ISO 19150-4:2019
(Main)Geographic information — Ontology — Part 4: Service ontology
Geographic information — Ontology — Part 4: Service ontology
This document sets a framework for geographic information service ontology and the description of geographic information Web services in Web Ontology Language (OWL). OWL is the language adopted for ontologies. This document makes use of service metadata (ISO 19115-1) and service definitions (ISO 19119) whenever appropriate. This document does not define semantics operators, rules for ontologies, and does not develop any application ontology. In relation to ISO 19101-1:2014, 6.2, this document defines and formalizes the following purpose of the ISO geographic information reference model: — geographic information service components and their behaviour for data processing purposes over the Web, and — OWL ontologies to cast ISO/TC 211 standards to benefit from and support the Semantic Web. In relation to ISO 19101-1:2014, 8.3, this document addresses the Meta:Service foundation of the ISO geographic information reference model.
Information géographique — Ontologie — Partie 4: Ontologie de service
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19150-4
First edition
2019-05
Geographic information —
Ontology —
Part 4:
Service ontology
Information géographique — Ontologie —
Partie 4: Ontologie de service
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms, and namespaces . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 5
3.3 Namespaces . 5
4 Conformance . 5
5 GeoWeb service ontology framework . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 GeoWeb service identification and description . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 GeoWeb service identification . 8
5.2.3 GeoWeb service description . 8
5.2.4 Taxonomy and function .10
5.2.5 GeoWeb service taxonomy .11
5.2.6 GeoWeb service function .13
5.2.7 GeoWeb service lifecycle .25
5.2.8 Service parameters .26
5.2.9 Service cost .27
5.3 GeoWeb service capabilities .28
5.3.1 General.28
5.3.2 GeoWeb service capability .29
5.3.3 Accuracy .31
5.3.4 Performance .31
5.3.5 Security .32
5.4 GeoWeb service metadata .33
5.4.1 General.33
5.4.2 GeoWeb service metadata .34
6 OWL ontology of GeoWeb service .35
6.1 General .35
6.2 Service requirements .35
6.3 Capability requirements .36
6.4 Metadata requirements .36
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .38
Annex B (informative) Use cases.47
Annex C (informative) OWL resources .50
Bibliography .51
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19150 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The Semantic Web has introduced the Web of data. The Web of data is essentially an extension of the Web
oriented towards machine-processable data as opposed to documents. It could be seen as a tremendous
worldwide open database that people can query from their own perspective, understanding, or
abstraction of real-world phenomena or events and get accurate, detailed, and appropriate answers
as people communicate between each other. This approach involves reasoning capabilities based on
ontologies. The Semantic Web brings new opportunities for the geographic information realm to lay out
a new generation of standards in order to benefit from these in achieving semantic interoperability of
geographic information.
Fundamentally, ontology comes from philosophy and refers to the study of the nature of the world
itself. The information technology and artificial intelligence communities borrowed the term ontology
[2]
for the explicit specification of a conceptualization . In geographic information, ontology consists
of a formal representation of phenomena of a universe of discourse with an underlying vocabulary
including definitions and axioms that make the intended meaning explicit and describe phenomena
[1]
and their interrelationships . Information technology and artificial intelligence consider that reality
may be abstracted differently depending on the context from which “things” are perceived and, as
such, recognize that multiple ontologies about the same part of reality may exist. An ontology can be
formalized differently ranging from weak to strong semantics: taxonomy, thesaurus, conceptual model,
[2]
logical theory .
On the Semantic Web, ontology defines the meaning of data and describes it in a format that machines
and applications can read. An application using data also has access to their inherent semantics through
the ontology associated with it. Ontologies can support integration of heterogeneous data captured by
different communities by relating them based on their semantic similarity. The W3C has proposed the
Web Ontology Language (OWL) family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies
[3][36]
characterised by formal semantics on the Web .
ISO 19101-1 introduces the fundamental role of semantics in geographic information, and how the
new technologies such as the Web, the Semantic Web, and many other emerging ways can support
interoperability in the field of geographic information. It also provides an umbrella under which
additional specific reference models on particular facets of geographic information standardization
would be required. This document, introduced by ISO/TS 19150-1, particularly contributes to the
description of geographic information service components and their behaviour for data processing
purposes over the Web and to cast ISO geographic information standards to benefit from and support
the Semantic Web by the way of ontologies as identified in ISO 19101-1.
