ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017

Information technology — Sensor networks — Use cases of aeronautics industry: Active Air-flow Control

ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017(E) This Technical Report describes the concepts, issues, objectives, and requirements for the design of an active air-flow control (AFC) system for commercial aircraft based on a dense deployment of wired and wireless sensor and actuator networks. It focuses on the architecture design, module definition, statement of objectives, scalability analysis, system-level simulation, as well as networking and implementation issues using standardized interfaces and service-oriented middleware architectures.

Titre manque

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 18-Oct-2017
• ICS: 35.110 - Networking
• ICS: 49.060 - Aerospace electric equipment and systems
• Technical Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 - Internet of things and digital twin
• Drafting Committee: ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 41 - Internet of things and digital twin
• Current Stage: 6060 - International Standard published
• Completion Date: 19-Oct-2017

Standards Content (Sample)

ISO/IEC TR 22560
Edition 1.0 2017-10
TECHNICAL
REPORT

colour
inside
Information technology – Sensor network – Guidelines for design in the
aeronautics industry: active air-flow control


ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017-10(en)

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
Copyright © 2017 ISO/IEC, Geneva, Switzerland

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about
ISO/IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address
below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.


IEC Central Office Tel.: [phone]
3, rue de Varembé Fax: [phone]
CH-1211 Geneva 20 [e-mail]
Switzerland www.iec.ch

About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.


About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the

latest edition, a corrigenda or an amendment might have been published.

IEC Catalogue - webstore.iec.ch/catalogue Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
The stand-alone application for consulting the entire The world's leading online dictionary of electronic and
bibliographical information on IEC International Standards, electrical terms containing 20 000 terms and definitions in
Technical Specifications, Technical Reports and other English and French, with equivalent terms in 16 additional
documents. Available for PC, Mac OS, Android Tablets and languages. Also known as the International Electrotechnical
iPad. Vocabulary (IEV) online.

IEC publications search - www.iec.ch/searchpub IEC Glossary - std.iec.ch/glossary
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a 65 000 electrotechnical terminology entries in English and
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical French extracted from the Terms and Definitions clause of
committee,…). It also gives information on projects, replaced IEC publications issued since 2002. Some entries have been
and withdrawn publications. collected from earlier publications of IEC TC 37, 77, 86 and

CISPR.
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished

Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc
details all new publications released. Available online and If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
also once a month by email. need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: [e-mail].

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 22560


Edition 1.0 2017-10




TECHNICAL



REPORT








colour

inside










Information technology – Sensor network – Guidelines for design in the

aeronautics industry: active air-flow control



























INTERNATIONAL

ELECTROTECHNICAL

COMMISSION






ICS 35.110; 49.060 ISBN 978-2-8322-4920-8



  Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Symbols (and abbreviated terms) . 9
5 Motivations for active air-flow control (AFC). 11
5.1 Skin drag . 11
5.2 Approaches for Aircraft Skin Drag Reduction . 12
6 Objectives . 13
6.1 General . 13
6.2 Fuel efficiency . 13
6.3 Hybrid dense wired-wireless sensor and actuator networks . 13
6.4 Standardized and service oriented wireless sensor architecture . 13
6.5 Re/auto/self- configuration . 13
6.6 Communication protocols and scalability . 13
6.7 Smart actuation profiles and policies . 14
6.8 High rate sensor measurement, synchronous operation and data
compression . 14
6.9 Troubleshooting and fail safe operation . 14
6.10 Enabling of wireless communication technologies in aeronautics industry . 14
6.11 Integration of wireless technologies with the internal aeronautical
communication systems . 14
6.12 Design of bidirectional wireless transmission protocols for relaying of
aeronautical bus communication traffic . 14
6.13 Matching of criticality levels of aeronautics industry . 14
6.14 Internetworking and protocol translation between wireless and wireline
aeronautical networks . 14
7 System description . 15
7.1 Overview of system operation . 15
7.2 Patch design . 16
7.3 Internal aeronautics network . 17
8 Micro-sensors and actuators . 18
8.1 Micro-sensors . 18
8.2 Actuators . 19
9 High level architecture for aeronautical WSANs . 21
9.1 Bubble concept . 21
9.2 Layered model . 21
9.3 Mapping to ISO/IEC 29182 Sensor Networks Reference Architecture (SNRA) . 23
10 Requirements for AFC design . 28
10.1 Sensing and actuation . 28
10.1.1 BL position detection and space-time resolution . 28
10.1.2 Efficient flow control actuation . 28
10.1.3 Patch intra and inter-communication . 29
10.1.4 Patch sensor data pre-processing, fusion, management and storage. . 29
10.1.5 Patch configuration, redundancy, and organization . 29
10.1.6 Sensors synchronicity . 30

