ISO 16881-1:2024
(Main)Cranes — Design calculation for wheel/rail contacts and associated trolley track supporting structure — Part 1: General
Cranes — Design calculation for wheel/rail contacts and associated trolley track supporting structure — Part 1: General
This document specifies requirements for selecting the size of iron or steel wheels. It also presents formulae to determine local stresses in crane structures due to the effects of wheel loads. This document covers requirements for steel and cast-iron wheels. It applies to metallic contacts only. This document does not apply to roller bearings. This document is used together with the classification of the ISO 4301 series and the loads and load combinations of the ISO 8686 series. This document is based on the limit state method (see ISO 8686-1). This document is for design purposes only. It is not a guarantee of actual performance.
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue — Calcul de conception des contacts galets/rails et de la structure porteuse du chariot de roulement — Partie 1: Généralités
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
International
Standard
ISO 16881-1
Second edition
Cranes — Design calculation
2024-07
for wheel/rail contacts and
associated trolley track supporting
structure —
Part 1:
General
Appareils de levage à charge suspendue — Calcul de conception
des contacts galets/rails et de la structure porteuse du chariot de
roulement —
Partie 1: Généralités
Reference number
© ISO 2024
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Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General .1
3.2 Symbols and abbreviations .2
4 General . 3
4.1 General principles .3
4.1.1 Unit-consistent hardness .3
4.2 Line and point contact cases .3
4.3 Hardness profile below contact surface .4
4.4 Equivalent modulus of elasticity .5
5 Proof of static strength . 6
5.1 General .6
5.2 Design contact force .6
5.3 Static limit design contact force .6
5.3.1 General .6
5.3.2 Calculation of the limit design force .7
5.3.3 Edge pressure .7
5.3.4 Non-uniform pressure distribution .8
6 Proof of fatigue strength . 8
6.1 General .8
6.2 Design contact force .9
6.3 Limit design contact force .9
6.3.1 Basic equation .9
6.3.2 Reference contact force .9
6.3.3 Contact force history parameter .10
6.3.4 Contact force spectrum factor .10
6.3.5 Counting of rolling contacts .11
6.3.6 Relative total number of rolling contacts .11
6.3.7 Classification of contact force history parameter . 12
6.4 Factors of further influences . 12
6.4.1 Basic equation . 12
6.4.2 Edge pressure for fatigue . 12
6.4.3 Non-uniform pressure distribution for fatigue . 12
6.4.4 Skewing . 12
6.4.5 Mechanical drive factor . . 13
7 Determination of local stresses due to wheel loads . 13
Annex A (informative) Distribution of wheel load under rail . 14
Annex B (informative) Local stresses in wheel supporting flanges .16
Annex C (informative) Strength properties for a selection of wheel and rail materials .21
Annex D (informative) Conversion tables of hardness .25
Annex E (informative) Design of rail wheel flanges .27
Bibliography .29
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed patent
rights in respect thereof. As of the date of publication of this document, ISO had not received notice of (a)
patent(s) which may be required to implement this document. However, implementers are cautioned that
this may not represent the latest information, which may be obtained from the patent database available at
www.iso.org/patents. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions
related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World Trade
Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 96, Cranes, Subcommittee SC 10, Design
principles and requirements.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16881-1:2005), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— improvements were made to Annex B (local stresses);
— tables were added to Annex C to cover American, Chinese, and Japanese steels.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16881 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
This document establishes requirements and gives guidance and design rules that reflect the state of the
art in crane machine design. The rules represent good design practice that ensures that essential safety
requirements are met and that the components have an adequate service life. Deviation from these rules can
increase risk or reduce service life. However, new technical innovations and materials provide solutions that
result in equal or improved safety and durability.
v
International Standard ISO 16881-1:2024(en)
Cranes — Design calculation for wheel/rail contacts and
associated trolley track supporting structure —
Part 1:
General
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements for selecting the size of iron or steel wheels. It also presents formulae
to determine local stresses in crane structures due to the effects of wheel loads.
This document covers requirements for steel and cast-iron wheels. It applies to metallic contacts only.
This document does not apply to roller bearings.
This document is used together with the classification of the ISO 4301 series and the loads and load
combinations of the ISO 8686 series.
This document is based on the limit state method (see ISO 8686-1).
This document is for design purposes only. It is not a guarantee of actual performance.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4301 (all parts), Cranes — Classification
ISO 4302, Cranes — Wind load assessment
ISO 43
...
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