Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance — Part 1: General rub testing methods

This document specifies test methods to determine the rub resistance of analogue and digital prints. This includes photographic as well as graphic and office prints on all substrates. ISO 18947-1 provides information and general guidance relevant to the selection and operation of abrasion test methods and also describes general performance requirements for abrasion test devices used.

Matériaux pour l'image et les impressions — Résistance à l'abrasion — Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai de frottement générales

General Information

Status

Published

Publication Date

04-Nov-2021

ICS

37.040.20 - Photographic paper, films and plates. Cartridges

Technical Committee

ISO/TC 42 - Photography

Drafting Committee

ISO/TC 42/JWG 27 - Joint ISO/TC 42 - JTC1/SC 28 - ISO/TC 130 WG: Image permanence & durability test methods and specifications for digital prints in commercial applications

Parallel Committee

ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28 - Office equipment

Current Stage

6060 - International Standard published

Start Date

05-Nov-2021

Due Date

01-Jul-2022

Completion Date

05-Nov-2021

Ref Project

Relations

Revises

ISO 18947:2013 - Imaging materials — Photographic reflection prints — Determination of abrasion resistance of photographic images

Effective Date

14-Apr-2018

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18947-1
First edition
2021-11
Imaging materials and prints —
Abrasion resistance —
Part 1:
General rub testing methods
Matériaux pour l'image et les impressions — Résistance à
l'abrasion —
Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai de frottement générales
Reference number
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on

the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below

or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Contents Page

Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv

Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions .................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Principle ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3

5 Test device .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4

5.1 Test device description ................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.2 Test device preparation .................................................................................................................................................................. 4

6 Samples .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

6.2 Preparation of samples and selection of the receptor material ................................................................. 5

7 Test procedure .......................................................................................................................................................................................................5

8 Evaluation ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.2 Visual evaluation .................................................................................................................................................................................. 6

8.3 Optical measurements ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7

9 Test report .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

Annex A (informative) Examples of test equipment and corresponding procedures and

operating parameters .................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................18

iii
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to

the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography, in cooperation with

ISO/TC 130, Graphic Technology and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28, Office equipment.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18947:2013), which has been technically

revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— graphic prints and office prints are also covered,
— more test devices have been introduced,
— visual evaluation was added.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18947 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Introduction

This method is one of a series relating to permanence and durability of image prints, which is the

resistance to physical, mechanical, chemical and/or environmental stresses in conditions of use. The

permanence of the image under environmental stresses is tested by each stress factor individually:

[11] [10] [12] [13]

light (ISO 18937 ), heat (ISO 18936 ), ozone (ISO 18941 ), and humidity (ISO 18946 ). These

stress factors are given by the ambient conditions, over which the user often has limited control. The

exposure to mechanical and physical stress may often be controlled by the user, unless intense handling

is integral to intended use. Tests for rubbing of prints resulting in abrasion or smearing of the image are

[8]

handled in the series 18947, scratch resistance is addressed in ISO 18922 (for film) and in the series

ISO 18951 (all parts) (for reflection prints, currently under development), respectively, and durability

[9]

tests to simulate accidental exposure to water or food spill is described ISO 18935 .

The process of rubbing a surface may result in different types of degradations, e.g. abrasion, scuffing,

smudging, and others. They may be observed as loss of colour intensity, scratches, changes in gloss,

coloration of former uncoloured areas, (coloured) material transfer to a receptor and others.

This document provides standardized requirements to evaluate the abrasion resistance of image prints

in their various formats.

Abrasion and smudge can include both accidental and repeating stresses resulting from handling of the

image. The following are some examples of sources of abrasions:
— dirt particles rubbing on printed surface;
— sheet-to-sheet abrasion (sliding motion of sheets relative to each other);
— prints sliding on tables or other flat surfaces;
— interaction with dirt or components inside of printers;
— magnets or other items used in the display of images.

This second edition transforms ISO 18947 into a multipart standard to extend the applicability of

this standard to analogue and digital photographic, graphic and office prints. In addition, this second

edition allows for the use of additional types of rub testers. The level of abrasion observed in a test

depends on the combination of many factors, including factors of the print material under test as well as

the test apparatus.

