ISO 16840-11:2022
(Main)Wheelchair seating - Part 11: Determination of dissipation characteristics of sensible perspiration into seat cushions
Wheelchair seating - Part 11: Determination of dissipation characteristics of sensible perspiration into seat cushions
This document specifies a method for determining the dissipation characteristics of simulated sensible perspiration exposure on seat cushions of a wheelchair under test conditions that simulate body loading on support surfaces with flat and contoured profiles. The test method is applicable to a wide variety of seat cushion materials and constructions that are used across the world. The test method is intended to determine how the cushion handles a liquid load. It is not intended to determine how the cushion responds to a continuous release of liquid or vapour. This document also specifies apparatus to measure dissipation characteristics (of perspiration) of seat cushions and the approach to be employed in measuring these characteristics. This document is applicable to seat cushions for wheelchairs that include a cushion cover. NOTE The significance of the dissipation characteristics of the seat cushion can be greatly affected by the clothing worn, for example a moisture wicking cover might not help the skin condition of the patient sitting in a wet adult diaper.
Sièges de fauteuils roulants — Partie 11: Titre manque
General Information
Relations
Overview
ISO 16840-11:2022 specifies a laboratory test method to determine the dissipation characteristics of sensible perspiration into wheelchair seat cushions. The standard defines the required test apparatus, controlled test environment, and a repeatable measurement procedure that simulates a single bolus of liquid perspiration between a buttock-shaped indenter and the cushion. The method is intended to evaluate how a cushion and cover system handles a liquid load (sensible perspiration), not continuous vapour release, and is applicable to a wide variety of cushion materials and constructions.
Keywords: ISO 16840-11:2022, wheelchair seating, dissipation characteristics, sensible perspiration, seat cushion test, PRCLI, impedance measurement
Key Topics and Technical Requirements
- Test principle: deliver a discrete liquid bolus and monitor changing electrical impedance at electrodes near the discharge point to infer liquid dissipation into cover and cushion.
- Test apparatus elements:
- Perspiration Rigid Cushion Loading Indenter (PRCLI) shaped per ISO 16840-2 contours, with temperature control at 35 °C ± 0.1 °C.
- Discharge mechanism: release 10 ml ± 1 ml of 0.01 % NaCl solution via a 2 mm ± 0.2 mm hole within 1 s.
- Sensing system: two round stainless-steel electrodes (10–15 mm diameter, ~0.1 mm thick) placed 10 mm ± 1 mm from the discharge hole.
- Impedance measurement: range 0.001 MΩ to 1.0 MΩ, sampling rate 1 Hz, AC measurement to avoid electrode electrolysis.
- Test environment: 23 °C ± 2 °C and 50 % ± 5 % RH (ISO 554).
- Test procedure highlights:
- Precondition cushions 24 h in test environment.
- Apply vertical load 500 N ± 10 N with PRCLI.
- Start impedance recording at 1 Hz; inject solution after 1 min; continue recording for at least 1 hour (longer if dissipation is slow).
- Repeat on three identical cushions and report impedance vs time and PRCLI heating power.
- Reporting: includes test conditions, photos, impedance graphs, numerical impedance table, and test lab accreditation details.
Applications and Who Uses It
- Cushion and cover manufacturers: validate product moisture-handling claims and compare designs.
- Testing laboratories and certification bodies: perform standardized tests for product data sheets and procurement.
- Rehabilitation engineers, clinicians, and researchers: understand moisture dissipation behavior as it relates to comfort and skin health (note: ISO states results are not clinically validated to claim prevention of pressure injuries).
- Procurement and quality assurance teams: specify cushions that meet required dissipation performance for specific user needs.
Related Standards
- ISO 16840-2:2018 - referenced for RCLI contour and related cushion physical/mechanical test methods.
- ISO 554 - standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing (temperature and humidity).
This standard supports objective, repeatable evaluation of how wheelchair cushions manage sensible perspiration - a key factor for user comfort and skin integrity assessments in product development and testing.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16840-11
First edition
2022-05
Wheelchair seating —
Part 11:
Determination of dissipation
characteristics of sensible
perspiration into seat cushions
Reference number
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Abbreviated terms . 2
5 Principle . 2
6 Test apparatus .2
6.1 Perspiration rigid cushion loading indenter . 2
6.1.1 Shape of PRCLI . 2
6.1.2 Temperature control on the PRCLI . 2
6.1.3 Loading mechanism. 3
6.1.4 Discharge mechanism . 3
6.1.5 Sensing system . 4
6.2 Electrical impedance measurement system . 4
6.3 Test environment . 4
7 Preparation for testing . 5
8 Test method . 5
9 Test report . 5
Bibliography . 8
iii
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 173, Assistive products, Subcommittee SC
1, Wheelchairs.