Geographic information Web services are important components that compose the Web. The Semantic
Web can contribute to facilitate the interaction between them by introducing an ontology for
geographic information Web Services. It can support geographic information Web services to automate
their discovery, composition, and invocation in order to enable seamless machine interoperation with
minimum human interaction. Through ontologies, semantic annotation of geographic information
services in terms of capabilities, selection, access, composition, and invocation are required to support
[24]
interoperability of geographic information Web services on the Semantic Web . Accordingly,
this document sets a framework for geographic information service ontology and the description of
geographic information Web services in OWL.
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19150-4
First edition
2019-05
Geographic information —
Ontology —
Part 4:
Service ontology
Information géographique — Ontologie —
Partie 4: Ontologie de service
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviated terms, and namespaces . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 2
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 5
3.3 Namespaces . 5
4 Conformance . 5
5 GeoWeb service ontology framework . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 GeoWeb service identification and description . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 GeoWeb service identification . 8
5.2.3 GeoWeb service description . 8
5.2.4 Taxonomy and function .10
5.2.5 GeoWeb service taxonomy .11
5.2.6 GeoWeb service function .13
5.2.7 GeoWeb service lifecycle .25
5.2.8 Service parameters .26
5.2.9 Service cost .27
5.3 GeoWeb service capabilities .28
5.3.1 General.28
5.3.2 GeoWeb service capability .29
5.3.3 Accuracy .31
5.3.4 Performance .31
5.3.5 Security .32
5.4 GeoWeb service metadata .33
5.4.1 General.33
5.4.2 GeoWeb service metadata .34
6 OWL ontology of GeoWeb service .35
6.1 General .35
6.2 Service requirements .35
6.3 Capability requirements .36
6.4 Metadata requirements .36
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suite .38
Annex B (informative) Use cases.47
Annex C (informative) OWL resources .50
Bibliography .51
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
A list of all parts in the ISO 19150 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
The Semantic Web has introduced the Web of data. The Web of data is essentially an extension of the Web
oriented towards machine-processable data as opposed to documents. It could be seen as a tremendous
worldwide open database that people can query from their own perspective, understanding, or
abstraction of real-world phenomena or events and get accurate, detailed, and appropriate answers
as people communicate between each other. This approach involves reasoning capabilities based on
ontologies. The Semantic Web brings new opportunities for the geographic information realm to lay out
a new generation of standards in order to benefit from these in achieving semantic interoperability of
geographic information.
Fundamentally, ontology comes from philosophy and refers to the study of the nature of the world
itself. The information technology and artificial intelligence communities borrowed the term ontology
[2]
for the explicit specification of a conceptualization . In geographic information, ontology consists
of a formal representation of phenomena of a universe of discourse with an underlying vocabulary
including definitions and axioms that make the intended meaning explicit and describe phenomena
[1]
and their interrelationships . Information technology and artificial intelligence consider that reality
may be abstracted differently depending on the context from which “things” are perceived and, as
such, recognize that multiple ontologies about the same part of reality may exist. An ontology can be
formalized differently ranging from weak to strong semantics: taxonomy, thesaurus, conceptual model,
[2]
logical theory .
On the Semantic Web, ontology defines the meaning of data and describes it in a format that machines
and applications can read. An application using data also has access to their inherent semantics through
the ontology associated with it. Ontologies can support integration of heterogeneous data captured by
different communities by relating them based on their semantic similarity. The W3C has proposed the
Web Ontology Language (OWL) family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies
[3][36]
characterised by formal semantics on the Web .
ISO 19101-1 introduces the fundamental role of semantics in geographic information, and how the
new technologies such as the Web, the Semantic Web, and many other emerging ways can support
interoperability in the field of geographic information. It also provides an umbrella under which
additional specific reference models on particular facets of geographic information standardization
would be required. This document, introduced by ISO/TS 19150-1, particularly contributes to the
description of geographic information service components and their behaviour for data processing
purposes over the Web and to cast ISO geographic information standards to benefit from and support
the Semantic Web by the way of ontologies as identified in ISO 19101-1.
Geographic information Web services are important components that compose the Web. The Semantic
Web can contribute to facilitate the interaction between them by introducing an ontology for
geographic information Web Services. It can support geographic information Web services to automate
their discovery, composition, and invocation in order to enable seamless machine interoperation with
minimum human interaction. Through ontologies, semantic annotation of geographic information
services in terms of capabilities, selection, access, composition, and invocation are required to support
[24]
interoperability of geographic information Web services on the Semantic Web . Accordingly,
this document sets a framework for geographic information service ontology and the description of
geographic information Web services in OWL.
...
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