Different test devices show different levels of rub work, depending on the force of the device, relative

movement of the samples (direction and speed), test length on the device and the selection of the

material and geometry of the abrading receptor.

Material factors that contribute to friction coefficients and therefore influence the susceptibility of

printed image to abrasive conditions include surface roughness, surface elasticity, substrate porosity of

samples and the chemical formulation, mobility as well as localization of the colorants on the surface or

within a receiver layer.
[23]

A research project performed to develop content for the expansion of the applicability of this

standard to prints of all kinds tried to link the magnitude of abrasion to a combination of surface

roughness, surface elasticity, substrate porosity, direction of the paper fibres and ingredients of

inks. The samples used were black sheet-fed offset prints. Substrates, prints and tested samples were

investigated with respect to the mentioned properties. Receptors were investigated with respect to

the degree of material transfer using scanning densitometry, colour measurement using diffuse sample

illumination and two different scanner based image analysis systems. Unfortunately, no correlation of

the optical measurements to the visual assessments could be established. This is the background that

this document also requires visual assessments of rub sample series.

For photographic prints on coated photo-grade papers, a correlation between abrasion results on

reciprocating, flat abrasion testers was found in a round robin study (several laboratories tested

samples of the same origin) of TC 42/WG 5, that included imaging technologies such as silver halide,

[22]

inkjet, electro-photographic and dye diffuse thermal transfer. Together with results from IPI

this round robin study serves as background for ISO 18947-2, which is dedicated to (quasi-) linear,

reciprocating, abrasion testing of photographic prints on photo-grade papers, including resin coated

(RC photo-grade), barrier coated (water impermeable) paper and coated (water permeable) paper, as

well as photo-grade films. The term (quasi-)linear considers that the test movement on the Sutherland

type tester (see A.1) follows an arc segment of a circle with a large diameter, resulting in a mainly linear

motion with a small orthogonal component.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance —
Part 1:
General rub testing methods
1 Scope

This document specifies test methods to determine the rub resistance of analogue and digital prints.

This includes photographic as well as graphic and office prints on all substrates. ISO 18947-1 provides

information and general guidance relevant to the selection and operation of abrasion test methods and

also describes general performance requirements for abrasion test devices used.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes — Determination of gloss value at 20°, 60° and 85°

ISO 2834 (all parts), Graphic technology — Laboratory preparation of test prints

ISO 8254-1, Paper and board — Measurement of specular gloss — Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a converging

beam, TAPPI method

ISO 18947-2, Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance — Part 2: Rub testing of photographic

prints
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.

ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion

loss of material from a surface or deformation of a surface, with changes in gloss, colour, or density, due

to frictional forces as a result of rubbing
Note 1 to entry: Surface deformations can result in changes in gloss and colour.
3.2
analogue print
print, where the image is printed from the analogue domain

Note 1 to entry: In graphic printing, the marking information of an analogue print is generated by means of an

off-line produced forme with which the ink is printed on the media. Examples of traditional forme-based printing

as defined in ISO 12637-1 are flexographic, letterpress, letterset, (offset) lithographic, gravure, intaglio, pad-

transfer printing, screen and stencil printing.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)

Note 2 to entry: Ambiguous use also for chromogenic (silver-halide) print, where image information is exposed

conventionally (“analogue”) through a film negative or positive, or actual scene images are exposed through

camera lenses.
3.3
digital print
print where the image is printed directly from the digital domain

Note 1 to entry: Digital print is a print made directly from digital data when there is no intermediate image

carrier, or when the image carrier is refreshed for each impression and thus each impression can be different in

content if desired.

Note 2 to entry: Graphic printing in its various forms as defined in the ISO 12647 (all parts) is typically categorized

as “analogue printing” even though data may stem from the digital domain as in the case of computer-to-plate

systems.