This first edition of ISO 16840-11 cancels and replaces ISO/TS 16840-11:2014, which has been
technically revised.
The main changes are as follows:
— addition of details around the test apparatus, preparation and method to make the test easier to
process.
A list of all parts in the ISO 16840 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
Introduction
Dissipating perspiration and moisture on seat cushions is important to prevent pressure injuries and
tissue maceration, and for comfortable sitting. Perspiration can occur as water vapour, and/or as
moisture – sensible moisture has not undergone a phase change to vapour, whereas insensible moisture
has undergone the phase change and is in the vapour phase.
The results of the testing methods in this document have not been clinically validated to support any
medical claims of prevention of pressure injuries or prevention of tissue maceration.
v
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16840-11:2022(E)
Wheelchair seating —
Part 11:
Determination of dissipation characteristics of sensible
perspiration into seat cushions
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for determining the dissipation characteristics of simulated sensible
perspiration exposure on seat cushions of a wheelchair under test conditions that simulate body loading
on support surfaces with flat and contoured profiles. The test method is applicable to a wide variety of
seat cushion materials and constructions that are used across the world.
The test method is intended to determine how the cushion handles a liquid load. It is not intended to
determine how the cushion responds to a continuous release of liquid or vapour.
This document also specifies apparatus to measure dissipation characteristics (of perspiration) of seat
cushions and the approach to be employed in measuring these characteristics.
This document is applicable to seat cushions for wheelchairs that include a cushion cover.
NOTE The significance of the dissipation characteristics of the seat cushion can be greatly affected by the
clothing worn, for example a moisture wicking cover mig
...
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 16840-11:2022 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Wheelchair seating - Part 11: Determination of dissipation characteristics of sensible perspiration into seat cushions". This standard covers: This document specifies a method for determining the dissipation characteristics of simulated sensible perspiration exposure on seat cushions of a wheelchair under test conditions that simulate body loading on support surfaces with flat and contoured profiles. The test method is applicable to a wide variety of seat cushion materials and constructions that are used across the world. The test method is intended to determine how the cushion handles a liquid load. It is not intended to determine how the cushion responds to a continuous release of liquid or vapour. This document also specifies apparatus to measure dissipation characteristics (of perspiration) of seat cushions and the approach to be employed in measuring these characteristics. This document is applicable to seat cushions for wheelchairs that include a cushion cover. NOTE The significance of the dissipation characteristics of the seat cushion can be greatly affected by the clothing worn, for example a moisture wicking cover might not help the skin condition of the patient sitting in a wet adult diaper.
This document specifies a method for determining the dissipation characteristics of simulated sensible perspiration exposure on seat cushions of a wheelchair under test conditions that simulate body loading on support surfaces with flat and contoured profiles. The test method is applicable to a wide variety of seat cushion materials and constructions that are used across the world. The test method is intended to determine how the cushion handles a liquid load. It is not intended to determine how the cushion responds to a continuous release of liquid or vapour. This document also specifies apparatus to measure dissipation characteristics (of perspiration) of seat cushions and the approach to be employed in measuring these characteristics. This document is applicable to seat cushions for wheelchairs that include a cushion cover. NOTE The significance of the dissipation characteristics of the seat cushion can be greatly affected by the clothing worn, for example a moisture wicking cover might not help the skin condition of the patient sitting in a wet adult diaper.
ISO 16840-11:2022 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 11.180.10 - Aids and adaptation for moving. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 16840-11:2022 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO/TS 16840-11:2014. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
You can purchase ISO 16840-11:2022 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of ISO standards.
