ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018
(Main)Information technology — Office equipment — Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment — Part 1: Using-consumables
Information technology — Office equipment — Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic equipment — Part 1: Using-consumables
This document (all parts) specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from ICT & CE equipment during intended operation in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC). This document (all parts) includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers, and equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PC's. Part 1 specifies the methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from electronic equipment using consumables. The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis, calculation and reporting of emission rates. Emission rates from EUT may also be determined according to additional requirements identified by "RAL‑UZ 205 Option". Annex A specifies monochrome and colour print patterns for use in the operating phase of EUT using consumables. The operational readiness of AMS is confirmed according to Annex B. Calculations use the generalised model and approximations thereof as developed in Annex C. The emission rates determined with this method may be used to compare equipment in the same class. Predictions of "real indoor" concentrations from the determined emission rates are outside the scope of this document.
Technologies de l'information — Équipement de bureau — Détermination des taux d'émission chimique d'un équipement électronique — Partie 1: Titre manque
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 28360-1
First edition
2018-09
Information technology — Office
equipment — Determination of
chemical emission rates from
electronic equipment —
Part 1:
Using-consumables
Technologies de l'information — Équipement de bureau —
Détermination des taux d'émission chimique d'un équipement
électronique —
Reference number
ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2018
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 5
4.2 Symbols . 5
5 Conformance . 7
6 Method overview . 7
7 ETC requirements . 8
7.1 Construction materials . 8
7.2 Air tightness . 8
7.3 Air mixing efficiency . 9
8 Determination method . 9
8.1 Test conditions . 9
8.1.1 General. 9
8.1.2 Operating temperature and relative humidity (RH) . 9
8.1.3 Air exchange rate (n) . 9
8.1.4 Air velocity . 9
8.1.5 Sampled air flow . 9
8.2 Handling of EUT and ETC . 9
8.2.1 Selection and storage of EUT . 9
8.2.2 Loading Factor . 9
8.2.3 ETC purging . 9
8.2.4 Background concentrations (C ) .10
bg
8.2.5 EUT unpacking.10
8.2.6 Preparation of the EUT before testing .10
8.2.7 EUT installation .10
8.2.8 EUT operation during test .11
8.3 VOC, carbonyl compounds .12
8.3.1 Sorbents . . .12
8.3.2 Sample collection .12
8.3.3 Emission rate calculation .13
8.4 Ozone .14
8.4.1 Analyser and sampling line requirements .15
8.4.2 Monitoring .15
8.4.3 Emission rate calculation .15
8.5 Particulate matter.16
8.5.1 Weighing and Filter conditioning .17
8.5.2 Sampling.17
8.5.3 Emission rate calculation .17
8.6 Fine and Ultrafine Particles (FP and UFP) .18
8.6.1 General Requirements for Aerosol Measuring Systems (AMS) .19
8.6.2 Measurement .20
8.6.3 Calculation .20
9 Test report .24
Annex A (normative) Print Patterns .26
Annex B (normative) Preparatory AMS Test Procedures .28
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
Annex C (informative) Emission rate model .32
Bibliography .40
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are
members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical
committees established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical
activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the
work. In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee,
ISO/IEC JTC 1.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for
the different types of document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject
of patent rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights. Details of any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the
Introduction and/or on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
ISO/IEC 28360-1 was prepared by Ecma International (as ECMA-328 Part 1) and was adopted, under a
special “fast-track procedure”, by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, in
parallel with its approval by national bodies of ISO and IEC.
This first edition of ISO/IEC 28360-1, together with ISO/IEC 28360-2, cancels and replaces ISO/
IEC 28360: 2015, which has been technically revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum
ISO/IEC 28360: 2015/Cor.1:2016. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— This edition was divided into a part for electronic equipment using consumables and a part for
electronic equipment not using consumables as follows:
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 1 (using-
consumables)
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 2 (not using-
consumables)
The purpose of the split was to make the description of test procedures simpler (they included
considerable differences between the two equipment categories) and to facilitate users’
understanding.
— This edition is fully aligned with “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy
Devices” (RAL-UZ 205).