Note 3 to entry: There is substantial confusion around the definition of this term by users, particularly in the

consumer market where it may be taken to mean a print where the original image is produced or manipulated in

the digital domain.
3.4
interval scale

scale established by a psychophysical method, which, in addition to possessing the

attributes of rank order (3.7), is distinguished by the fact that equal differences between numerical

values correspond to equal differences between properties measured (in sensory analysis, perceived

intensities)

Note 1 to entry: Larger values correspond to larger perceived intensities and the size of the difference between

two values reflects the size of the difference in perceived intensity of the property being measured. However, a

numerical value of zero may not indicate a total absence of the property and the ratio of two values cannot be

assumed to reflect the ratio of the perceived intensities.
3.5
minimum density
min

optical density corresponding to the maximum transmittance (film) or reflectance (paper) that a

printed product can achieve

Note 1 to entry: The representation of the minimum density level of a print depends on the printing technology

and includes (a) non-printed area of the print material, i.e. a substrate with or without a specific image receiving

or image forming layer, (b) coated or printed pre-white area (wherein a white layer is applied before the image

is printed such that a coloured or transparent substrate is covered) or (c) a printed area of the material, where a

transparent and/or white process colour (e.g. ink or toner) is printed image-wise.

Note 2 to entry: In this document, transparent substrates are evaluated in reflection mode by use of a white or

black backing, as suitable.
[SOURCE: ISO 12641-2:2019, 3.6, narrowed to prints observed in reflection mode]
3.6
quasi-linear

curvilinear motion with a small component of total displacement orthogonal to its

main movement

Note 1 to entry: The Sutherland type abrasion tester provides an arc motion, where the length of the arc is much

shorter than the radius of the circle, resulting in a mainly linear motion with a small orthogonal component. The

Martindale type tester using a Lissajous-Figure as the rub schema also has a mainly linear motion with a small

orthogonal component.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
3.7
rank order

result of a psychophysical method involving the arrangement by an observer of a series of stimuli in

order of increasing or decreasing image quality or an attribute thereof, in accordance with the set of

instructions provided
3.8
ratio scale

scale established by a psychophysical method, which has the properties of an interval

scale (3.4) but for which, in addition, the ratio between the values allocated to the two stimuli is equal

to the ratio between the perceived intensities of these stimuli

Note 1 to entry: With this scale, a numerical value of zero designates total absence of the property.

Note 2 to entry: The ratio scale is the only case for which it is meaningful to say that one result is, for instance,

ten times as great as another.
3.9
receptor

substrate used to rub the test specimen and onto which ink or other material that

is removed from the specimen is transferred

Note 1 to entry: An example of a receptor is the back side of the printed media (printed or D area) being

min
evaluated or a standard reference paper.
3.10
rub resistance

ability and/or degree of a substrate or a print to withstand rubbing, as evidenced by abrasion (3.1)

effects
3.11
scuff
surface mark caused by rubbing or abrasion (3.1)
3.12
smudge

result of rubbing leading to the displacement of colorants into adjacent areas as a result of the re-

deposition of abraded material
4 Principle

Depending upon their intended use applications, rub resistance is a desirable and sometimes critical

property of prints. The result of rub may be degradation in both image quality and physical properties.

This practice can be used to evaluate the abrasion, smudge, and scuff resistance of prints under

laboratory conditions.

The key intrinsic property of a print that affects its abrasion resistance is the internal cohesion strength,

the loss elastic module, the elastic module, etc. which relates to plastic deformation of the materials that

make up the imaging layer of the print. The secondary property in a print that also affects the abrasion

resistance is the strength of adhesion between the imaging layer material and its substrate. Finally,

the condition of the substrate surface itself (such as sizing, or coating, or porosity) will also impact the

abrasion resistance of a print.

This method provides a reasonably simple procedure that can be used to set specifications for prints

and determine whether a product meets a predetermined standard for abrasion, smudge, or scuff

resistance for a given use application.

NOTE 1 It is not the purpose of this document to define limits of acceptability or failure.

This method utilizes either a reciprocating, a rotating, a combined reciprocating and rotating, or

a swing arm rubbing device. The test specimen is placed in contact with a receptor surface under a

specified load and is rubbed with a defined motion at a specified frequency and for a specified number

of cycles. In case of a reciprocating device, a cycle consists of 2 strokes, namely forth stroke and back

stroke.

The test results are significantly influenced by the pressure applied and the number of rub movements.

They may also be influenced by the speed of rubbing. The pressure results from the force applied and

the effective contact area determined both by the geometry of the instrument and on the roughness/

smoothness of both the print or substrate and receptor, which may change during the test.