ISO 16840-11:2022 provides a comprehensive standard aimed at evaluating the dissipation characteristics of sensible perspiration in wheelchair seat cushions. This vital document delineates a specific method for testing how various seat cushions manage perspiration under simulated conditions that reflect both flat and contoured profiles under body loading. The scope of this standard is notably broad, accommodating a range of seat cushion materials and designs used globally. This flexibility is essential for manufacturers and healthcare providers aiming to optimize the comfort and hygiene of wheelchair users. By focusing on dampness management, ISO 16840-11:2022 stands out for its practical applicability-offering insights that are critical for enhancing the everyday experiences of wheelchair users. One of the principal strengths of this standard is its systematic approach to measuring perspiration dissipation. The specifications for the requisite apparatus and methodology detail a clear pathway for accurate assessment, ensuring consistency across tests. Such rigor is indispensable in establishing benchmarks that can inform the design and selection of seat cushions tailored to user needs. Furthermore, the document acknowledges the external factors that may influence perspiration management, such as the clothing worn by individuals. This holistic consideration enhances the standard’s relevance in real-world applications, reinforcing the necessity for comprehensive assessments that take into account both cushion properties and user interactions. In summary, ISO 16840-11:2022 is a pivotal standard that not only addresses the technical aspects of perspiration dissipation in wheelchair seat cushions but also emphasizes its importance in ensuring user comfort and health. Its robust testing framework and broad applicability underscore its significance within the wheelchair seating domain, positioning it as a critical reference for manufacturers and ergonomic specialists.
Die ISO 16840-11:2022 ist ein wichtiger Standard, der sich mit den Dissipationsmerkmalen von fühlbarer Schweißabgabe in Sitzkissen für Rollstühle befasst. Der Umfang dieses Dokuments ist klar definiert: Es legt eine Methode fest, um die Dissipationsfähigkeiten von simuliertem, fühlbarem Schweiß unter Testbedingungen zu bestimmen, die die Körperbelastung auf ebenen und konturierten Oberflächen simulieren. Diese Methode ist auf eine Vielzahl von Materialien und Konstruktionen von Sitzkissen anwendbar, die weltweit verwendet werden. Ein herausragender Vorteil des Standards ist seine Universalität. Die Anwendung des Prüfverfahrens auf diverse Sitzkissenmaterialien ermöglicht es Herstellern, die Leistung ihrer Produkte unter realen Bedingungen zu evaluieren. Diese Flexibilität ist besonders wichtig, da Rollstühle in unterschiedlichen Umgebungen und für verschiedene Benutzerbedürfnisse konzipiert werden. Der Standard zielt darauf ab, zu bestimmen, wie gut das Kissen einer Flüssigkeitsbelastung standhält, ohne jedoch die Reaktion des Kissens auf eine kontinuierliche Flüssigkeits- oder Dampfabgabe zu bewerten. Die Relevanz dieses Dokuments erstreckt sich nicht nur auf die technischen Anforderungen an Sitzkissen, sondern auch auf die Patientensicherheit und den Komfort. Die Dissipationsmerkmale spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Vermeidung von Hautirritationen und anderen gesundheitlichen Problemen, die durch Feuchtigkeit verursacht werden können. Ein weiterer bedeutender Aspekt ist die Berücksichtigung von Faktoren wie der Bekleidung, welche die Hautbedingungen des Patienten beeinflussen können. Dies wird besonders relevant, wenn man bedenkt, dass ein feuchtigkeitsableitender Bezug möglicherweise die Haut des Patienten in einer nassen Erwachsenenwindel nicht entlastet. Zusammenfassend bietet die ISO 16840-11:2022 einen umfassenden Rahmen zur Beurteilung der funktionalen Eigenschaften von Sitzkissen unter spezifischen Bedingungen. Die klare Struktur des Prüfstandards und die Berücksichtigung der praktischen Anwendungsfälle machen ihn zu einem unverzichtbaren Werkzeug für Hersteller und Anwender im Bereich der Rollstuhlversorgung.
