Aerospace fluid systems and components — Variable displacement hydraulic motors — General specifications

This document establishes the general requirements for variable displacement uni-directional and bi-directional hydraulic motors, suitable for use in aircraft hydraulic systems at pressures up to 35 000 kPa (5 000 psi). These requirements include: — design requirements; — test requirements. Primary and secondary function motors (see Clause 4) are covered in this document; however, actuators with internal rotation angle limits and low-speed motors are not covered. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with the detail specification that is particular to each application.

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General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
08-Feb-2021
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
09-Feb-2021
Due Date
31-Jan-2022
Completion Date
09-Feb-2021
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22181
First edition
2021-02
Aerospace fluid systems and
components — Variable displacement
hydraulic motors — General
specifications
Reference number
ISO 22181:2021(E)
©
ISO 2021

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2021(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2021(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Classification . 7
5 General requirements . 7
5.1 Order of precedence . 7
5.2 Hydraulic system characteristics . 7
5.3 Airworthiness regulations . 8
5.4 Qualification . 8
6 Functional requirements . 8
6.1 Hydraulic fluid . 8
6.2 Pressures . 8
6.2.1 Rated supply pressure. 8
6.2.2 Rated differential pressure . 8
6.2.3 No-load break-out pressure . 8
6.2.4 Motor return port pressure . 9
6.2.5 Case drain pressure . 9
6.3 Flows . 9
6.3.1 Rated consumption . 9
6.3.2 Case drain flow . 9
6.3.3 Shaft seal leakage .10
6.3.4 External leakage .10
6.4 Speed and direction of rotation .10
6.4.1 Speed .10
6.5 Torque .11
6.5.1 Rated torque .11
6.5.2 Break-out torque .11
6.5.3 Stalling torque .11
6.5.4 Maximum stalling torque .11
6.5.5 Torque pulsations .11
6.6 Variable output load control .11
6.6.1 General.11
6.6.2 Response time .12
6.6.3 Stability .12
6.7 Motor overall efficiency .12
6.8 Dynamic characteristics .13
6.8.1 General.13
6.8.2 Dynamic braking .13
6.8.3 Rapid reversals .13
6.9 Passive operation .13
6.10 Fluid and ambient temperature .13
6.10.1 Fluid temperature .13
6.10.2 Ambient temperature .13
6.11 Acoustic noise level .14
6.12 Rated endurance .14
6.13 Environmental requirements .14
7 Detail design requirements .15
7.1 Dimensionally critical components .15
7.2 Maintainability features .15
7.3 Seals .15
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2021(E)

7.4 Lubrication .15
7.5 Balance .15
7.6 Self-contained failure .16
7.7 Safety wire sealing .16
7.8 Electro-conductive bonding .16
7.9 Marking .16
7.9.1 Nameplate .16
7.9.2 Modification standard .16
7.9.3 Fluid identification .16
7.9.4 Ports .16
8 Strength requirements .17
8.1 General .17
8.2 Proof pressure .17
8.2.1 Motor case .17
8.2.2 Motor inlet port .17
8.2.3 Motor return port .17
8.3 Ultimate pressure .17
8.3.1 Motor case .17
8.3.2 Motor inlet port .17
8.3.3 Motor return port .17
8.4 Pressure impulse (fatigue) .17
8.5 Port strength .18
9 Construction requirements .18
9.1 Materials .18
9.1.1 General.18
9.1.2 Metals .18
9.2 Corrosion protection .18
9.2.1 General.18
9.2.2 Ferrous and copper alloys .19
9.2.3 Aluminium alloys .19
9.3 Castings .19
10 Installation requirements.19
10.1 Dimensions .19
10.2 Mass .19
10.3 Mounting .20
10.4 Orientation .20
10.5 Drive shaft .20
10.6 Ports .20
11 Maintenance requirements .21
11.1 Maintenance concept .21
11.2 Service life limitations and storage specifications .21
12 Reliability requirements .21
12.1 Equipment compliance .21
12.2 Requirements .21
13 Quality assurance provisions .21
13.1 Responsibility for inspection .21
13.2 Classification of tests .21
13.3 Test stand requirements .22
14 Acceptance tests .22
14.1 General .22
14.2 Examination of the product .22
14.3 Test programme .23
14.3.1 General.23
14.3.2 External leakage requirements .23
14.3.3 Break-in run .23
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2021(E)

14.3.4 Proof pressure and overspeed tests .23
14.3.5 Operational tests at rated conditions .24
14.3.6 Break-out torque test .24
14.3.7 Teardown inspection examination .24
14.3.8 Run-in .25
14.3.9 Speed control test .25
14.3.10 Performance data .25
14.3.11 Fluid contamination test .26
14.4 Storage and packaging .27
15 Qualification procedures .27
15.1 General .27
15.2 Qualification procedure .27
15.2.1 Qualification by analogy .27
15.2.2 Motor qualification test report .27
15.2.3 Samples and program of qualification tests .27
15.3 Qualification testing .28
15.3.1 Dimensional check .28
15.3.2 Expanded envelope acceptance tests .28
15.3.3 Overspeed test .28
15.3.4 Operational test at overpressure .29
15.3.5 Calibration .29
15.3.6 Endurance testing .31
15.3.7 Environmental tests .34
15.3.8 Structural tests .35
15.3.9 Combination tests .37
15.3.10 Supplementary tests .37
Bibliography .38
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2021(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles,
Subcommittee SC 10, Aerospace fluid systems and components.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
vi © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2021(E)

