ISO 22315:2014

Societal security - Mass evacuation - Guidelines for planning

ISO 22315:2014 provides guidelines for mass evacuation planning in terms of establishing, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, reviewing, and improving preparedness. It establishes a framework for each activity in mass evacuation planning for all identified hazards. It will help organizations to develop plans that are evidence-based and that can be evaluated for effectiveness. ISO 22315:2014 is intended for use by organizations with responsibility for, or involvement in, part or all of the planning for mass evacuation. It is applicable to all types and sizes of organizations that are involved in the planning for mass evacuation, such as local, regional, and national governments; statutory bodies; international and non-governmental organizations; businesses; and public and social groups. ISO 22315:2014 covers planning for mass evacuation in order to gain a more effective response during the actual evacuation. It will assist organizations to meet their obligation of saving human life and reducing suffering. ISO 22315:2014 does not cover activities to stabilize the affected area after an evacuation, protect property, and preserve the environment.

Sécurité sociétale — Évacuation de masse — Lignes directrices pour la planification

La présente Norme internationale fournit des lignes directrices pour la planification d'une évacuation de masse en termes d'élaboration, de mise en œuvre, de contrôle, d'évaluation, de revue et d'amélioration de la préparation. Elle établit un cadre pour chacune des activités de planification d'une évacuation de masse pour tous les dangers identifiés. Elle aidera les organismes à élaborer des plans étayés par des preuves scientifiques et dont l'efficacité peut être évaluée. La présente Norme internationale est destinée à être utilisée par les organismes chargés de, ou participant à, tout ou partie de la planification d'une évacuation de masse. Elle est applicable à tous les types et toutes les tailles d'organismes impliqués dans la planification de l'évacuation de masse, tels que les autorités locales, régionales et nationales, les organes statutaires, les organisations internationales et non gouvernementales, les entreprises, ainsi que les groupes publics et sociaux. La présente Norme internationale couvre la planification en vue d'une évacuation de masse afin de permettre une réponse plus efficace durant l'évacuation elle-même. Elle aidera les organismes à répondre à leur obligation de préservation des vies humaines et de réduction des souffrances. La présente Norme internationale ne couvre pas les activités destinées à stabiliser la zone affectée après une évacuation, à protéger les biens et à préserver l'environnement.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 02-Dec-2014
• ICS: 03.100.01 - Company organization and management in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 292 - Security and resilience
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 292/WG 5 - Community resilience
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Start Date: 23-Feb-2021
• Completion Date: 13-Dec-2025

Overview

ISO 22315:2014 - Societal security - Mass evacuation - Guidelines for planning - provides a structured, evidence‑based framework for preparing and improving mass evacuation plans. The standard guides organizations through establishing, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, reviewing and improving preparedness for mass evacuation across all identified hazards. It focuses on strengthening evacuation planning, decision‑making, public preparedness and multi‑agency coordination to help save lives and reduce suffering. ISO 22315:2014 does not cover post‑evacuation activities to stabilize affected areas, protect property or preserve the environment.

Key topics and technical focus

ISO 22315:2014 organizes guidance into clear planning activities and technical topics, including:

• General planning fundamentals: risk assessment, legal/policy compliance, information gathering, resource allocation, documentation, training and exercising.
• Public preparedness: identifying how communities prepare, using research, addressing barriers to evacuation (e.g., pets, possessions), and tailoring messages for social groups.
• Visualization and mapping: mapping areas at risk or affected, capturing compatible data layers and spatial information to support decisions.
• Evacuation decision‑making: formal processes, activation points, objectives, information needs and decision logs to support timely, defensible evacuation orders.
• Public warning and communication: systems to warn and inform diverse audiences, message templates, stakeholder protocols and community‑based warning approaches.
• Evacuee movement and transport analysis: predicting population movement, transport demand/availability, performance measures and communicating transport instructions.
• Shelter assessment and management: estimating shelter demand, identifying and agreeing shelter locations, registration and support services, supply planning and safe return.
• Evaluation and continual improvement: monitoring, evaluating and updating evacuation plans based on exercises, incidents and lessons learned.

Practical applications

ISO 22315:2014 is practical for organizations that must plan for large‑scale evacuations and want evaluable, evidence‑based plans:

• Develop or revise mass evacuation plans and SOPs
• Design evacuation decision‑support tools and warning templates
• Map risk zones and model evacuee movement and transport needs
• Define shelter capacity, agreements and registration systems
• Create multi‑agency governance, training and exercise programs
• Establish monitoring and continuous improvement processes

Who should use this standard

• Local, regional and national governments and emergency management agencies
• Statutory bodies, public safety agencies and first responders
• International organizations and NGOs involved in disaster response
• Businesses and critical infrastructure operators with evacuation responsibilities
• Transport authorities, public health agencies and shelter managers

Related guidance

Consult other societal security and emergency management guidance and local legal requirements when applying ISO 22315:2014 to ensure compatibility with national frameworks and operational practice.

Standards Content (Sample)

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 22315
ISO/TC 223 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2013-08-23 2013-11-23
Societal security — Mass evacuation — Guidelines for
planning
Sécurité sociétale — Évacuation de masse
ICS: 03.100.01
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 22315:2013(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2013

ISO/DIS 22315:2013(E)
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as
permitted under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract
from it may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
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Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO/CD 22315
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General aspects for mass evacuation planning . 4
4.1 Introduction . 4
4.2 Risk assessment . 4
4.3 Compliance with legislation and policies . 5
4.4 Information gathering and analysis . 5
4.4.1 Assess the quality of information . 5
4.4.2 Evidence-based analysis for planning . 5
4.5 Planning operational resource allocation . 6
4.6 Planning and documenting processes . 6
4.7 Effective multi-agency partnering arrangements . 6
4.8 Training and exercising . 7
4.9 Evaluation and improvement . 7
5 Prepare the public to react appropriately . 8
5.1 Introduction . 8
5.2 Identify how the public can prepare for mass evacuation . 8
5.3 Use research findings when developing plans . 8
5.4 Identify key characteristics of the population . 9
5.4.1 General . 9
5.4.2 Identify population characteristics . 9
5.4.3 Evaluate each identified social group . 10
5.5 Introduce products, services and activities which improve preparedness . 10
5.6 Reduce barriers to preparing for mass evacuation . 10
5.7 Disseminate information to social groups . 11
5.7.1 General . 11
5.7.2 Evaluate communication systems . 11
5.7.3 Content of the message . 11
6 Understand and visualize the affected area . 11
6.1 Introduction . 11
6.2 Map data about the area that is at risk . 12
6.2.1 Mapping / visualization tools. 12
6.2.2 Types of information to capture on maps . 12
6.3 Use visualized data and maps to understand an area at risk . 12
6.3.1 Identify data to visualize on maps . 12
6.3.2 Maps to visualize an area that is at risk . 13
6.3.3 Identify data needed to build maps . 13
6.4 Ensure the compatibility of data to build maps . 13
7 Planning to make the evacuation decision . 13
7.1 Introduction . 13
7.2 Develop an evacuation decision-making process . 14
7.2.1 Decision-makers . 14
7.2.2 Decision-making process . 14
7.2.3 Evacuation activation points . 14
7.3 Use evacuation objectives. 14
7.3.1 Identify evacuation objectives . 14
7.3.2 Resolve conflicting evacuation objectives . 15
ISO/CD 22315
7.4 Measure evacuation objectives . 15
7.4.1 Data gathering . 15
7.4.2 Research and measure objectives . 16
7.5 Identify the information needed to make the decision to order an evacuation . 16
7.6 Establish clear communications between information-producing organizations and
decision-makers. 16
7.7 Factors that drive decisions for specific risks . 16
7.8 Systems to track and log decisions made . 17
8 Public warning . 17
8.1 Introduction . 17
8.2 Systems to warn and inform the public . 17
8.3 Promote a community-based warning system . 17
8.4 Protocols for communication with various stakeholders . 18
8.4.1 The public . 18
8.4.2 Special facilities . 18
8.5 Design and test a template for the warning message. 18
8.6 Analyse the anticipated time to warn the public . 19
9 Analyse evacuee movement . 19
9.1 Introduction . 19
9.2 Understand evacuees’ transportation behaviour . 19
9.3 Identify demand and availability of the transport network . 20
9.4 Identify transport performance measures and targets . 20
9.5 Analyse transport strategies and policies . 21
9.6 Communicate transport information to the public . 21
10 Assess evacuee shelter requirements . 21
10.1 Introduction . 21
10.2 Estimate shelter demand . 22
10.3 Identify suitable shelters . 22
10.4 Establish shelter agreements . 22
10.5 Analyse shelter availability during the incident . 22
10.6 Manage evacuee registration and support services . 23
10.7 Organize shelter supplies and mutual aid . 23
10.8 Develop a safe return plan . 23
11 Evaluation and continual improvement. 23
Bibliography . 25

iv © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO/CD 22315
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22315 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 223, Societal security.

ISO/CD 22315
Introduction
This International Standard provides guidance on planning for mass evacuation. An evacuation in response to
a risk or threat is the movement of people from a designated area. In this context, a mass evacuation is
characterized by the need for multi-agency collaboration and resources. Typically, this involves a larger
number of people or wider area being at risk. It‘s difficult to define mass evacuation in terms of numbers or
scale because disasters, communities and responder capabilities differ. However, it can be considered in
terms of the number of evacuees exceeding an everyday scale of response.
The need for evacuation can arise from naturally occurring events, human induced events (both intentional
and unintentional) and events cause by technology. Some events require an immediate or spontaneous
evacuation while others provide advanced warning.
Effective planning is important to help to save human life and reduce suffering. Planning helps to deliver an
effective response and is part of emergency management. This document provides guidance for developing
mass evacuation plans, supporting decision-making, increasing the potential for an effective response, and
strengthening preparedness of the public and organizations. It also recognizes that there are barriers that
could hinder people from evacuating such as: concern for pets, valuable possessions, or items that sustain
livelihoods.
This International Standard is intended for use by those responsible for establishing mass evacuation plans as
well as preparing locations to receive evacuees on a mass scale. It includes the following eight activities and
these provide the structure to the eight clauses in this International Standard (Clauses 4–11).