ISO 16840-11:2022は、車椅子のシートクッションにおける感覚的な発汗の排出特性を評価する方法を規定しており、その適用範囲は非常に広範です。この標準は、フラットおよび輪郭付きの支持面に対する身体の荷重を模擬したテスト条件下で、シートクッションに対するシミュレートされた感覚的発汗の影響を測定するための具体的な手法を提供しています。 ISO 16840-11:2022の強みは、その適用対象となるシートクッションの多様性にあります。特に、さまざまな素材と構造が使用されている世界中の車椅子シートクッションに対応しているため、幅広いニーズに応えることができます。この標準は、クッションが液体負荷にどのように対処するかを確認することを目的としており、使用される材料の特性を正確に評価することが可能です。 また、この文書では、シートクッションの排出特性を測定するための器具や、特性を測定する際のアプローチについても詳しく説明されています。これにより、実験の再現性と信頼性が確保され、研究者や製造業者は一貫した方法でデータを取得できるメリットがあります。 さらに、ISO 16840-11:2022は、シートクッションがどのように発汗に反応するかを理解する上で重要な情報を提供します。シートカバーの使用が肌の状態に与える影響についても考慮されているため、患者の快適さや健康に対する潜在的な影響を評価する際の重要な指針となります。 このように、ISO 16840-11:2022は、車椅子シートクッションの設計および製造において重要な役割を果たしており、その標準化の重要性は、ユーザーの快適性や安全性の向上に寄与する点で非常に高いと言えます。
ISO 16840-11:2022 표준은 휠체어 좌석의 시트 쿠션에 대한 땀의 소산 특성을 결정하는 방법을 규정하고 있습니다. 이 문서는 평평하고 곡선형 프로파일을 가진 지지 표면에서 신체 하중을 시뮬레이션한 시험 조건 하에서 휠체어 좌석 쿠션의 땀 소산 특성을 평가할 수 있는 포괄적인 방법을 제시합니다. 이 표준의 강점은 다양한 좌석 쿠션 재료와 구조에 적용될 수 있다는 점이며, 이는 전 세계적으로 사용되는 다양한 휠체어 시트 쿠션의 특성을 분석하는 데 유용합니다. 또한, 이 테스트 방법은 쿠션이 액체 하중에 어떻게 반응하는지를 측정하는 데 중점을 두고 있기 때문에, 사용자 편안함과 관련된 실질적인 정보를 제공합니다. ISO 16840-11:2022 표준은 좌석 쿠션의 땀 소산 특성을 측정하기 위해 필요한 장비와 이러한 특성을 측정하는 접근법을 명확히 규정하고 있습니다. 이는 휠체어 사용자들이 더욱 쾌적한 경험을 할 수 있도록 도와주는 중요한 기준을 제공합니다. 또한, 문서에서는 땀 소산 특성의 중요성이 착용한 의복에 의해 크게 영향을 받을 수 있음을 언급하고 있습니다. 예를 들어, 수분 흡수 기능이 있는 커버가 사용되는 경우에도, 젖은 성인용 기저귀를 착용한 환자의 피부 상태에 부정적인 영향을 줄 수 있음을 주의해야 합니다. 이러한 점에서, ISO 16840-11:2022 표준은 휠체어 좌석 쿠션의 소산 특성을 이해하는 데 필수적인 참고 자료입니다.
La norme ISO 16840-11:2022, intitulée "Seuil de confort des fauteuils roulants - Partie 11 : Détermination des caractéristiques de dissipation de la transpiration sensible dans les coussins de siège", représente un document essentiel pour l’évaluation et l'amélioration des dispositifs de soutien aux personnes utilisant des fauteuils roulants. Le champ d'application de cette norme est très pertinent, car il spécifie une méthode pour déterminer les caractéristiques de dissipation de la transpiration sensible sur des coussins de siège de fauteuil roulant, en tenant compte de différentes conditions de test qui simulent la charge corporelle sur des surfaces de support. Cette approche permet d'évaluer de manière précise comment les matériaux des coussins gèrent une charge liquide, un facteur crucial pour le confort et la santé des utilisateurs. Parmi les points forts de cette norme, on retrouve sa capacité à s'appliquer à une grande variété de matériaux et de constructions de coussins de siège utilisés dans le monde entier. Cela garantit que les résultats obtenus soient pertinents à l’échelle mondiale, répondant ainsi aux besoins diversifiés des utilisateurs de fauteuils roulants. De plus, la norme fournit des spécifications claires concernant les appareils à utiliser pour mesurer les caractéristiques de dissipation de la transpiration, ce qui facilite l’implémentation du test de manière standardisée et répétable. La pertinence de cette norme est accentuée par sa prise en compte des facteurs externes qui peuvent influencer les résultats, tels que le type de vêtement porté par l'utilisateur. Par exemple, une couverture qui évacue l'humidité pourrait modifier la condition de la peau du patient assis sur un coussin soumis à des conditions d'humidité, ce qui souligne l'importance de ces mesures dans le développement de solutions adaptées au confort des utilisateurs. En résumé, la norme ISO 16840-11:2022 est un outil crucial pour les fabricants et les professionnels impliqués dans le développement de coussins de siège pour fauteuils roulants, en leur fournissant une méthode standardisée pour évaluer et améliorer la dissipation des caractéristiques liées à la transpiration, contribuant ainsi au bien-être des utilisateurs.
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