A list of all parts in the ISO 28360 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
Introduction
Globally, governmental agencies, academic institutions, environmental organizations and
manufacturers have started to develop methods to determine chemical emissions from electronic
equipment. These attempts however, initially resulted in a range of tests from which the results were
not necessarily comparable, either qualitatively or quantitatively.
Following the publications of the 1st edition of ECMA-328 in 2001 and the “Test method for the
determination of emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the BAM and Ecma
have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the chemical emission rates from ICT & CE
equipment in the 2nd edition.
In addition to stricter test procedures, the 2nd edition used generalised emission formulae, and their
derivations developed in Annex C, to calculate emission rates from concentrations of analytes that are
measured in Emission Test Chambers.
The 3rd edition was fully aligned with the 1st edition of ISO/IEC 28360:2007 adopted under ISO/
IEC JTC 1 fast track procedure and published in September 2007.
In addition, the 4th edition fixed a number of errata on ISO/IEC 28360:2007 that JTC 1/SC 28 identified.
Following the publications of the 4th edition of ECMA-328 and the “Test method for the determination
of emissions from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-UZ 122), experts from the BAM, WKI, JBMIA and Ecma
have collaborated to harmonise methods to determine the Fine Particle (FP) and Ultrafine Particle
(UFP) emissions from hard copy devices in the 5th edition.
The 6th edition was aligned with the 2nd edition of ISO/IEC 28360:2012, and it added a new ozone
calculation method. “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy Devices” (RAL-
UZ 122) has been replaced by “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy Devices”
(RAL-UZ 171) published in January 2013. Therefore, “RAL-UZ 122 option” is replaced with “RAL-UZ 171
option” in the 6th edition.
The 7th edition of ECMA-328 is fully aligned with ISO/IEC 28360:2015.
The 8th edition was divided into a part for electronic equipment using consumables and a part for
electronic equipment not using consumables as follows:
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 1 (using-consumables)
— Determination of Chemical Emission Rates from Electronic Equipment — Part 2 (not using-
consumables)
The purpose of the split was to make the description of test procedures simpler (they included
considerable differences between the two equipment categories) and to facilitate users’ understanding.
This 8th edition is fully aligned with “Test method for the determination of emission from Hard Copy
Devices” (RAL-UZ 205).
This part of the Standard is Part 1.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
Information technology — Office equipment —
Determination of chemical emission rates from electronic
equipment —
Part 1:
Using-consumables
1 Scope
This document (all parts) specifies methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from
ICT & CE equipment during intended operation in an Emission Test Chamber (ETC).
This document (all parts) includes specific methods for equipment using consumables, such as printers,
and equipment not using consumables, such as monitors and PC’s.
Part 1 specifies the methods to determine chemical emission rates of analyte from electronic equipment
using consumables.
The methods comprise preparation, sampling (or monitoring) in a controlled ETC, storage and analysis,
calculation and reporting of emission rates.
Emission rates from EUT may also be determined according to additional requirements identified by
“RAL-UZ 205 Option”.
Annex A specifies monochrome and colour print patterns for use in the operating phase of EUT using
consumables.
The operational readiness of AMS is confirmed according to Annex B.
Calculations use the generalised model and approximations thereof as developed in Annex C.
The emission rates determined with this method may be used to compare equipment in the same class.
Predictions of “real indoor” concentrations from the determined emission rates are outside the scope of
this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 554:1976, Standard atmospheres for conditioning and/or testing — Specifications
ISO 16000-3:2011, Indoor air — Part 3: Determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in
indoor air and test chamber air — Active sampling method
ISO 16000-6:2011, Indoor air — Part 6: Determination of volatile organic compounds in indoor and test
chamber air by active sampling on Tenax TA sorbent, thermal desorption and gas chromatography using
MS or MS-FID
ISO 16000-9:2006, Indoor air — Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from
building products and furnishing — Emission test chamber method
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
ISO 16017-1:2000, Indoor, ambient and workplace air — Sampling and analysis of volatile organic
compounds by sorbent tube/thermal desorption/capillary gas chromatography — Part 1: Pumped sampling
CIE 15:2004, Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage — Colorimetry, 3rd edition
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at https: //www .electropedia .org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
3.1
averaged concentration time series
simple moving average of total particle number concentration (C ) over 31 ± 3 seconds
p
3.2
averaged ozone concentration time series
simple moving average of ozone concentration (Co ) over 80 ± 5 seconds
3
3.3
aerosol
suspension of fine solid particles and/or liquid droplets in a gas
3.4
aerosol measuring system
AMS
device category for measuring the total particle number concentration of an aerosol within a size range
at a certain frequency
Note 1 to entry: CPC (4.8) and fast AMS (4.12) belong to AMS.