Figure 1 – The structure of this International Standard
This figure illustrates that there are some general aspects for mass evacuation planning (Clause 4) (for
example, risk assessment and training/exercising) and these support the provisions contained in Clauses 5–
11. A plan to prepare the public to react effectively (Clause 5) and a plan to understand and visualize an area
(Clause 6) provide decision-makers with the information about an area that is at risk and enable them to
decide whether to call an evacuation. A plan to make the decision to call an evacuation (Clause 7) aims to
ensure that the decision-making process, objectives and participants are appropriate. A plan to alert the public
of the need to react as advised (Clause 8) considers protocols for communication and community-based
warning systems. Plans also consider the analysis of evacuee movement from an area that is at risk to an
area of safety (Clause 9), for example, to understand transportation needs, demands and availability. Plans
also aim to assess evacuee shelter requirements (Clause 10). For example, they can identify the demand for
shelters and establish agreements to provide shelters. A plan for evaluating and continually improving
evacuation plans (Clause 11) concludes this International Standard.
While this International Standard recognizes the importance of stabilizing the affected area after an
evacuation, as well as the importance of protecting property and preserving the environment, these aspects
are not its main focus.
vi © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

COMMITTEE DRAFT ISO/CD 22315
Societal security — Mass evacuation — Guidelines for planning
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidelines for planning for mass evacuation for each aspect of
establishing, implementing, monitoring, evaluating, reviewing and improving preparedness. It is applicable to
all types and sizes of organizations, such as local, regional, and national governments; statutory bodies;
international and non-governmental organizations; businesses; and public and social groups.
This International Standard is intended for use by organizations with responsibility for, or involvement in, part
or all of the planning for mass evacuation. It establishes a framework for each activity in mass evacuation
planning for all-hazards. It aims to help organizations to develop plans that are evidence-based and that can
be evaluated for effectiveness.
This International Standard covers planning for mass evacuation in order to gain a more effective response
during the actual evacuation. It aims to support organizations to meet their obligation of saving human life and
reducing suffering.
This International Standard does not cover activities to stabilize the affected area after an evacuation; protect
property; and preserve the environment.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
There are no normative references.  This clause is inserted to preserve the ISO clause numbering.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
all-hazards
naturally occurring events, human induced events (both intentional and unintentional) and technology caused
events with potential impact on an organization (2.2.9), community or society and the environment on which it
depends
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.2
command and control
activities of target oriented decision-making, situation assessment, planning, implementing decisions and
controlling the effects of implementation on the incident (2.1.15)
NOTE These activities are continuously repeated.
[SOURCE: ISO 22320]
ISO/CD 22315
3.3
coordination
way in which different organizations (3.11) or parts of the same organization work or act together in order to
achieve a common objective
[SOURCE: ISO 22320]
NOTE 1 Coordination integrates the individual response activities of involved parties (including e.g. public or private
organizations and government) to achieve synergy to the extent that the incident response has a unified objective and
coordinates activities through transparent information sharing regarding their respective incident response activities.
NOTE 2 All organizations are involved in the process to agree on a common incident response objective and accept to
implement the strategies by this consensus decision-making process.
3.4
disaster
situation where widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses have occurred which
exceeded the ability of the affected organization (3.7), community or society to respond and recover using its
own resources
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.5
event
occurrence or change of a particular set of circumstances
NOTE 1 An event can be one or more occurrences, and can have several causes.
NOTE 2 An event can consist of something not happening.
NOTE 3 An event can sometimes be referred to as an ’incident’ or ’accident’.
NOTE 4 An event without consequences can also be referred to as a ’near miss’, ’incident’, ’near hit’ or
’close call’.
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.6
exercises
process to train for, assess, practice, and improve performance in an organization
NOTE 1 Exercises can be used for: validating policies, plans, procedures, training, equipment, and inter-organizational
agreements; clarifying and training personnel in roles and responsibilities; improving inter-organizational coordination and
communications; identifying gaps in resources; improving individual performance and identifying opportunities for
improvement; and a controlled opportunity to practice improvisation.
NOTE 2 A test is a unique and particular type of exercise, which incorporates an expectation of a pass or fail
element within the goal or objectives of the exercise being planned.
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.7
geographical information system (GIS)
system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, manage, and present all types of geographical data.
3.8
hazard
source of potential harm
NOTE A hazard can be a risk source.
2 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO/CD 22315
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.9
incident management system
system that defines the roles and responsibilities of personnel and the operating procedures to be used in the
management of incidents
3.10
organization
person or group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities and relationships to
achieve its objectives
NOTE The concept of organization includes, but is not limited to sole-trader, company, corporation, firm, enterprise,
authority, partnership, charity or institution, or part or combination thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private.
[SOURCE : ISO 22300]
3.11
partnership
organized relationship between two bodies (public-public, private-public, private-private) which establishes the
scope, roles, procedures and tools to prevent and manage any incident (2.1.15) impacting on societal security
(2.1.1) with respect to related laws
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.12
preparedness
knowledge and capacities developed to effectively anticipate, respond to and recover from the impact of likely
imminent or current hazard events or conditions

3.13
process
set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputs
[SOURCE : ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 – Consolidated ISO Supplement – Procedures specific to ISO]
3.14
risk
effect of uncertainty on objectives
NOTE 1 An effect is a deviation from the expected: positive and/or negative.
NOTE 2 Objectives can have different aspects (such as financial, health and safety, and environmental goals) and can
apply at different levels (such as strategic, organization-wide, project, product and process).
NOTE 3 Risk is often characterized by reference to potential events, and consequences, or a combination of these.
NOTE 4 Risk is often expressed in terms of a combination of the consequences of an event (including changes in
circumstances) and the associated likelihood of occurrence.
NOTE 5 Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or knowledge of, an
event, its consequence, or likelihood.
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.15
risk assessment
overall process of risk identification, risk analysis, and risk evaluation
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
ISO/CD 22315
3.16
training
activities designed to facilitate the learning and development of knowledge, skills, and abilities, and to improve
the performance of specific tasks or roles
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
3.17
vulnerability
intrinsic properties of something resulting in susceptibility to a risk source that can lead to an event with a
consequence (2.1.9)
[SOURCE: ISO 22300]
4 General aspects for mass evacuation planning
4.1 Introduction
There are many common tasks that should be considered when planning for different activities in mass
evacuation. For example, there’s a need to ensure that transparent decision-making processes are
documented across all activities. Also, plans to train and exercise particular roles, responsibilities and
responses that can help prepare organizations and their partners is important. Clause 4 details planning
issues which are common across Clauses 5–11, and include:
Risk assessment (4.2);
Compliance with legislations and policies (4.3);
Information gathering and analysis (4.4);
Planning operational resource allocation (4.5)
Planning and documenting (4.6);
Effective multi-agency partnering arrangements (4.7);
Training and exercising (4.8); and
Evaluation and improvement (4.9).
4.2 Risk assessment
In the context of mass evacuation, organizations should have clear processes for risk management. This
should involve conducting a risk assessment.
Risk assessments can be strategic (determining the risks associated with when to order an evacuation) or
tactical (deciding to evacuate an area with a high proportion of vulnerable people thereby creating a higher
risk of being unable to evacuate them in time). Risk assessments should be conducted for specific locations
and the risks that are known from all-hazards. This enables risk assessments to be conducted for different
evacuation scenarios.
Risk assessments can be conducted before, during and after an evacuation in order to understand how the
situation changes over time in terms of the hazard, population, infrastructure and transportation. Risk
assessments can influence resource management and the evacuation response. They should be updated
during an incident as new data are received from different sources.
A risk assessment as specified in ISO 31000:2009 and also in ISO/IEC 31010:2009 should be conducted as
part of the planning for mass evacuation.
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ISO/CD 22315
4.3 Compliance with legislation and policies
The plans, activities, decisions and models that are used to plan for mass evacuation should be informed by
and conform to the legislations and policies operating at international, national, regional, and local levels.
Applicable legislation and policies should be consulted when developing plans to understand what can and
cannot be done to protect the public. Consideration should be given to situations where people decide not to
evacuate and the risks this poses to evacuation personnel. Consideration should also be given to the
responsibilities of different organizations during a mass evacuation and the regulations that govern these
organizations.
Documenting evidence that show attention to these matters could limit the organization’s liability and the
damage to its reputation.
Different levels of legislation, policies and guidance should be regularly monitored as part of the planning
process. Any changes to these could affect the mass evacuation plan.
4.4 Information gathering and analysis
4.4.1 Assess the quality of information
The information available to support planning, operations and decision-making should include both the type of
hazard and its potential long and short term consequences - as well as other information contained in this
Standard - for example, the demographics of people in an affected area, the proportion of people who would
take their own evacuation transport, and who would use evacuation shelters. The quality of the information
should be assessed to determine its reliability and how much influence it’s likely to have on evacuation
decision-making.
The following criteria can be used to assess the quality of the information:
 how frequently the information is updated;
 the source of the information;
 methods used to gather information; and
 the level of aggregation of the information (i.e. how high level and detailed the information is).
There are potentially multiple sources of planning information, and consideration should be given to the value
of each.
See ISO 22320 for more information on the reliability and credibility of sources of information.
4.4.2 Evidence-based analysis for planning
Information should be used to enable an evidence-based approach to mass evacuation planning.
This information can be existing research or new research can be done. Examples of existing research
includes: academic research, pre-evacuation and post-evacuation surveys, practitioner reports, post-disaster
reports, and post-exercise reports. Publications and websites from past projects, universities, professional and
government organizations, and other practitioners can also be used.
New research can provide situational-specific information to support evidence-based plans and decisions.
To analyse this information, partnering organizations can use scenario simulations to understand what might
happen when assumptions about a disaster change. As a minimum, this should be done for reasonable and
worst-case scenarios. Direct access to simulation models should be available to update the assumptions and
information and re-run scenarios.
ISO/CD 22315
4.5 Planning operational resource allocation
Consideration should be given to the resources required (such as personnel, qualifications, logistics and
equipment capabilities, transportation, and shelter provision) and resources that should be available to assist
the evacuation. In the preparedness phase, consideration should be given to what constitutes an appropriate
response, and what human and technical resources should be available in the evacuation area and in the
areas that could receive evacuees. Consideration should also be given to the procurement of resources and
their pre-positioning ready for deployment.
In the response phase, a rapid needs assessment and prioritization could help to understand what resources
are required to adequately support a mass evacuation.
4.6 Planning and documenting processes
A formal process should be established to set and measure the achievement of operational targets for the
response to an evacuation order. The process should be included in the formal plans and integrated with
contingency plans. For example, writing a formal plan to document the strategy to disseminate a warning
message.
Plans should detail how to prepare organizations that manage evacuations as well as prepare the public. They
should ensure that planning efforts are systematized by building the planning processes and procedures into
the organization’s management system so that the plans are regularly reviewed and updated.
In addition to understanding their own plans, organizations should understand the plans of their partnering
organizations. This will help identify any conflicts, facilitate a better understanding of how the plans relate and
interact, and help ensure an integrated response.
4.7 Effective multi-agency partnering arrangements
The organizations and groups that are important to multi-agency partnering should be identified in order to
improve the breadth, depth and efficiency of the planning process and to reduce barriers when a multi-agency
response is required. The partnership should have a specific delegation of authority. Partnering organizations
can include:
 emergency response departments (including fire, police and ambulance);
 military services;
 officials from transport, health services, environmental and local government;
 domain experts (such as nuclear experts and seismologists);
 non-governmental organizations;
 local media and communications; and
 representatives of the public.
Effective multi-agency partnering arrangements should include:
 designation of a lead organization - to enable the partners to speak with one consistent voice;
 an incident management system;
 terms of reference for the partnering organizations - including the roles and responsibilities, the
planning process, and how any conflicts are to be resolved;
 professional relationships between partners;
6 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO/CD 22315
 coordination to mass evacuation planning;
 options for mutual aid;
 regular multi-agency meetings - to share good practice, and discuss plans and exercises;
 periodic review of the multi-agency partnership and plans - to consider the effectiveness of the
partnership and to identify additional planning needs and new partners.

