization, group management/clustering,
collaborative information processing, and device management. A more detailed model can
include an input-output relationship for what the entity does, some features of the entity that
characterize its capabilities, and a taxonomy of various ways in which the entity can be
implemented.
6 UWASN entities
6.1 UWASN physical entities
6.1.1 General
Physical entities comprise hardware, devices and/or components. UWASN physical entities
can be divided into three categories:
• UWASN domain physical entities;
• network domain physical entities;
• application domain physical entities.

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
– 8 – ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018
6.1.2 UWASN domain physical entities
Underwater domain physical entities exist in the seabed. These include underwater moving
and fixed gateways (UWA-GWs), underwater acoustic sensor nodes (UWA-SNodes),
underwater acoustic cluster heads (UWA-CHs), fouling cleaner, acoustic modem, node
reclamation, UUV, etc.
Table 1 shows the UWASN domain physical entities and corresponding examples.
Table 1 – UWASN domain physical entities
Entities Examples
Surface domain UWA-GW – Moving gateway (ships)
UWA-DTN-GW – Fixed gateway (buoys), etc.
– USV
Controlling domain UWA-CH – Ad-hoc UWA-SNode
Relay node – UUV, etc.
Sensing domain UWA-SNode – Sensors
– Acoustic tag
– UUV

UWA-GW: UWA-GWs facilitate communication between underwater sensor networks and
the Internet. The surface gateway receives underwater related data from
sensor nodes (relay node, UWA-CHs or UWA-SNodes) and transmits the data
to the monitoring centre via wireless communication channels. In general,
UWA-GWs are moving or fixed nodes. For example, a buoy is a fixed gateway,
and ships and UUVs are the moving gateways. UWA-SNodes transmit
packets to the nearest gateway rather than using a long path.
UWA-CH: UWA-CHs receive information from all cluster sensor nodes and transmit
information to the relay node or directly to the surface gateway.
Relay node: Relay nodes transfer underwater data from UWA-SNodes to UWA-GWs.
UWA-SNode: UWA-SNodes, such as acoustic tags, UUVs, and sensors, collect data from
water and transmit the data to the UWA-CH, relay nodes, or UWA-GW.
6.1.3 Network domain physical entities
The network domain entities comprise access networks and backbone networks. An access
network provides connectivity between the backbone network and underwater domain
physical entities.

Table 2 shows the network domain physical entities and corresponding examples.
Table 2 – Network domain physical entities
Entities Examples
a a
Access network Wi-Fi® , 3G / 4G, Ethernet, and ZigBee®
Backbone network Internet, and Intranet
a
ZigBee and Wi-Fi are registered trademarks of ZigBee Alliance and Wi-Fi Alliance, respectively. This
information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement

by ISO or IEC.

Access network: Access networks provide connectivity between the Internet and the
surface gateway.
Backbone network: The Internet is the most widely used backbone network.

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018 – 9 –
6.1.4 Application domain physical entities
Users are considered application domain entities. Users can connect to the UWASN for
accessing of scientific, military, business, and aqua applications.
User: The user can visualize information produced by an UWASN. The
applications of UWASN include environmental monitoring, assisted
navigation, disaster prevention, and locating intruder submarines.
6.2 UWASN functional entities
6.2.1 General
Typically, the sensor node architecture comprises six functional layers, as shown in Figure 1:
• UWA-APS;
• UWA-BUN;
• UWA-NWK;
• UWA-DL;
• UWA-PHY;
• UWA-Cross layer.
Sensor nodes and gateways can have similar layers; however, the modules in each layer can
differ. For example, sensor nodes can integrate different sensors but gateways do not have
sensing capability.

Figure 1 – Interfaces between UWASN functional layers and functional entities
Communication between functional modules in layers is implemented by the interface
between the layers (Figure 1). The following interfaces are defined.
• The BUN / APS interface is between the UWA-BUN and the UWA-APS.
• The NWK / BUN interface is between the UWA-NWK and the UWA-BUN.