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017 – 3 –
10.1.7 Low power sensor-actuator (patch) consumption . 30
10.1.8 Patch data rate and traffic constraints . 30
10.1.9 Patch low complexity . 30
10.2 Sensor Network Communications . 31
10.2.1 Interference . 31
10.2.2 Wireless range and connectivity . 31
10.3 Aeronautical Network and On-Board Systems . 31
10.3.1 Full-duplex communications . 31
10.3.2 Compatibility with avionics internal network (ARINC 664) . 31
10.3.3 AFC interface . 32
10.3.4 GS interface . 32
11 Testing platform and prototype development . 32
12 Scalability . 33
Annex A (informative) System level simulation . 36
A.1 Architecture of the simulator and module description . 36
A.1.1 Fluid modelling domain . 36
A.1.2 Sensor and actuators configuration: patches . 36
A.1.3 Wing design, aircraft configuration, and propagation modelling . 36
A.1.4 Radio resource management . 37
A.2 Simulation metrics . 38
A.2.1 AFC metrics . 38
A.2.2 WSN metrics. 39
Annex B (informative) Turbulent flow modeling . 40
Bibliography . 44

Figure 1 – Drag breakdown in commercial aircraft . 11
Figure 2 – Boundary layer (BL) transition exemplified with a wing profile . 12
Figure 3 – Operation mode of the AFC system . 15
Figure 4 – Architecture of the AFC system . 16
Figure 5 – Array(s) of patches of sensors/actuators . 17
Figure 6 – Interaction with internal avionics networks . 18
Figure 7 – Flow control actuators classified by function [22] . 20
Figure 8 – Flow control actuators: a) SJA; b) Fliperon . 21
Figure 9 – HLA mapping AFC system. 22
Figure 10 – Mapping AFC system to the ISO domain reference architecture view . 24
Figure 11 – Mapping AFC system to the ISO layered reference architecture view . 25
Figure 12 – Mapping AFC system to the ISO sensor node reference architecture . 25
Figure 13 – Mapping AFC system to the ISO physical reference architecture . 26
Figure 14 – Prototype implementation AFC system . 33
Figure 15 – Data rate vs patch size. . 35
Figure A.1 – Simulator architecture . 38
Figure B.1 – Characteristics of turbulent flow with different Reynolds numbers
(reproduced from [31]) . 41

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
– 4 – ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017
Table 1 – Mapping of AFC system to the HLA layered model . 23
Table 2 – Mapping of AFC architecture to ISO architecture entity and functional models. 27
Table 3 – Mapping of AFC system to ISO architecture interface model . 28