The form of engagement with partners depends on the context, for example, the scenario or command and
control structure. Engagement can take the form of consultation, participation and support. Each organization
in the multi-agency partnership should have the ability to independently analyse received data.
Additional information on establishing partnering arrangements can be found in ISO 22397.
4.8 Training and exercising
Training and exercising should be an integral component of an organizations’ planning process in order to:
practice communication protocols, measure operational capabilities, test equipment (such as decontamination
systems), train new staff, coordinate with non-governmental and humanitarian organizations, and
communicate with citizen representatives.
All levels of staff should be trained to help ensure they have:
 a basic understanding of each stage of the mass evacuation planning process;
 specialist skills needed for their roles - for example, providing psycho-social support; and
 knowledge for responding to different types of incidents.
Exercises can be used to train staff to respond to a variety of scenarios. Exercises can be used to evaluate
and test aspects of preparedness, including:
 communication with the public and key businesses;
 efficient multi-agency coordination;
 telecommunications systems for warning dissemination;
 transportation of evacuees;
 support for particularly vulnerable members of an area;
 evacuation signs and evacuation roads; and
 shelter identification and operation so that suppliers can source and deliver a wide range of resources
to the shelters.
Additional information on running exercises can be found in ISO 22398.
Consideration should also be given to training and exercising the public. This should be done through a multi-
agency approach to ensure the public is given a single consistent message from different response agencies.
4.9 Evaluation and improvement
A formal process should be established to evaluate an organization‘s mass evacuation planning. This should
be done at regular intervals for all activities. Written plans should be updated and include new learning;
ISO/CD 22315
available expertise; risk levels; assumptions and priorities; changes in legislation and policy; and
organizational structures.
The process to evaluate plans should include evacuation exercises to identify the effectiveness of the plans
and engagement with colleagues, senior practitioners and external subject matter experts. The process
should assess the completeness of the plans, identify good practice, share reusable materials and seek
continual improvement.
Reviews of training, exercises, and actual incidents should be conducted to consolidate and enhance learning.
Operational logs can be used to enable rigorous post-action review and improve plans in alignment with good
practice. Lessons can also be learned from a range of international incidents and post-action reviews.
5 Prepare the public to react appropriately
5.1 Introduction
A plan on how to prepare the public should be available. The plan should include providing information to the
public about what can happen in the event of a mass evacuation and what they are expected to do to prepare
for an evacuation.
This clause describes:
 Identifying how the public can prepare for mass evacuation (5.2);
 the use of information when developing plans (5.3);
 identifying key characteristics of the population (5.4);
 products, services and activities that can improve preparedness (5.5);
 reducing barriers to mass evacuation preparedness (5.6); and
 disseminating information to social groups (5.7).

5.2 Identify how the public can prepare for mass evacuation
The expectations and responsibilities for the public to prepare for a mass evacuation should be formally
identified, documented and communicated to them. Consideration should be given regarding what knowledge
the public should have and the behaviours that they can exhibit.
Measurable objectives should be established that outline the desired changes in behaviour, knowledge and
preparations for those at risk. These objectives can be used to assess the impact of planning on these
aspects and identify when they have been optimized. When setting a measurable objective, consideration
should be given to the:
 desired behaviour or knowledge regarding preparations e.g. collecting personal emergency supplies,
and knowing where to evacuate;

 desired change in behaviours and knowledge based on established targets; and

 the period in which the change should occur, for example, with a year.

EXAMPLE An example of a measurable objective is to increase the percentage of the public who have created an
emergency kit by 5% in the next 18 months. In this example, the desired preparedness behaviour is the creation of an
emergency kit, the desired change is an increase of 5% and the time period by when the change should have occurred is
18 months.
5.3 Use research findings when developing plans
To gain a better understanding of the public’s preparedness, existing information should be reviewed and
additional research conducted. These activities can help:
 determine existing levels of public preparedness;
8 © ISO 2013 – All rights reserved

ISO/CD 22315
 identify barriers to preparing that are perceived by the public;
 improve the public’s perceptions of the benefits of preparing;
 identify the public’s information and communication needs;
 ascertain the public’s expectations of the government and non-governmental organizations;
 gauge the level of public confidence in government and other emergency organizations; and
 evaluate and implement new research findings.