3.5
air exchange rate
n
3 3
ratio (n) of the volume of clean air brought into the ETC per hour [m /h] to the unloaded ETC volume [m ]
3.6
air velocity
air speed [m/s] measured in the unloaded ETC
3.7
analyte
volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbonyl compounds, ozone, particulate matter, fine particles (FP)
and ultrafine particles (UFP)
3.8
condensation particle counter
CPC
instrument that measures the particle number concentration of an aerosol
Note 1 to entry: For the purpose of this document a CPC is used as a standalone instrument which measures the
total particle number concentration within a device dependent size range.
3.9
consumables
toner, ink, paper and ribbon
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
3.10
emission test chamber
ETC
enclosure with controlled operational parameters for testing analyte mass emitted from EUT
3.11
equipment under test
EUT
electronic equipment from which chemical emission rates are determined
3.12
fast AMS
instrument with rapid time resolution and particle size classification
3.13
fine particles
FP
particles with particle size / diameter range between 0,1 μm and 2,5 μm
3.14
hard copy devices
class of EUT using Consumables that includes printers, (Photo)copiers and Multi Functional Devices (MFD)
3.15
loading factor
ratio of the EUT volume to the volume of the unloaded ETC
3.16
maximum usage time before testing
MUT
ratio between the total number of prints carried out by the EUT and the printing speed of the EUT
Note 1 to entry: Maximum usage time is the maximum permitted time of operation before testing in order to
consider the EUT as newly manufactured equipment for testing purposes.
3.17
operating phase
phase in which the EUT is performing its intended functions
3.18
particle
solid or liquid matter with defined physical boundaries suspended in a gas
3.19
particle emission rate
PER
averaged emission rate, i.e. total number of particles in a specified particle size range emitted during
the operating phase
3.20
particle emission rate
PER(t)
time dependent emission rate of particles in a specified particle size range after the start of the
operating phase
3.21
particle loss coefficient
β
coefficient describes the loss of particles in a specified particle size range in an ETC
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
3.22
particle size/particle diameter
measurement category to describe the physical dimension of a particle
Note 1 to entry: The term particle size is often used as a synonym for particle diameter. The particle diameter is
used to assign a particle to a particle size class (e.g. UFP).
3.23
particulate matter
PM
quantity of particles measured by gravimetric methods
3.24
post-operating phase
phase following the operating phase
Note 1 to entry: The post-operating can include energy saving modes.
3.25
pre-operating phase
phase in which the EUT is connected to an electrical supply before the EUT is able to enter the
operating phase
Note 1 to entry: The pre-operating phase can include warming-up and energy saving modes.
3.26
standard particle emission rate
PER calculated number of particles emitted during a 10-minute operating phase in a specified particle
10
size range
3.27
total number of emitted particles
TP
calculated total number of particles emitted in a specified particle size range
3.28
total particle number concentration
C
p
particle number concentration in a specified particle size range
3.29
total volatile organic compounds
TVOC
the sum of the concentrations of identified VOC and the concentrations of the converted areas of
unidentified peaks using the toluene response factor
Note 1 to entry: This definition of “total volatile organic compounds” differs from the definition in
ISO 16000-6:2011.