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017 – 5 –
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – SENSOR NETWORK –
GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN IN THE AERONAUTICS
INDUSTRY: ACTIVE AIR-FLOW CONTROL
FOREWORD
1) ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission)
form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of ISO or IEC
participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the
respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees
collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in
liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have
established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC and ISO on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested IEC National Committees and ISO member bodies.
3) IEC, ISO and ISO/IEC publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted
by IEC National Committees and ISO member bodies in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to
ensure that the technical content of IEC, ISO and ISO/IEC publications is accurate, IEC or ISO cannot be held
responsible for the way in which they are used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees and ISO member bodies undertake to
apply IEC, ISO and ISO/IEC publications transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and
regional publications. Any divergence between any ISO, IEC or ISO/IEC publication and the corresponding
national or regional publication should be clearly indicated in the latter.
5) ISO and IEC do not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. ISO or IEC are not responsible
for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or ISO or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts
and members of their technical committees and IEC National Committees or ISO member bodies for any
personal injury, property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for
costs (including legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication of, use of, or reliance upon, this ISO/IEC
publication or any other IEC, ISO or ISO/IEC publications.
8) Attention is drawn to the normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this ISO/IEC publication may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. However,
the joint technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report when it has
collected data of a different kind from that which is normally published as an International
Standard, for example "state of the art".
ISO/IEC TR 22560, which is a Technical Report, has been prepared by subcommittee 41:
Internet of Things and related technologies, of ISO/IEC joint technical committee 1:
Information technology.
This Technical Report has been approved by vote of the member bodies, and the voting
results may be obtained from the address given on the second title page.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
– 6 – ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017
INTRODUCTION
The number of wireless connections is growing exponentially around the world. Wireless
communications are expanding to areas previously reluctant to use this type of technology. In
the field of aeronautics, wireless intra-avionics applications are just recently gaining
acceptance both in industrial and academic arenas. This late adoption is mainly because
wireless transmissions have been conventionally associated with reliability and interference
issues. Aeronautics applications on board aircraft are highly critical and therefore the inherent
randomness of wireless technologies created lots of skepticism, particularly for sensing,
monitoring and control of critical aeronautical subsystems. In addition, uncontrolled wireless
transmissions can potentially create interference to other aeronautical subsystems, thus
leading to malfunctions and unsafe operation. However, recent interference and reliability
studies with state-of-the-art wireless standards suggest safe operation and thus the feasibility
of a relatively new research area called wireless avionics intra-communications (WAICs). In
the last few years, wireless technology has started to be used on board for systems that
conventionally used only wire-line infrastructure (i.e., as replacement of cables). It is also
being used for applications which are now only possible thanks to the wireless component
(e.g., indoor localization, tracking and wireless power transfer). Examples of potential
applications of wireless avionics intra-communications are the following: structure health
monitoring, avionics bus communications, smoke sensors, interference monitoring, logistics,
identification, replacing of cables, fuel tank sensors, automatic route control based on
optimized fuel consumption and weather monitoring, automatic turbulence reduction or active
air-flow control, EMI (electromagnetic interference) monitoring, and flexible wiring redundancy
design.
The avionics industry will experience a wireless revolution in the years to come. The concept
of “fly-by-wireless” opens several issues in design, configuration, security, spectrum
management, and interference control. There are several advantages in the use of wireless
technologies for the aeronautics industry. They permit reduction of cables in aircraft design,
thus reducing weight. Reduction of weight also leads to increased payload capacity, longer
ranges, faster speeds, and mainly savings in fuel consumption. The reduction of cables can
also improve the flexibility of aircraft design (less manpower for designing complex cabling
infrastructure). Additionally, wireless technologies can reach places of aircraft that are difficult
to reach by cables, while being relatively immune to electrical cable malfunctions. Wireless
technology also provides improved configuration and troubleshooting with over-the-air
functionalities of modern radio standards.
This document presents the application of wireless sensor and actuator networks for the
dynamic tracking and compensation of turbulent flows across the surface of aircraft. Turbulent
flow formation and the associated skin drag effect are responsible for the inefficiency of
airplane design and thus act as major factors in increased fuel consumption. The area of
active air-flow control represents the convergence of several scientific fields such as: fluid
mechanics, sensor networks, control theory, computational fluid dynamics, and actuator
design. Due to the high speeds experienced by modern commercial aircraft, dense networks
of sensors and actuators are necessary to accurately track the formation of turbulent flows
and for counteracting their effects by convenient actuation policies. The use of wireless
technologies in this field aims to facilitate the management of the information generated by
the large number of sensors, and reduce the need for cables to interconnect all the nodes or
groups of nodes (patches) in the network. Additionally, the use of the wireless components
opens new issues in joint propagation and turbulence flow modelling. This document presents
the design principles of active air-flow control systems using dense wireless/wired sensor
networks compliant with the ISO sensor network reference architecture (SNRA). Standardized
interfaces will help developers create smart cloud avionics applications that will improve fleet
management, optimized route traffic, and computation of actuation profiles for different
moments of an aircraft mission. This also lies within the context of future technological
concepts such as Internet of things, Big Data, and cloud computing.