When new research findings are available, the objectives set (see 5.2) should be reviewed to ensure they are
realistic.
5.4 Identify key characteristics of the population
5.4.1 General
Appropriate communication methods should be used to reach groups within an affected area. Not all public or
social groups need the same information and they can require special communication methods to help ensure
it is provided in a way that considers their particular needs. For this reason, key social groups should be
identified (5.4.2) and their needs evaluated (5.4.3).
5.4.2 Identify population characteristics
The types of community members and visitors should be identified based on their characteristics (see Table 1).
Table 1 – Characteristics of the public
Characteristic Potential considerations
Age Producing communications materials tailored to different age groups - for example,
using pictures for young children, larger text for older adults, and social media to
reach teenagers and young adults
Culture Delivering advice and producing materials that are aware of cultural sensitivities
Duration in the area (permanent Targeting members of the public that are in the area for a fixed duration of time.
resident or in the area for a fixed Disseminating communications materials in the main transport hubs (for commuters),
duration of time) hotels and information centres (for tourists), universities and colleges (for students)
and key businesses (for employees and customers)
Economic Providing information in ways that are accessible to different economic groups
Gender Producing communications that reflect different gender needs and expectations
Language spoken Producing communications in different languages and for different levels of literacy
Location and proximity to the risk Producing different hazard maps for different geographic areas
Mobility & transportation Providing people who have additional mobility or transportation needs with
information and services to support them during an evacuation
Occupational obligations People with responsibilities and obligations related to their occupations can have
particular needs during an evacuation. For example, farmers could require
information on what to do with their livestock during a mass evacuation. Employees
involved in the provision of essential services such as fire fighters and health
professionals
Political affiliations Producing communication tailored to different political affiliations e.g. who and where
information is coming from
Religion Producing communication tailored to the needs of different religions
Vulnerability Providing vulnerable persons with information services available to support them
during an evacuation. For example, people with hearing difficulties could be warned
by text messaging
ISO/CD 22315
5.4.3 Evaluate each identified social group
All potential groups should be identified and evaluated to identify those that may need special attention and
support. This evaluation can include:
 size - given that larger target groups can require more resources;
 existing levels of preparedness - determined by the number of people in each specific target group;
 t
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22315
First edition
2014-12-01
Societal security — Mass evacuation
— Guidelines for planning
Sécurité sociétale — Évacuation de masse — Lignes directrices pour
la planification
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General aspects for mass evacuation planning . 2
4.1 Introduction . 2
4.2 Risk assessment . 2
4.3 Compliance with legislation and policies . 3
4.4 Information gathering and analysis . 3
4.5 Planning operational resource allocation . 4
4.6 Planning and documenting processes . 4
4.7 Effective multi-agency partnering arrangements . 4
4.8 Training and exercising . 5
5 Prepare the public for mass evacuation. 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Identify how the public can prepare for mass evacuation . 6
5.3 Use research findings when developing plans . 7
5.4 Identify key characteristics of the population . 7
5.5 Evaluate each identified social group . 8
5.6 Introduce products, services, and activities which improve preparedness . 8
5.7 Reduce barriers to preparing for mass evacuation . 8
6 Visualize the areas that are at risk or affected . 9
6.1 General . 9
6.2 Map data about the area that is at risk or affected . 9
6.3 Types of information to capture on maps.10
6.4 Ensure the compatibility of data to build maps .10
7 Make the evacuation decision .10
7.1 General .10
7.2 Develop an evacuation decision-making process .11
7.2.1 Evacuation activation points .11
7.3 Use evacuation objectives .11
7.4 Resolve conflicting evacuation objectives .12
7.5 Identify information needed to order an evacuation .13
7.6 Ensure that decision-makers have access to needed information .13
7.7 Identify factors that drive decisions for specific risks .13
7.8 Developing a system to track and log decisions made.13
8 Public warning .14
8.1 General .14
8.2 Systems to warn and inform the public .14
8.3 Promote a community-based warning system .14
8.4 Protocols for communication with various stakeholders .15
8.4.1 The public .15
8.4.2 Special facilities.16
8.5 Design and test a template for the warning message .16
8.6 Analyse the anticipated time to warn the public .17
9 Analyse evacuee movement .17
9.1 General .17
9.2 Understand potential population movement .17
9.3 Understand evacuees’ transportation behaviour .18
9.4 Identify demand and availability of the transport network .18
9.5 Identify transport performance measures and targets .19
9.6 Analyse transport strategies and policies .19
9.7 Communicate transport information to the public .20
10 Assess evacuee shelter requirements .20
10.1 General .20
10.2 Estimate shelter demand .20
10.3 Identify suitable shelters .21
10.4 Establish shelter agreements .21
10.5 Analyse shelter availability during the incident .21
10.6 Manage evacuee registration and support services .22
10.7 Organize shelter supplies and mutual aid .22
10.8 Develop a safe return plan .22
11 Evaluate and continually improve .23
Bibliography .24
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 223, Societal security.
Introduction
This International Standard provides guidance on planning for mass evacuation. An evacuation in
response to a risk or threat is the movement of people from a designated area. In this context a mass
evacuation is characterized by the need for multi-agency collaboration and resources. Typically this
involves a larger number of people or wider area at risk. It is difficult to define mass evacuation in terms
of numbers or scale because disasters, communities and responder capabilities differ. However, it can
be considered in terms of the number of evacuees exceeding an everyday scale of response such as the
evacuation of a city, region or large populated area.
The need for evacuation can arise from naturally occurring events, human induced events (both
intentional and unintentional) and events caused by technological failures. Some events require an
immediate evacuation while others give advanced warning.
Effective planning is important to help save human life and reduce suffering. Planning helps to deliver
an effective response and is part of emergency management. This International Standard provides
guidance for developing mass evacuation plans, supporting decision-making, increasing the potential
for an effective response, and strengthening preparedness of the public and organizations. It also
recognizes that there are barriers that could hinder people from evacuating, such as concern for pets,
valuable possessions or items that sustain livelihoods.
This International Standard is intended for use by those responsible for establishing mass evacuation
plans as well as preparing locations to receive evacuees on a mass scale. It includes the following eight
activities that also provide the structure to the eight clauses in this International Standard (Clauses 4 to
11), the order of which does not necessarily suggest a sequence.
Table 1 — Clauses 4-11 in this International Standard
General aspects for mass evacuation planning (Clause 4)
Prepare Visualize the Make the Public Analyse Assess Evaluate and
the public areas that evacuation warning evacuee evacuee continually
for mass are at risk decision (Clause 8) movement shelter improve
evacuation or affected (Clause 7) (Clause 9) requirements (Clause 11)
(Clause 5) (Clause 6) (Clause 10)
Table 1 illustrates that there are some general aspects for mass evacuation planning (Clause 4) (for
example, risk assessment and exercising) and these support the provisions contained in Clauses 5 to 11.
A plan to prepare the public to react effectively (Clause 5) and a plan to understand and visualize an area
at risk and/or an affected area (Clause 6) provide decision-makers with information to enable them to
decide whether to call for an evacuation. A plan to make the decision to call for an evacuation (Clause 7)
aims to ensure that the decision-making process, objectives and participants are appropriate. A plan to
warn the public of the need to react as advised (Clause 8) considers protocols for communication and
community-based warning systems. Plans also consider the analysis of evacuee movement to an area of
safety (Clause 9), for example, to understand transportation needs, demands and availability. Plans also
aim to assess evacuee shelter requirements (Clause 10). For example, they can identify the demand for
shelters and establish agreements to provide shelters. A plan for evaluating and continually improving
evacuation plans (Clause 11) concludes this International Standard.
While this International Standard recognizes the importance of stabilizing the affected area after an
evacuation, as well as the importance of protecting property and preserving the environment, these
aspects are not its main focus.
vi © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22315:2014(E)
Societal security — Mass evacuation — Guidelines for
planning
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidelines for mass evacuation planning in terms of establishing,
implementing, monitoring, evaluating, reviewing and improving preparedness. It establishes a
framework for each activity in mass evacuation planning for all identified hazards. It will help
organizations to develop plans that are evidence-based and that can be evaluated for their effectiveness.
This International Standard is intended for use by organizations with responsibility for, or involvement in,
part or all of the planning for mass evacuation. It is applicable to all types and sizes of organizations that are
involved in the planning for mass evacuation, such as local, regional, and national governments; statutory
bodies; international and non-governmental organizations; businesses; and public and social groups.
This International Standard covers planning for mass evacuation in order to gain a more effective
response during the actual evacuation. It will assist organizations to meet their obligation of saving
human life and reducing suffering.
This International Standard does not cover activities to stabilize the affected area after an evacuation,
protect property and preserve the environment.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 22300, Societal security — Terminology
ISO 22320, Societal security — Emergency management — Requirements for incident response
ISO 22322, Societal Security — Emergency management — Public warning
ISO 22398, Societal security — Guidelines for exercises
ISO 31000, Risk management — Principles and guidelines
ISO/IEC 31010, Risk management — Risk assessment techniques
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 22300 and the following apply:
3.1
incident management system
system that defines the roles and responsibilities of personnel and the operating procedures to be used
in the management of incidents
3.2
preparedness
knowledge and capacities developed to effectively anticipate, respond to, and recover from the impact
of likely imminent or current hazard events or conditions
3.3
community-based warning system
method to communicate information to the public through established networks
3.4
area at risk
location that could be affected by a disaster
Note 1 to entry: The term is more relevant to preventative evacuations
3.5
affected area
location that has been impacted by a disaster
Note 1 to entry: The term is more relevant to immediate evacuations
4 General aspects for mass evacuation planning
4.1 Introduction
The organization should develop, implement and document transparent decision-making processes,
some of which are common across all activities for mass evacuation planning. Clause 4 details planning
issues which are common across Clauses 5 to 11, including:
— risk assessment (4.2);
— compliance with legislations and policies (4.3);
— information gathering and analysis (4.4);
— planning operational resource allocation (4.5);
— planning and documenting processes (4.6);
— effective multi-agency partnering arrangements (4.7);
— training and exercising (4.8).
4.2 Risk assessment
The organization should develop processes for risk management which includes performing a risk
assessment in accordance with ISO 31000 and ISO/IEC 31010. The risk assessments should be:
— strategic (determining the risks associated with when to order an evacuation) or tactical (deciding
to evacuate an area with a high proportion of vulnerable people, thereby creating a higher risk of
being unable to evacuate them in time);
— conducted for specific locations (including the shelter area);
— conducted for known risks and their different evacuation scenarios;
— conducted before, during and after an evacuation to understand how the situation changes over
time in terms of the hazard, population, infrastructure and transportation;
— used to influence resource management and the evacuation response;
— updated during an incident as new data are received from different sources.
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

4.3 Compliance with legislation and policies
The organization should be aware of all applicable legislation and relevant policies and develop plans for
mass evacuation that are consistent with their requirements.
The organization should use applicable legislation and policies operating at international, national,
regional and local levels. These should:
— be used to plan for mass evacuation and inform the plans, activities, decisions and models developed;
— be consulted to understand what can and cannot be done to protect the public;
— consider situations where people decide not to evacuate and to determine the risks;
— consider the responsibilities of different organizations during a mass evacuation and the regulations
that govern these organizations;
— be used to document and demonstrate how to limit the organization’s liability and the damage to
its reputation;
— be monitored regularly as part of the planning process to identify changes that could affect the
mass evacuation plan.
4.4 Information gathering and analysis
The organization should gather information from multiple sources of planning information and consider
the value of each aspect. The information gathered should include the following:
— the demographics of people in an area at risk;
— the proportion of people who would take their own evacuation transport;
— the people who would use evacuation shelters.
The organization should assess the quality of information gathered, determine its reliability and
potential long and short-term consequences, and its influence on the evacuation decision, using the
following criteria:
— the frequency with which the information is updated;
— the source of the information;
— the methods used to gather the information;
— the level of detail available in the information.
The organization should assess the reliability and credibility of information in accordance with the
procedure in ISO 22320.
The organization should use existing or new research information to enable an evidence-based approach
to mass evacuation planning. Sources of existing research can include the following:
— academic research;
— pre-evacuation and post-evacuation surveys;
— practitioner reports;
— post-disaster reports;
— post-exercise reports;
— publications and websites from past projects, research and professional and government
organizations.
New research can provide situation-specific information to support evidence-based plans and decisions.
The organization and partnering organizations should use reasonable and worst-case scenario
simulations to analyse information to understand what might happen when assumptions about a
disaster change.
The organization should permit direct access to simulation models in order to update the assumptions
and information and re-run scenarios.
4.5 Planning operational resource allocation
The organization should consider during the preparation phase what constitutes an appropriate
response and what human and technical resources should be available both in the evacuation area and
the areas that could receive evacuees.
The organization should identify the resources required to assist the evacuation. For example:
— personnel and their capabilities;
— logistics and equipment capabilities;
— transportation;
— shelter provision.
The organization should conduct a rapid needs assessment and prioritization in the response phase to
determine what resources are required to adequately support a mass evacuation.
4.6 Planning and documenting processes
The organization should establish a formal process to set operational targets and measure their
achievement in response to an evacuation order.
The process should be included in the formal plans and integrated with contingency plans. Formal plans
should include the following:
— a documented strategy to disseminate a warning message;
— ways to prepare organizations that manage evacuations and prepare the public;
— planning processes and procedures integrated into the organization’s management system so that
plans are regularly reviewed and updated.
Organizations and partnering organizations should become familiar with each other’s plans, identify
any conflicts, understand how the plans relate and interact and provide for an integrated response.
4.7 Effective multi-agency partnering arrangements
The organization should identify other organizations and groups to participate in a multi-agency
partnership. The multi-agency partnership should specify the delegation of authority to improve the
breadth, depth and efficiency of the planning process and reduce barriers to collaboration when a multi-
agency response is required. Engagement can take the form of consultation, participation and support.
Partnering organizations can include the following:
— fire, police and paramedic services as well as other emergency response departments;
— military services;
4 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