Introduction
It is noted that, while ISO standards refer to SI units, large segments of the aerospace industry refer
to other measurement systems as a matter of common working practice. All dimensions used in this
document are in SI units with the non-SI units given in addition for the convenience of those users more
familiar with these.
It is further noted that the standard ISO decimal symbol “,” (comma) is not used as common working
practice for inch dimensions. A decimal point is used in the inch dimensions in this document as in
many other aeros
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22181
First edition
Aerospace fluid systems and
components — Variable displacement
hydraulic motors — General
specifications
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO 22181:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .vi
Introduction .vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Classification . 7
5 General requirements . 7
5.1 Order of precedence . 7
5.2 Hydraulic system characteristics . 7
5.3 Airworthiness regulations . 8
5.4 Qualification . 8
6 Functional requirements . 8
6.1 Hydraulic fluid . 8
6.2 Pressures . 8
6.2.1 Rated supply pressure. 8
6.2.2 Rated differential pressure . 8
6.2.3 No-load break-out pressure . 8
6.2.4 Motor return port pressure . 9
6.2.5 Case drain pressure . 9
6.3 Flows . 9
6.3.1 Rated consumption . 9
6.3.2 Case drain flow . 9
6.3.3 Shaft seal leakage .10
6.3.4 External leakage .10
6.4 Speed and direction of rotation .10
6.4.1 Speed .10
6.5 Torque .11
6.5.1 Rated torque .11
6.5.2 Break-out torque .11
6.5.3 Stalling torque .11
6.5.4 Maximum stalling torque .11
6.5.5 Torque pulsations .11
6.6 Variable output load control .11
6.6.1 General.11
6.6.2 Response time .12
6.6.3 Stability .12
6.7 Motor overall efficiency .12
6.8 Dynamic characteristics .13
6.8.1 General.13
6.8.2 Dynamic braking .13
6.8.3 Rapid reversals .13
6.9 Passive operation .13
6.10 Fluid and ambient temperature .13
6.10.1 Fluid temperature .13
6.10.2 Ambient temperature .13
6.11 Acoustic noise level .14
6.12 Rated endurance .14
6.13 Environmental requirements .14
7 Detail design requirements .15
7.1 Dimensionally critical components .15
7.2 Maintainability features .15
7.3 Seals .15
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2020(E)

7.4 Lubrication .15
7.5 Balance .15
7.6 Self-contained failure .16
7.7 Safety wire sealing .16
7.8 Electro-conductive bonding .16
7.9 Marking .16
7.9.1 Nameplate .16
7.9.2 Modification standard .16
7.9.3 Fluid identification .16
7.9.4 Ports .16
8 Strength requirements .17
8.1 General .17
8.2 Proof pressure .17
8.2.1 Motor case .17
8.2.2 Motor inlet port .17
8.2.3 Motor return port .17
8.3 Ultimate pressure .17
8.3.1 Motor case .17
8.3.2 Motor inlet port .17
8.3.3 Motor return port .17
8.4 Pressure impulse (fatigue) .17
8.5 Port strength .18
9 Construction requirements .18
9.1 Materials .18
9.1.1 General.18
9.1.2 Metals .18
9.2 Corrosion protection .18
9.2.1 General.18
9.2.2 Ferrous and copper alloys .19
9.2.3 Aluminium alloys .19
9.3 Castings .19
10 Installation requirements.19
10.1 Dimensions .19
10.2 Mass .19
10.3 Mounting .20
10.4 Orientation .20
10.5 Drive shaft .20
10.6 Ports .20
11 Maintenance requirements .21
11.1 Maintenance concept .21
11.2 Service life limitations and storage specifications .21
12 Reliability requirements .21
12.1 Equipment compliance .21
12.2 Requirements .21
13 Quality assurance provisions .21
13.1 Responsibility for inspection .21
13.2 Classification of tests .21
13.3 Test stand requirements .22
14 Acceptance tests .22
14.1 General .22
14.2 Examination of the product .22
14.3 Test programme .23
14.3.1 General.23
14.3.2 External leakage requirements .23
14.3.3 Break-in run .23
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2020(E)

14.3.4 Proof pressure and overspeed tests .23
14.3.5 Operational tests at rated conditions .24
14.3.6 Break-out torque test .24
14.3.7 Teardown inspection examination .24
14.3.8 Run-in .25
14.3.9 Speed control test .25
14.3.10 Performance data .25
14.3.11 Fluid contamination test .26
14.4 Storage and packaging .27
15 Qualification procedures .27
15.1 General .27
15.2 Qualification procedure .27
15.2.1 Qualification by analogy .27
15.2.2 Motor qualification test report .27
15.2.3 Samples and program of qualification tests .27
15.3 Qualification testing .28
15.3.1 Dimensional check .28
15.3.2 Expanded envelope acceptance tests .28
15.3.3 Overspeed test .28
15.3.4 Operational test at overpressure .29
15.3.5 Calibration .29
15.3.6 Endurance testing .31
15.3.7 Environmental tests .34
15.3.8 Structural tests .35
15.3.9 Combination tests .37
15.3.10 Supplementary tests .37
Bibliography .38
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles,
Subcommittee SC 10, Aerospace fluid systems and components.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
vi PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 22181:2020(E)

Introduction
It is noted that, while ISO standards refer to SI units, large segments of the aerospace industry refer
to other measurement systems as a matter of common working practice. All dimensions used in this
document are in SI units with the non-SI units given in addition for the convenience of those users more
familiar with these.
It is further noted that the standard ISO decimal symbol “,” (comma) is not used as common working
practice for inch dimensions. A decimal point
...

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