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
– 10 – ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018
• The DL / NWK interface is between the UWA-DL and the UWA-NWK.
• The PHY / DL interface is between the UWA-PHY and the UWA-DL.
• The CLM / APS/BUN/NWK/DL/PHY interface is between the cross layer management and
the UWA-APS, UWA-BUN, UWA-NWK, UWA-DL and UWA-PHY.
6.2.2 UWA-APS entities
The UWA-APS layer provides application processes to exchange data and contains different
scientific, business, civilian, aqua and military application functionalities such as
environmental monitoring, disaster prevention, aquafarm monitoring, fish farming, assisted
navigation, intruder submarine detection, and ocean bottom imaging and mapping.
6.2.3 UWA-BUN entities
The UWA-BUN layer carries bundles between the UWA-APS and UWA-NWK layers. These
bundles are transmitted using a store-and-forward approach.
1) Custody accept UWA-Bundle: This is sent by a candidate custodian after accepting the
custody transfer of the underwater bundle.
2) Segmentation: The UWA-BUN layer divides a bundle into smaller segments to maximize
the probability that each can be delivered to the destination correctly.
3) Data forwarding: After receiving an underwater bundle from a source node, these bundles
are forwarded to the destination node via intermediate nodes.
4) Convergence layer adapter: In each of the corresponding protocols, functions required to
carry UWA-DTN protocol data units or UWA-Bundles are provided by protocol-specific
convergence layer adapters.
5) Persistent storage: After receiving the data, the UWA-BUN layer stores the data until a
connection is established.
6.2.4 UWA-NWK entities
The UWA-NWK layer is an intermediary system that performs routing functions between the
underwater devices.
1) Network management: This manages the network topology, routing table, configuration
information, network performance, and reconfigures network information. Manages
algorithms and protocols to detect and handle disconnections due to failure.
2) Routing management: This manages the different routing algorithms based on underwater
communication. It is required to manage routing algorithms for intermittent connectivity of
acoustic channels.
3) Localization management: This manages different localization technologies and
algorithms to identify the location of underwater sensor nodes in underwater
communication.
4) Pac
ket generation: This generates packets according to underwater properties such as
low bandwidth, and data rate.
5) Network coding: This improves throughput and provides redundancy for error recovery.
6) Group management/Clustering: This manages the cluster based network for underwater
communication. Clustering provides parallel processing, load balancing between
underwater sensor nodes, and fault tolerance.
7) Address management: Each underwater sensor node has a unique IP address. Address
management manages the mechanisms for binding IP addresses to MAC addresses.
8) Integration management: This manages the mechanisms for integration of UUVs in the
UWASN and enables communication among sensor nodes and UUVs.

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO/IEC 30140-3:2018 © ISO/IEC 2018 – 11 –
6.2.5 UWA-DL entities
The UWA-DL layer provides a channel to access control mechanisms between various
underwater devices. It is also responsible for detecting and possibly correcting errors that can
occur in the UWA-PHY layer.
1) MAC-Function management: MAC-Function management maintains time synchronization
between underwater devices, channel scanning, and power management.
2) Error detection and handling: The UWA-DL layer manages technologies for handling and
detecting errors.
3) Scheduling management: This manages scheduling techniques for energy saving and
controlling communication between underwater sensor nodes by assigning time slots.
4) MAC-Frame generation: MAC-Frame generation can increase network efficiency by using
optimum frame length.
5) Time synchronization management: Time synchronization management is responsible for
synchronization between underwater devices.
6.2.6 UWA-PHY entities
The UWA-PHY layer establishes, maintains, and releases connections to transfer bits for
underwater transmission.
1) Actuation: The actuator is responsible for controlling UWA-SNodes.
2) Energy harvesting: This manages energy mechanisms in UWASN.
3) PHY-Frame generation: The PHY frame generation process comprises random bit
generation for the encoding, modulation, and mapping of equivalent transmission
channels.
4) Hardware drivers: This manages power efficient transducer hardware drivers for
underwater wireless acous
...