— critical infrastructure facilities (in the area at risk and the surrounding regions);
— environmental and local government officials;
— domain experts, such as nuclear experts and seismologists;
— non-governmental organizations;
— local media and communications;
— representatives of the population (see Table 2).
Effective multi-agency partnering arrangements should include the following:
— designation of a lead organization allowing the partners to speak with a consistent voice;
— an incident management system;
— terms of reference, roles and responsibilities, a planning process and a mechanism for resolving
conflicts among the partnering organizations;
— coordination of mass evacuation planning;
— options for mutual aid;
— regular multi-agency meetings to discuss plans and share good practice;
— periodic review of the partnership and plans to confirm the effectiveness of the partnership and to
identify additional planning needs and new partners.
Each organization in the multi-agency partnership should have the ability to independently analyse
received data to address their specific questions.
The organization should establish partnering arrangements in accordance with the procedure in ISO 22397.
4.8 Training and exercising
The organization should make training and exercising an integral component of the planning process.
Training and exercises should include opportunities to:
— practice communication procedures;
— measure operational capabilities;
— test equipment such as decontamination systems;
— train new staff;
— coordinate with non-governmental and humanitarian organizations;
— communicate with citizen representatives.
All levels of staff should be trained to achieve:
— a basic understanding of each stage of the mass evacuation planning process;
— specialist skills needed for their roles. For example, providing psycho-social support;
— knowledge for responding to different types of incidents.
Exercises can be used to train staff to respond to a variety of scenarios and test aspects of preparedness,
including the following:
— communication with the public and key businesses;
— the efficiency of multi-agency coordination;
— telecommunications systems for warning dissemination;
— transportation of evacuees;
— support for vulnerable persons in an area;
— evacuation signs and evacuation routes;
— shelter identification and operation to permit suppliers to source and deliver necessary resources
to the shelters.
Organizations should employ a multi-agency approach to training and exercising the public to provide a
single consistent message across different response agencies.
The organization should conduct exercises in accordance with the procedure in ISO 22398.
5 Prepare the public for mass evacuation
5.1 General
The organization should develop a plan to inform the public on how to prepare and respond in the event
of a mass evacuation. This clause describes how to:
— identify how the public can prepare for mass evacuation (5.2);
— use research findings when developing plans (5.3);
— identify key characteristics of the population (5.4);
— evaluate each identified social group (5.5);
— introduce products, services and activities which improve preparedness (5.6);
— reduce barriers to preparing for mass evacuation (5.7).
5.2 Identify how the public can prepare for mass evacuation
The organization should identify, document and communicate the expectations and responsibilities
that the public have to prepare themselves for during a mass evacuation. It should also consider what
knowledge the public should have and the behaviours they should be expected to exhibit.
The organization should establish measurable objectives that outline the desired changes in behaviour,
knowledge and preparation for those at risk and use these objectives to assess the impact of planning
and identify when they have been optimized.
When setting measurable objectives, consideration should be given to the following:
— desired behaviour or knowledge regarding preparations (e.g. collecting personal emergency
supplies and knowing where to evacuate to);
— desired change in behaviours and knowledge based on established targets;
— specific time period in which the change should occur;
— review of new research findings to ensure that the objectives are realistic.
6 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

5.3 Use research findings when developing plans
The organization should review existing information and conduct additional research to:
— determine existing levels and gain a better understanding of the public’s preparedness;
— identify the public’s perception of the benefits and barriers to preparing;
— identify the public’s information and communication needs;
— ascertain the public’s expectations of, and level of confidence in government and non-government
organizations as well as other emergency organizations;
— evaluate and implement new research findings.
5.4 Identify key characteristics of the population
The organization should identify key social groups, evaluate their needs and use appropriate
communication methods to reach all groups within an affected area or area at risk. Not all public or
social groups with particular characteristics need the same information and some require special
communication methods based on their particular needs.
Table 2 — Characteristics of the public
Characteristic Potential considerations
Age Producing communications materials tailored to different age groups. For
example, using pictures for young children, larger text for older adults and
social media to reach teenagers and young adults.
Culture Delivering advice and producing materials that take into account cultural
sensitivities.
Duration in the area (perma- Targeting members of the public that are in the area for a fixed duration of
nent resident or in the area for a time. Disseminating communications materials in the main transport hubs
fixed duration of time) (for commuters), hotels and information centres (for tourists), universities
and colleges (for students) and key businesses (for employees and customers).
Socio-economic Providing information in ways that are accessible to different socio-economic
groups.
Gender Producing communications that reflect different gender needs and expecta-
tions.
Language spoken Producing communications in different languages and for different levels of
literacy.
Location and proximity to the Producing different hazard maps for different geographic areas.
risk
Mobility and transportation Providing people who need mobility or transportation support with informa-
tion and services to aid them during an evacuation.
Occupational obligations People with responsibilities and obligations related to their occupations
can have particular needs during an evacuation. For example, farmers could
require information on what to do with their livestock during a mass evacua-
tion.
Political affiliations Producing communication tailored to different political affiliations.
Religion Producing communication tailored to the needs of different religions.
Vulnerability Providing vulnerable persons with information services available to support
them during an evacuation. For example, people with hearing difficulties
could be warned by text message.
5.5 Evaluate each identified social group
The organization should identify and evaluate those groups potentially needing special attention and
support.
This evaluation should include the following:
— the size of the group, as larger target groups can require more resources;
— existing levels of preparedness determined by the number of people in each specific target group
who have created an evacuation plan;
— the ease with which each target group can be reached, recognizing that it can be more difficult to
reach housebound people or those without access to communication networks;
— the cost of reaching each target group as there is a higher cost of tailoring communications materials
to different audiences, such as those who do not speak the national language;
— the attitude of each group to evacuation and shelter;
— the organization’s capabilities to evacuate target groups based on their existing resources and expertise.
Once social groups have been identified, the organization should review the objectives to ensure that
they are realistic.
5.6 Introduce products, services, and activities which improve preparedness
The organization should consider, based on information about social groups, the provision of products,
services, and activities including the following:
— a list of personal supplies and products for evacuation, such as a first aid kit, medication, and
medical supplies;
— warning and informing services;
— risk assessment information to help enable the public to understand the risks and establish their
own personal plans;
— information centres and displays;
— workshops and information sessions on local hazards and threats;
— internet-based services and websites for the public to monitor the activity of specific hazards;
— educational computer software and computer games on evacuation.
5.7 Reduce barriers to preparing for mass evacuation
The organization should consider ways to reduce possible barriers, and the activity and effort required
from the public to prepare for, and participate in, a mass evacuation. Barriers can be financial,
psychological, religious and time-related.
The organization should conduct research to identify what the public perceive as the main obstacles to
preparing, make decisions on how to reduce or eliminate these obstacles, and identify methods to help the
public to prepare and be involved in preparing for mass evacuation. Methods can include the following:
— providing clear information sources and checklists on how to prepare;
— involving the public in organizing and participating in mass evacuation exercises;
— engaging the public in designing and running information sessions.
8 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

When these activities are led by public representatives, it will help to ensure that the public retains
lessons learned and sustains the momentum generated.
6 Visualize the areas that are at risk or affected
6.1 General
The organization should consider how mapping and visualization technologies can be used when
planning for mass evacuation. For the area at risk or the affected area, Clause 6 describes the need to:
— map data about the area that is at risk or affected (6.2);
— consider types of information to capture on maps (6.3);
— ensure the compatibility of data to build maps (6.4).
Clause 6, when combined with Clause 4, aims to ensure that the visualized information shared among
the partners is of good quality, accessible and usable, interoperable, adheres to good practice for those
using it and is used.
6.2 Map data about the area that is at risk or affected
The organization should develop, use and maintain visualized information in every aspect of planning.
When developing maps, the organization should:
— identify users’ real-time information needs such as for transport networks and emergency
management resources;
— identify the type of information needed to prepare maps in advance of an incident;
— identify the new data to be collected during the incident to update maps;
— identify processes for collecting this new data;
— inform users of the limitations and strengths of the maps;
— ensure that personnel have the level of expertise required to use the tools in order to satisfy
operational requirements.
When using maps, the organization should:
— ensure the maps help visualize the area that is at risk or affected;
— ensure that systems are compatible with geographic information systems (GIS) where possible, so
that simulations and analyses can be conducted;
— make the results of simulations available to decision-makers;
— make the underlying data and the appropriate tools available to partnering organizations;
— plan to make maps available to relevant partner organizations at short notice during mass evacuation.
When maintaining maps, the organization should:
— keep maps updated in real-time with available information received from responders and social
media, including:
— an overview of the area used for planning purposes or of the areas that are at risk or affected;
— the locations of emergency management and other related resources;
— action-specific information that can be provided to appropriate organizations;
— ensure that maps are time-stamped;
— involve all partner organizations in updating their information.
6.3 Types of information to capture on maps
Maps should include visualized information on the location as well as other information about the items
listed. The different types of information that can be visualized include the following:
— settled population densities including those who speak a foreign language;
— transient population densities, such as tourists;
— built environment including transport networks;
— topography of the natural environment;
— emergency resources, such as police and fire personnel;
— facilities that require special consideration, such as medical, educational and correctional facilities;
— critical infrastructure such as electricity sub-stations, power plants and water providers;
— emergency evacuation shelters and areas of safety;
— types of land use, for example, livestock farming.
6.4 Ensure the compatibility of data to build maps
The organization should:
— seek the input of data from partnering organizations into a common system so that compatibility
problems are not experienced across systems;
— assign, manage and use data from partnering organizations, such as utility companies and local
authorities to build detailed maps to visualize the area;
— combine information from all partners and sources to map all visualized data to ensure it is compatible;
— encourage partnering organizations to use the same database and geographic information system
to enable information sharing.
7 Make the evacuation decision
7.1 General
The organization should identify a process to help decision-makers be well prepared to order and
implement an evacuation. Clause 7 describes the process as follows:
— develop an evacuation decision-making process (7.2);
— use evacuation objectives (7.3);
— resolve conflicting evacuation objectives (7.4);
— identify information needed to order an evacuation (7.5)
— ensure that decision-makers have access to needed information (7.6);
— identify factors that drive decisions for specific risks (7.7);
10 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