3.30
ultrafine particles
UFP
particles with particle diameter less or equal 0,1 µm
3.31
unit specific emission rate
SER
mass, in micrograms, of a specific analyte emitted per hour
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
3.32
volatile organic compounds
VOC
compounds that elute between n-hexane and n-hexadecane on a nonpolar GC-column
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
4.1 Abbreviated terms
AMS Aerosol Measuring System
CPC Condensation Particle Counter
DNPH 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
ETC Emission Test Chamber
EUT Equipment Under Test
FID Flame Ionisation Detector
FP Fine Particles
GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
MFD Multi Functional Device
PER Averaged Particle Emission Rate
PER(t) Time-dependent Particle Emission Rate
PER Standard Particle Emission Rate
10
PTFE Polytetrafluoroethene (Polytetrafluoroethylene)
PVC Polyvinylchloride
RH Relative Humidity
SER Unit Specific Emission Rate
TVOC Total Volatile Organic Compounds
UFP Ultrafine Particles
VOC Volatile Organic Compounds
4.2 Symbols
−3
α Factor in the exponential particle decay function [cm ]
−1
β Particle loss coefficient [h ]
−3
C Average mass concentration [µg m ]
s
−3
C Background mass concentration [µg m ]
bg
−3
C Initial mass concentration [µg m ]
0
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
−3
C Average mass concentration during pre-operating phase [µg m ]
pre
C Average mass concentration during operating phase and optionally during post-
ope
−3
operating phase [µg m ]
−3
C Total particle number concentration [cm ]
p
−3
C Background particle number concentration [cm ]
pbg
3
Co Ozone concentration [mg/m ]
3
d Equivalent Particle Diameter [nm]
m Sample filter mass [µg] after sampling
after
m Sample filter mass [µg] before sampling
before
m Sampled mass for chamber background [µg]
bg
m Mass of particulate matter [µg] deposited on the filter
pm
m Reference filter mass [µg] after sampling
ref-after
m Reference filter mass [µg] before sampling
ref-before
m Sampled mass [µg]
s
m Sampled mass [µg] during pre-operating phase
pre
m Sampled mass [µg] during operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
−1
n Air exchange rate [h ]
p Atmospheric pressure [Pa]
R Gas constant [PaK-1], (for ozone: 339.8 [PaK-1])
−1
SER Background SER [µg h ]
bg
−1
SER SER during operating and optionally post-operating phase [µg h ]
ope
−1
SER SER for ozone [µg min ]
O3
−1
SER SER for particulate matter [µg h ]
pm
−1
SER SER during pre-operating [µg h ]
pre
T Ambient temperature [K]
TP Total Number of Emitted Particles
t Operating phase duration [h]
ope
t Sampling time during operating and optionally post-operating phase [h]
G
t Point in time marking the start of particle emission
start
t Point in time marking the end of particle emission
stop
t Pre-operating phase duration [h]
pre
Δt Time-resolution of the UFP measurement [s]
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
3
V ETC volume [m ]
3
V Sampled air volume [m ]
s
3
V Sampled air volume [m ] for determination of C
bg bg
3
V Sampled air volume [m ] in pre-operating phase
pre
3
V Sampled air volume [m ] in operating and optionally post-operating phase
ope
5 Conformance
Determinations of emission rates and total number of emitted particles conform to this document
(Part 1) when:
1. Executed using a Quality Assurance Project Plan, Quality Assurance and Quality Control as
specified in ISO 16000-9;
2. Tested in a controlled ETC as specified in Clause 7;
3. Sampled/monitored and calculated as specified in Clause 8 and Annex B;
4. Reported as specified in Clause 9.
For EUT using consumables, determinations according to additional requirements identified by “RAL-
UZ 205 Option” herein conform to the RAL-UZ 205 Option.
6 Method overview
The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates the method; clause numbers are indicated in brackets.
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
Figure 1 — Determination method overview
7 ETC requirements
7.1 Construction materials
ETC construction materials shall comply with ISO 16000-9.
7.2 Air tightness
The ETC air tightness shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
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ISO/IEC 28360-1:2018(E)
7.3 Air mixing efficiency
The air mixing efficiency in the ETC shall be as specified in ISO 16000-9.
8 Determination method
8.1 Test conditions
8.1.1 General
To meet the operational requirements specified herein, ETC parameters such as temperature, r
...
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