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017 – 7 –
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY – SENSOR NETWORK –
GUIDELINES FOR DESIGN IN THE AERONAUTICS
INDUSTRY: ACTIVE AIR-FLOW CONTROL


1 Scope
This document describes the concepts, issues, objectives, and requirements for the design of
an active air-flow control (AFC) system for commercial aircraft based on a dense deployment
of wired/wireless sensor and actuator networks. The objective of this AFC system is to track
gradients of pressure across the surface of the fuselage of aircraft. This collected information
will be used to activate a set of actuators that will attempt to reduce the skin drag effect
produced by the separation between laminar and turbulent flows. This will be translated into
increased lift-off forces, higher vehicle speeds, longer ranges, and reduced fuel consumption.
The document focuses on the architecture design, module definition, statement of objectives,
scalability analysis, system-level simulation, as well as networking and implementation issues
using standardized interfaces and service-oriented middleware architectures. This document
aims to serve as guideline on how to design wireless sensor and actuator networks compliant
with ISO/IEC 29182.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
ISO/IEC 29182-2:2013, Information technology – Sensor networks: Sensor Network
Reference Architecture (SNRA) – Part 2: Vocabulary and terminology
ISO/IEC 29182-3:2014, Information technology – Sensor networks: Sensor Network
Reference Architecture (SNRA) – Part 3: Reference architecture views
ISO/IEC 29182-4:2013, Information technology – Sensor networks: Sensor Network
Reference Architecture (SNRA) – Part 4: Entity models
ISO/IEC 29182-5:2013, Information technology – Sensor networks: Sensor Network
Reference Architecture (SNRA) – Part 5: Interface definitions
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 29182-2:2013
and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org.obp

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
– 8 – ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017
3.1
active air-flow control
AFC
ability to manipulate a flow field to improve efficiency or performance adding energy to the
flow by an actuator and using a sensor or sensors to adjust, optimize, and turn on/off the
actuation policy
3.2
ARINC 664
A664
standard that defines the electrical and protocol specifications (IEEE 802.3 and ARINC 664,
1
Part 7) for the exchange of data between avionics subsystems [1]
3.3
boundary layer
BL
region in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface in which the velocity of a flowing fluid
increases rapidly from zero and approaches the velocity of the main stream [2]
3.4
boundary layer separation
detachment of a boundary layer from the surface into a broader wake [3], [4]
3.5
bubble
higher level abstraction of a heterogeneous wireless sensor network with different underlying
technologies that enables semantic interoperability between them and with the external world
using standardized interfaces and flexible middleware application program interfaces
3.6
computational fluid dynamics
CFD
art of using a computer to predict how gases and liquids flow [5]
3.7
drag
force acting opposite to the relative motion of any object moving with respect to a surrounding
fluid [29]
3.8
fly-by-wireless
paradigm where avionics subsystems usually controlled or linked by means of cables will use
now a wireless connection
3.9
fuselage
aircraft's main body section that holds crew and passengers or cargo [6]
3.10
laminar flow
flow regime that typically occurs at the lower velocities where the particles of fluid move
entirely in straight lines even though the velocity with which the particles move along one line
is not necessarily the same as along another line [7]

1
Numbers in square brackets refer to the Bibliography.

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 22560:2017 © ISO/IEC 2017 – 9 –
3.11
patch
array of sensors and actuators wired together with a central or distributed control scheme
3.12
Reynolds number
number that characterizes the relative importance of inertial and viscous forces in a flow
Note 1 to entry: It is important in determining the state of the flow, whether it is laminar or turbulent [7].
3.13
shear force
force acting on a substance in a direction perpendicular to the extension of the substance,
acting in a direction to a planar cross section of a body [8]
3.14
skin friction drag
effect that arises from the friction of the fluid against the "skin" of the object that is moving
through it [30]
3.15
synthetic jet actuator
type of actuator whose main effect is produced by the interactions of a train of vortices that
are typically formed by alternating momentary ejection and suction of fluid across an orifice
such that the net mass flux is zero [8]
3.16
turbulence
type of flow where the paths of individual particles of fluid are no longer everywhere straight
(as in laminar flow) but are sinuous, intertwining and crossing one another in a disorderly
manner so that a thorough mixing of fluid takes place [2]
3.17
viscosity
resistance of a fluid to a change in shape, or to the movement of neighbouring portions
relative to one another [9]
3.18
wireless avionics intra-communications
type of wireless communications within an aircraft [10]
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Abbreviated terms
AFC Active air-Flow Control
A664 ARINC 664
AGP Accelerated Graphics Port
AOC Airline Operation Control
ARINC Aeronautical Radio INC.
BL Boundary Layer
CAD Computer Aided Design
CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics
GS Ground Systems
HLA High-Level Architecture

---------------
...