— develop a system to track and log decisions made (7.8).
The organization should adopt a structure for decision-making in emergencies in accordance with
1)
ISO 22322 and conduct risk assessments when preparing for an evacuation decision in accordance
with ISO 31000 and ISO/IEC 31010.
7.2 Develop an evacuation decision-making process
The organization should:
— identify a person responsible for its evacuation decision-making process and describe the decision-
making structure of partnering organizations so that each organization’s responsibilities are
clearly understood;
— base the decision-making process on an incident management system to ensure that the roles and
responsibilities are clearly defined;
— establish an explicit process for evacuation decision-making within existing command and control
arrangements and communicate it across all relevant partnering organizations;
— familiarize partnering organizations with the decision-making process for the emergency scenarios
in which they would participate.
The decision-making process should be:
— incorporated into policies;
— supported by organizations’ internal processes and protocols;
— routinely reviewed and updated;
— known to those who make evacuation decisions;
— transparent to all partnering organizations;
— flexible to permit change in response to scenarios or hazard or threat intensities;
— incorporate the results of risk assess
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 22315
Première édition
2014-12-01
Sécurité sociétale — Évacuation de
masse — Lignes directrices pour la
planification
Societal security — Mass evacuation — Guidelines for planning
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2014
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2014
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Genève
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Web: www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .v
Introduction .vi
1 Domaine d'application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 1
4 Aspects généraux relatifs à la planification d'une évacuation de masse .2
4.1 Introduction . 2
4.2 Évaluation des risques. 2
4.3 Conformité avec la législation et les politiques . . 3
4.4 Collecte et analyse d'informations . 3
4.5 Planification de l'allocation des ressources opérationnelles . 4
4.6 Processus de planification et de documentation . 4
4.7 Accords de partenariat multiorganisme efficaces . 5
4.8 Formation et exercices . 5
5 Préparer la population à une évacuation de masse . 6
5.1 Généralités . 6
5.2 Identifier comment la population peut se préparer en vue d'une évacuation de masse . 7
5.3 Utiliser les résultats issus de la recherche lors de l'élaboration des plans . 7
5.4 Identifier les caractéristiques clés de la population . 7
5.5 Évaluer chaque groupe social identifié . 8
5.6 Mettre en place des produits, des services et des activités qui améliorent la préparation . 9
5.7 Réduire les obstacles à la préparation de l'évacuation de masse . 9
6 Visualiser les zones qui sont à risque ou affectées . 9
6.1 Généralités . 9
6.2 Cartographier les données relatives à la zone qui est à risque ou affectée .10
6.3 Types d'informations devant figurer sur les cartes .11
6.4 Garantir la compatibilité des données pour la conception de cartes.11
7 Prendre la décision de l'évacuation .11
7.1 Généralités .11
7.2 Élaborer un processus décisionnel d'évacuation .12
7.2.1 Points d'activation d'une évacuation .12
7.3 Utiliser des objectifs d'évacuation .12
7.4 Résoudre les objectifs d'évacuation contradictoires .13
7.5 Identifier les informations nécessaires au lancement de l'ordre d'évacuation .14
7.6 Garantir que les décideurs ont accès aux informations nécessaires .14
7.7 Identifier les facteurs qui régissent les décisions relatives à des risques spécifiques .14
7.8 Mettre au point un système permettant de suivre et de consigner les décisions prises .15
8 Alerter la population .15
8.1 Généralités .15
8.2 Systèmes permettant d'alerter et d'informer la population .15
8.3 Promouvoir un système d'alerte communautaire .16
8.4 Protocoles de communication avec les diverses parties prenantes .17
8.4.1 La population .17
8.4.2 Installations spécifiques .17
8.5 Conception et test d'un modèle de message d'alerte .17
8.6 Analyser le délai d'anticipation pour alerter la population .18
9 Analyser les déplacements des personnes évacuées .19
9.1 Généralités .19
9.2 Comprendre les déplacements possibles de la population .19
9.3 Comprendre les habitudes de transport des personnes évacuées .19
9.4 Identifier la demande et la disponibilité des réseaux de transport .20
9.5 Identifier les mesures et les objectifs en matière de performance des transports .21
9.6 Analyser les politiques et stratégies de transport .21
9.7 Communiquer les informations relatives aux transports auprès de la population .22
10 Évaluer les besoins en hébergement des personnes évacuées .22
10.1 Généralités .22
10.2 Estimer les besoins en hébergement .22
10.3 Identifier les hébergements adéquats .23
10.4 Conclure des accords relatifs aux hébergements .23
10.5 Analyser la disponibilité des hébergements durant l'incident .23
10.6 Gérer les services d'enregistrement des personnes évacuées et les services d'assistance 24
10.7 Organiser le ravitaillement et l'aide mutuelle .24
10.8 Élaborer un plan de retour sûr.25
11 Évaluer et améliorer de façon continue .25
Bibliographie .26
iv © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux.
L'ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier de prendre note des différents
critères d'approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/directives).
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l'élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l'Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l'ISO (voir www .iso .org/brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l'intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la signification des termes et expressions spécifiques de l'ISO liés à
l'évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l'adhésion de l'ISO aux principes
de l'OMC concernant les obstacles techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: Avant-propos —
Informations supplémentaires.
Le comité chargé de l’élaboration du présent document est l'ISO/TC 223, Sécurité sociétale.
Introduction
La présente Norme internationale fournit des préconisations relatives à la planification en vue
d'une évacuation de masse. Une évacuation en réponse à un risque ou à une menace correspond au
déplacement des personnes se trouvant dans une zone désignée. Dans ce contexte, une évacuation
de masse se caractérise par la nécessité d'une collaboration et de ressources multiorganismes. Cela
implique en général un nombre plus élevé de personnes ou une zone à risque plus étendue. Il est
difficile de définir l'évacuation de masse en termes de nombre ou d'échelle, car les catastrophes, les
communautés et les capacités des intervenants varient. Elle peut cependant être envisagée en termes
de nombre de personnes évacuées dépassant une échelle de réponse quotidienne, telle que l'évacuation
d'une ville, d'une région ou d'une grande zone peuplée.
La nécessité d'une évacuation peut découler d'événements naturels, d'événements induits par l'homme
(intentionnels ou non) et d'événements provoqués par des défaillances techniques. Certains événements
exigent une évacuation immédiate tandis que d'autres nécessitent une alerte préalable.
Une planification efficace est importante pour aider à sauver des vies humaines et à réduire les
souffrances. Une planification aide à fournir une réponse efficace et fait partie de la gestion des
situations d'urgence. La présente Norme internationale fournit des préconisations pour l'élaboration
de plans d'évacuation de masse, le soutien à la prise de décisions, l'augmentation de la probabilité
d'une réponse efficace, et le renforcement de la préparation de la population et des organismes. Elle
reconnaît également qu'il existe des obstacles qui pourraient empêcher des personnes de procéder à
une évacuation, tels que l'importance accordée aux animaux de compagnie, aux objets de valeur ou aux
moyens de subsistance.
La présente Norme internationale est destinée à être utilisée par les personnes chargées d'élaborer
des plans d'évacuation de masse et de préparer les sites permettant d'accueillir les personnes évacuées
à grande échelle. Elle inclut les huit activités suivantes qui fournissent également la structure des
huit articles de la présente Norme internationale (Articles 4 à 11), dont la liste ne sous-entend pas
nécessairement un ordre.
Tableau 1 — Articles 4 à 11 de la présente Norme internationale
Aspects généraux relatifs à la planification d'une évacuation de masse (Article 4)
Préparer la Visualiser Prendre la Alerter la Analyser les Évaluer les Évaluer et
population à les zones qui décision de population déplacements besoins en améliorer de
une évacua- sont à risque l'évacuation (Article 8) des personnes hébergement façon continue
tion de masse ou affectées (Article 7) évacuées des personnes (Article 11)
(Article 5) (Article 6) (Article 9) évacuées
(Article 10)
Le Tableau 1 montre qu'il existe certains aspects généraux relatifs à la planification d'une évacuation de
masse (Article 4) (par exemple: évaluation des risques et exercices) et que ceux-ci apportent leur soutien
aux dispositions contenues dans les Articles 5 à 11. Un plan destiné à préparer la population afin qu'elle
réagisse efficacement (Article 5) et un plan destiné à comprendre et à visualiser une zone à risque et/ou
une zone affectée (Article 6) fournissent aux décideurs des informations qui leur permettent de décider
s'ils doivent ou non ordonner une évacuation. Un plan permettant de décider d'ordonner une évacuation
(Article 7) vise à garantir que le processus décisionnel, ses objectifs et ses participants sont appropriés.
Un plan destiné à avertir la population de la nécessité de réagir tel que conseillé (Article 8) prend en
compte les protocoles de communication et les systèmes d'alerte communautaires. Les plans tiennent
également compte de l'analyse des déplacements des personnes évacuées vers une zone sûre (Article 9),
par exemple pour comprendre les besoins, exigences et disponibilités en matière de transports. Les
plans visent également à évaluer les besoins en hébergement des personnes évacuées (Article 10). Par
exemple, ils peuvent identifier les demandes d'hébergement et conclure des accords pour la fourniture
de ces hébergements. Un plan pour l'évaluation et l'amélioration continue des plans d'évacuation
(Article 11) conclut la présente Norme internationale.
vi © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

Bien que la présente Norme internationale reconnaisse l'importance de la stabilisation de la zone
affectée après une évacuation, ainsi que l'importance de la protection des biens et de la préservation de
l'environnement, ces questions ne constituent pas son objectif principal.
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 22315:2014(F)
Sécurité sociétale — Évacuation de masse — Lignes
directrices pour la planification
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale fournit des lignes directrices pour la planification d'une évacuation
de masse en termes d'élaboration, de mise en œuvre, de contrôle, d'évaluation, de revue et d'amélioration
de la préparation. Elle établit un cadre pour chacune des activités de planification d'une évacuation de
masse pour tous les dangers identifiés. Elle aidera les organismes à élaborer des plans étayés par des
preuves scientifiques et dont l'efficacité peut être évaluée.
La présente Norme internationale est destinée à être utilisée par les organismes chargés de, ou
participant à, tout ou partie de la planification d'une évacuation de masse. Elle est applicable à tous les
types et toutes les tailles d'organismes impliqués dans la planification de l'évacuation de masse, tels que
les autorités locales, régionales et nationales, les organes statutaires, les organisations internationales
et non gouvernementales, les entreprises, ainsi que les groupes publics et sociaux.
La présente Norme internationale couvre la planification en vue d'une évacuation de masse afin
de permettre une réponse plus efficace durant l'évacuation elle-même. Elle aidera les organismes à
répondre à leur obligation de préservation des vies humaines et de réduction des souffrances.
La présente Norme internationale ne couvre pas les activités destinées à stabiliser la zone affectée
après une évacuation, à protéger les biens et à préserver l'environnement.
2 Références normatives
Les documents ci-après, dans leur intégralité ou non, sont des références normatives indispensables à
l’application du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les
références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
ISO 22300, Sécurité et résilience — Vocabulaire
ISO 22320, Sécurité et résilience — Gestion des urgences — Lignes directrices pour la gestion des incidents
ISO 22322, Sécurité sociétale — Gestion des urgences — Mises en garde de la population
ISO 22398, Sécurité sociétale — Lignes directrices pour exercice
ISO 31000, Management du risque — Lignes directrices
IEC 31010, Gestion des risques — Techniques d’évaluation des risques
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 22300 ainsi que les
suivants s'appliquent.
3.1
système de gestion des incidents
système qui définit les rôles et les responsabilités du personnel et les procédures opérationnelles à
utiliser dans la gestion des incidents
3.2
préparation
connaissances et capacités acquises dans le but d'anticiper, de répondre à et de se rétablir efficacement
de l'impact des conditions ou événements dangereux(-reuses) actuel(le)s ou imminent(e)s susceptibles
de se produire
3.3
système d'alerte communautaire
méthode permettant de communiquer des informations à la population par le biais de réseaux établis
3.4
zone à risque
emplacement pouvant être touché par une catastrophe
Note 1 à l'article: Ce terme est plus pertinent pour les évacuations préventives
3.5
zone affectée
emplacement qui a été touché par une catastrophe
Note 1 à l'article: Ce terme est plus pertinent pour les évacuations immédiates
4 Aspects généraux relatifs à la planification d'une évacuation de masse
4.1 Introduction
Il convient que l'organisme élabore, mette en œuvre et documente des processus décisionnels
transparents, dont certains sont communs à toutes les activités de planification d’une évacuation
de masse. L'Article 4 détaille les problèmes de planification qui sont communs aux Articles 5 à 11,
notamment:
— l'évaluation des risques (4.2);
— la conformité avec la législation et les politiques (4.3);
— la collecte et l'analyse d'informations (4.4);
— la planification de l'allocation des ressources opérationnelles (4.5);
— les processus de planification et de documentation (4.6);
— les accords de partenariat multiorganisme efficaces (4.7);
— la formation et les exercices (4.8).
4.2 Évaluation des risques
Il convient que l'organisme élabore des processus de management du risque qui incluent la réalisation
d'une évaluation des risques conformément à l'ISO 31000 et l'IEC 31010. Il convient que les évaluations
des risques soient:
— stratégiques (déterminer les risques associés au moment du lancement de l'ordre d'évacuation) ou
tactiques (décider d'évacuer une zone comptant une grande part de personnes vulnérables, et créer
ainsi un risque plus grand de ne pas les évacuer à temps);
— réalisées pour des emplacements spécifiques (y compris la zone d'hébergement);
— réalisées pour des risques connus et leurs différents scénarios d'évacuation;
— réalisées avant, pendant et après une évacuation afin de comprendre comment la situation évolue
dans le temps en termes de danger, de population, d'infrastructure et de transports;
2 © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

— utilisées pour influencer la gestion des ressources et l'évacuation elle-même;
— mises à jour durant un incident à mesure que parviennent de nouvelles données émanant de
différentes sources.
4.3 Conformité avec la législation et les politiques
Il convient que l'organisme ait connaissance de toutes les législations et politiques pertinentes
applicables et élabore des plans d'évacuation de masse conformes à ces exigences.
Il convient que l'organisme utilise la législation et les politiques applicables en vigueur au niveau
international, national, régional et local. Il convient:
— qu'elles soient utilisées pour planifier une évacuation de masse et pour informer des plans, des
activités, des décisions et des modèles élaborés;
— qu'elles soient consultées afin de comprendre ce qu'il est possible de faire ou ne pas faire pour
protéger la population;
— qu'elles tiennent compte des situations où des personnes décident de ne pas évacuer pour en
déterminer les risques;
— qu'elles tiennent compte des responsabilités de différents organismes durant une évacuation de
masse et des règlementations qui régissent ces organismes;
— qu'elles soient utilisées pour documenter et démontrer comment limiter la responsabilité de
l'organisme et les atteintes à sa réputation;
— qu'elles soient contrôlées régulièrement dans le cadre du processus de planification afin d'identifier
les changements qui pourraient avoir une incidence sur le plan d'évacuation de masse.
4.4 Collecte et analyse d'informations
Il convient que l'organisme recueille des informations auprès de multiples sources d'informations
relatives à la planification, et qu'il tienne compte de l'importance de chaque aspect. Il convient que les
informations recueillies comprennent les données suivantes:
— les caractéristiques démographiques des personnes se trouvant dans une zone à risque;
— la proportion de personnes qui prendraient leur propre moyen de transport pour l'évacuation;
— les personnes qui utiliseraient les hébergements mis à disposition suite à l'évacuation.
Il convient que l'organisme évalue la qualité des informations recueillies, établisse leur fiabilité et leurs
conséquences potentielles à court et long terme, ainsi que leur influence sur la décision d'évacuation, en
utilisant les critères suivants:
— la fréquence à laquelle les informations sont mises à jour;
— la source des informations;
— les méthodes utilisées pour recueillir les informations;
— le niveau de détail des informations.
Il convient que l'organisme évalue la fiabilité et la crédibilité des informations conformément à la
procédure décrite dans l'ISO 22320.
Il convient que l'organisme utilise des données existantes ou nouvelles issues de la recherche afin de
permettre d'appliquer à la planification d’une évacuation de masse une approche étayée par des preuves
scientifiques. Les sources de travaux de recherche peuvent comprendre les sources suivantes:
— recherche universitaire;
— enquêtes pré-évacuation et post-évacuation;
— guides opérationnels;
— rapports post-catastrophe;
— rapports post-exercice;
— publications et sites Internet de projets précédents, d'organismes de recherche, professionnels et
gouvernementaux.
De nouveaux travaux de recherche peuvent fournir des informations spécifiques à une situation donnée
permettant de développer des plans et décisions étayées par des preuves scientifiques.
Il convient que l'organisme et les organismes partenaires utilisent les simulations de scénarios
raisonnables et de scénarios catastrophes, afin d'en analyser les résultats et ainsi comprendre l’impact
du changement d’une hypothèse dans un scénario.
Il convient que l'organisme autorise l'accès direct aux modèles de simulation, afin de mettre à jour les
hypothèses et les informations et d'exécuter à nouveau les scénarios.
4.5 Planification de l'allocation des ressources opérationnelles
Il convient que l'organisme tienne compte, lors de la phase de préparation, de ce qui constitue une
réponse appropriée et de quelles ressources humaines et techniques il convient de disposer, tant dans
la zone d'évacuation que dans les zones qui pourraient recevoir des personnes évacuées.
Il convient que l'organisme identifie les ressources nécessaires pour faciliter l'évacuation. Par exemple:
— le personnel et ses compétences;
— la logistique et les capacités matérielles;
— le transport;
— la fourniture d’hébergements.
Il convient que l'organisme effectue une évaluation et une hiérarchisation rapides des besoins durant
la phase de réponse afin de déterminer quelles ressources sont nécessaires pour soutenir de façon
adéquate une évacuation de masse.
4.6 Processus de planification et de documentation
Il convient que l'organisme mette en place un processus officiel afin de définir des objectifs opérationnels
et de mesurer leur réalisation en réponse à un ordre d'évacuation.
Il convient que ce processus soit inclus dans les plans officiels et intégré aux plans de secours. Il convient
que les plans officiels incluent les éléments suivants:
— une stratégie documentée de diffusion d'un message d'alerte;
— des méthodes qui permettent de préparer les organismes qui gèrent les évacuations et de préparer
la population;
— des processus et procédures de planification intégrés dans le système de management de l'organisme
afin que les plans soient régulièrement revus et mis à jour.
4 © ISO 2014 – Tous droits réservés

Il convient que l'organisme et les organismes partenaires se familiarisent avec les plans des uns
et des autres, identifient les éventuels conflits, comprennent la façon dont les plans s'articulent et
interagissent, et prévoient une réponse intégrée.
4.7 Accords de partenariat multiorganisme efficaces
Il convient que l'organisme identifie d'autres organismes et groupes en vue d'organiser un partenariat
multiorganisme. Il convient que le partenariat multiorganisme spécifie la délégation de pouvoirs
afin d'améliorer l'étendue, la profondeur et l'efficacité du processus de planification, et de réduire les
obstacles à la collaboration lorsqu'une réponse multiorganisme est requise. L'interaction peut prendre
la forme de consultations, de participations et de soutiens.
Les organismes partenaires peuvent comprendre les organismes suivants:
— les services d'incendie, la police et les services paramédicaux ainsi que d'autres services
d'intervention d'urgence;
— l'armée;
— les infrastructures critiques (dans la zone à risque et les régions avoisinantes);
— les agents de l’État chargés de l'environnement et les agents des administrations locales;
— les experts, tels que les experts du nucléaire et les sismologues;
— les organisations non gouvernementales;
— les médias locaux et les opérateurs locaux de télécommunications;
— les représentants de la population (voir Tableau 2).
Il convient que les accords de partenariat multiorganisme efficaces incluent les éléments suivants:
— la désignation d'un organisme responsable permettant aux partenaires de parler d'une seule et
même voix;
— un système de gestion des incidents;
— des termes de référence, des rôles et responsabilités, un processus de planification et un mécanisme
de résolution des conflits entre les organismes partenaires;
— une coordination de la planification d’une évacuation de masse;
— des options en matière d'aide mutuelle;
— des réunions multiorganismes régulières permettant de discuter des plans et de partager les bonnes
pratiques;
— une revue périodique du partenariat et des plans pour confirmer l'efficacité du partenariat et
identifier les nouveaux partenaires et les besoins supplémentaires en matière de planification.
Il convient que chaque organisme participant au partenariat multiorganisme soit capable d'analyser de
façon indépendante les données reçues afin de répondre aux questions qui lui sont propres.
Il convient que l'organisme établisse des accords de partenariat conformément à la procédure décrite
dans l'ISO 22397.
4.8 Formation et exercices
Il convient que l'organisme fasse de la formation et des exercices une partie intégrante du processus de
planification.
Il convient que la formation et les exercices soient des opportunités pour:
— s'exercer aux procédures de communication;
— mesurer les capacités opérationnelles;
— tester les équipements, tel que les systèmes de décontamination;
— former de nouveaux membres du personnel;
— assurer une coordination avec les organisations non gouvernementales et humanitaires;
— communiquer avec les représentants de la population.
Il convient que le personnel de tous niveaux soit formé de manière à posséder:
— une compréhension de base de chaque étape du processus de planification d’une évacuation de masse;
— les compétences spécialisées nécessaires à son rôle. Par exemple: fournir un soutien psychosocial;
— des connaissances permettant de répondre à différents types d'incidents.
Les exercices peuvent être utilisés pour former le personnel à répondre à un éventail de scénarios et
tester différents aspects de la préparation, notamment les aspects suivants:
— la communication avec la population et les entreprises clés;
— l’efficacité de la coordination multiorganisme;
— les systèmes de télécommunication permettant de diffuser l'alerte;
— le transport des personnes évacuées;
— l’assistance aux personnes vulnérables présentes dans une zone;
— les panneaux d'évacuation et itinéraires d'évacuation;
— l’identification et l’exploitation des hébergements afin d'autoriser des fournisseurs à obtenir et
livrer les ressources nécessaires à ces hébergements.
Il convient que les organismes utilisent une approche multiorganisme pour la formation et
l'entraînement de la population, afin de délivrer un message unique et cohérent sur l'ensemble des
organismes d'intervention.
Il convient que l'organisme organise des exercices conformément à la procédure décrite dans
l'ISO 22398.
5 Préparer la population à une évacuation de masse
5.1 Généralités
Il convient que l'organisme élabore un plan destiné à informer la population sur la façon de se préparer
et de réagir en cas d'évacuation de masse. Le présent article décrit comment:
— identifier la manière dont la population peut se préparer en vue d'une évacuation de masse (5.2);
— utiliser les résultats issus de la recherche lors de l'élaboration des plans (5.3);
— identifier les caractéristiques clés de la population (5.4);
— évaluer chaque groupe social identifié (5.5);
— mettre en place des produits, des services et des activités qui améliorent la préparation (5.6);
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— réduire les obstacles à la préparation d’une évacuation de masse (5.7).
5.2 Identifier comment la population peut se préparer en vue d'une évacuation de masse
Il convient que l'organisme identifie, documente et communique les attentes et les responsabilités
qui incombent à la population qui doit se préparer à une évacuation de masse. Il convient également
que l'organisme tienne compte des connaissances qu'il convient que la population possède et des
comportements qu'il convient d'attendre d'elle.
Il convient que l'organisme établisse des objectifs mesurables qui décrivent les changements souhaités
en matière de comportement, de connaissances et de préparation pour les personnes exposées à un
risque, et qu'il utilise ces objectifs pour évaluer l'impact de la planification et identifier ce qui a été
amélioré.
Il convient, lors de la définition d'objectifs mesurables, de tenir compte des éléments suivants:
— comportement ou connaissances souhaité(es) en rapport aux préparations (par exemple: rassembler
les matériels d'urgence individuels et savoir où se rendre pour l'évacuation);
— changement souhaité des comportements et des connaissances en fonction des objectifs définis;
— période de temps précise au cours de laquelle il convient que le changement se produise;
— revue des résultats issus de nouvelles recherches afin de garantir que les objectifs sont réalistes.
5.3 Utiliser les résultats issus de la recherche lors de l'élaboration des plans
Il convient que l'organisme effectue une revue des informations existantes et mène des recherches
supplémentaires afin de:
— déterminer les niveaux existants et acquérir une meilleure compréhension du niveau de préparation
de la population;
— identifier la perception qu'a la population des avantages et des obstacles à la préparation;
— identifier les besoins de la population en matière d'information et de communication;
— déterminer les attentes et le niveau de confiance de la population vis-à-vis des organisations
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales ainsi que des autres organismes de secours;
— évaluer et mettre en œuvre les résultats issus de nouvelles recherches.
5.4 Identifier les caractéristiques clés de la population
Il convient que l'organisme identifie les groupes sociaux clés, évalue leurs besoins et utilise des méthodes
de communication appropriées afin de toucher tous les groupes présents au sein d'une zone affectée
ou d'une zone à risque. Les groupes publics ou les groupes sociaux possédant des caractéristiques
particulières n'ont pas tous besoin des mêmes informations, et certains requièrent des méthodes de
communication spécifiques à leurs propres besoins.
Tableau 2 — Caractéristiques de la population
Caractéristique Considérations possibles
Âge Produire des supports de communication adaptés aux différentes classes
d'âge. Par exemple, utiliser des images pour les jeunes enfants, des caractères
de grande taille pour les personnes âgées et les réseaux sociaux pour toucher
les adolescents et les jeunes adultes.
Culture Fournir des conseils et produire des supports qui tiennent compte des sensi-
bilités culturelles.
Temps de présence dans la zone Cibler les éléments de la population qui sont présents dans la zone pour
(résident permanent ou présent une durée déterminée. Diffuser des supports de communication dans les
dans la zone pour une durée principales plates-formes de transports (pour les voyageurs), les hôtels et
déterminée) les centres d'information (pour les touristes), les universités et les établisse-
ments d'enseignement supérieur (pour les étudiants) et les entreprises clés
(pour les employés et les clients).
Aspects socio-économiques Fournir des informations d'une manière qui soit accessible aux différents
groupes socio-économiques.
Genre Produire des supports de communication qui reflètent les besoins et attentes
propres aux différents genres.
Langue utilisée Produire des supports de communication dans différentes langues et pour
différents niveaux d'alphabétisation.
Localisation et proximité par Produire différentes cartes des risques pour différentes zones géographiques.
rapport au risque
Mobilité et transports Fournir aux personnes qui ont besoin d'une assistance en matière de mobilité
ou de transport des informations et des services afin de les aider lors d'une
évacuation.
Obligations professionnelles Les personnes ayant des responsabilités et des obligations de nature profes-
sionnelle peuvent avoir des besoins particuliers lors d'une évacuation. Par
exemple, les agriculteurs peuvent avoir besoin d'informations leur indiquant
que faire de leur bétail lors d'une évacuation de masse.
Appartenance politique Produire des supports de communication adaptés aux différents courants
politiques.
Religion Produire des supports de communication adaptés aux besoins des différentes
religions.
Vulnérabilité Fournir aux personnes vulnérables des services d'information destinés à les
aider lors d'une évacuation. Par exemple, les personnes malentendantes pour-
raient être prévenues par SMS.
5.5 Évaluer chaque groupe social identifié
Il convient que l'organisme identifie et évalue les groupes susceptibles de nécessiter une attention et
une assistance particulières.
Il convient que cette évaluation comprenne les éléments suivants:
— la taille du groupe, car les grands groupes cibles peuvent nécessiter davantage de ressources;
— les niveaux existants de préparation, déterminés par le nombre de personnes de chaque groupe
cible spécifique qui ont créé un plan d'évacuation;
— la facilité avec laquelle chaque groupe cible peut être contacté, en reconnaissant qu'il peut être plus
difficile d'atteindre les personnes isolées (celles confinées à domicile ou celles qui n'ont pas accès
aux réseaux de communication);
— le coût d'accès à chaque groupe cible, car l'adaptation des supports de communication aux différents
publics, tels que ceux qui ne parlent pas la langue nationale, induit un coût plus élevé;
— l'attitude de chaque groupe vis-à-vis de l'évacuation et de la mise à l'abri;
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— les capacités de l'organisme à évacuer les groupes cibles en fonction de leur expertise et de leurs
ressources existantes.
Une fois que les groupes sociaux ont été identifiés, il convient que l'organisme revoie les objectifs afin
de s'assurer qu'ils sont réalistes.
5.6 Mettre en place des produits, des services et des activités qui améliorent la
préparation
Il convient que l'organisme prenne en compte, sur la base des informations relatives aux différents
groupes sociaux, la fourniture de produits, de services et d'activités, dont les suivants:
— une liste de fournitures et produits personnels dédiés à l'évacuation, tels qu'une trousse de premiers
secours, des médicaments et des fournitures médicales;
— des services d'alerte et d'information;
— des informations relatives à l'évaluation des risques afin de permettre à la population de comprendre
les risques et d'établir ses propres plans personnels;
— des affichages et centres d'information;
— des ateliers et des sessions d'information sur les menaces et les dangers locaux;
— des sites et services Internet permettant à la population de contrôler l'activité des dangers
spécifiques;
— des jeux vidéo et logiciels informatiques éducatifs autour du thème de l'évacuation.
5.7 Réduire les obstacles à la préparation de l'évacuation de masse
Il convient que l'organisme tienne compte des manières de réduire les obstacles éventuels, ainsi que de
l'activité et des efforts attendus de la population pour la préparation et la participation à une évacuation
de masse. Les obstacles peuvent être de nature financière, psychologique, religieuse et temporelle.
Il convient que l'organisme effectue des recherches afin d'identifier ce que la population perçoit comme
étant les principaux obstacles à la préparation, de prendre des décisions sur la façon de réduire ou
d'éliminer ces obstacles, et d’identifier des méthodes qui permettent d'aider la population à se préparer
et à s'impliquer dans la préparation à une évacuation de masse. Les méthodes peuvent inclure les
actions suivantes:
— fournir des sources d'informations claires et des checklists sur la manière de se préparer;
— impliquer la population dans l'organisation et la participation aux exercices d'évacuation de masse;
— faire participer la population à la conception et à la tenue des sessions d'information.
Le fait que ces activités soient menées par des représentants de la population contribuera à garantir
que la population retient les enseignements tirés et soutient l'élan suscité.
6 Visualiser les zones qui sont à risque ou affectées
6.1 Généralités
Il convient que l'organisme tienne compte de la manière dont les technologies de cartographie et de
visualisation peuvent être utilisées lors de la planification d'une évacuation de masse. Pour la zone à
risque ou la zone affectée, l'Article 6 décrit la nécessité de:
— cartographier les données relatives à la zone qui est à risque ou affectée (6.2);
— tenir compte des types d'informations qui doivent figurer sur les cartes (6.3);
— garantir la compatibilité des données pour la conception de cartes (6.4).
L'Article 6, lorsqu'il est associé à l'Article 4, a pour objectif de garantir que les informatio
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