During tests particulates may be separated from the print/substrate or from the receptor. If these are

trapped between print/substrate and receptor, severe damages to the print/substrate may result.

While test results of devices using the same pressure are comparable, the commercial devices described

in A.1, A.4, A.5, and A.6 use different pressures and different rub movements. Test results between test

devices with different pressures and different rub movements will not necessarily be the same.

[16] [18]

NOTE 2 Different instruments are described in ASTM D 5264 , ISO 105-X19, ISO 7784-3, ASTM F 1319 ,

[21]
BS 3110 , ISO 12947-1 or in A.6.

Results are compared to equivalent, unabraded specimen and receptor. After the test the specimen

is removed from the test device and evaluated for degree of degradation by visual assessment, and if

appropriate by measuring the change in gloss, optical density, colorimetry, and/or change in physical

appearance in both printed and D areas.
min

The receptor is analysed for the amount of colorant or coating transferred from the specimen as

evidenced by an increase in optical density or change in colorimetry. For more severe tests, mass

differences may also be considered.

NOTE 3 Measuring optical density or colour or using image analysis based on scanner systems is usually

insufficient to meet visual rank orders of sample series.

It should be noted that there are several alternative standard test methods that attempt to characterize

other degradation aspects of imaging materials due to frictional contact with various surfaces under

[20]

different loads and geometries. Specifically, the user of this document is directed to ASTM F 1486

[17] [19]

(GA-CAT), ASTM D 6037 (Taber), and ASTM F 1478 (Taber). Depending on the specific end-user

application, one or more alternative methods may produce a more relevant result.
5 Test device
5.1 Test device description

This document uses test devices , such as described in ASTM D 5264, ISO 105 X19, ISO 7784-3, and

ASTM F 1319 or in BS 3110, or in ISO 12947-1 or A.6. See Annex A for a more complete description of the

different abrasion testers mentioned in these referenced documents. Equipment that applies a similar

reciprocating abrasive force in a similar manner as described in the preceding standards may also be

used.
5.2 Test device preparation

The test device shall be set on a stable laboratory bench, in a room conditioned to the desired test

temperature and relative humidity. Conditions of (23 ± 3) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity shall be

used for testing, unless specific product end-use requires different conditions.

Examples of test devices are the Sutherland® Rub Tester (Danilee Co.), the AB-3D1 Colour Fastness Rubbing Tester (Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.), the

NUS-ISO 3 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), the FR-2 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), the TRIBOGEAR TYPE 32 (Shinto Scientific Co., Ltd.), Martindale

(James Heal), RT 4 (IGT or Hanatek), and Quartant (prüfbau). This information is given for the convenience of users of this Document and does not

constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products.
© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
6 Samples
6.1 General

Photographic images printed on “photo-grade” media, including coated or surface treated papers shall

be tested in accordance with ISO 18947-2.

Samples to be tested may be prints from regular print runs or test prints. Samples may also be prints

treated at either side (varnished, laminated, bonded, backed, etc.). Samples shall be of a size appropriate

for the test device to be used.

The evaluation of rub on printed receptor surfaces may be difficult. Therefore, standard (unprinted)

receptor substrates (recommended for third party evaluation) or backsides of front side printed

substrates (to simulate rubbing resistance for real production runs) are recommended.

Samples shall be tested in two directions perpendicular to each other. If there is proof of non-directional

rub testing, then testing in one direction is sufficient.

NOTE Samples can show different properties depending on the rub direction. These differences in rub test

directions can be caused by fibre orientation, texture or other. Rub resistance tests perpendicular to the fibre

direction of graphic prints result in higher rub-off and therefore more reliable evaluation for offset printed

samples.

Both the test specimen and the receptor shall be a flat sample with no surface irregularities, such as

scoring or creases.

If testing multiple samples, it is important that each has comparable, if not, identical colorant coverage

and colorant density. If the purpose of the test is to compare the print technologies, select appropriate

substrates and minimize substrate differences whenever possible.

Care shall be taken to avoid contaminating the sample with fingerprints during handling, as this can

influence the test results.
6.2 Preparation of samples and selection of the receptor material

The method of printing and handling of printed samples shall be consistent with the anticipated product

end use, including the presence of an image overcoat or laminate if the print will generally be supplied

with an overcoat or laminate.

Test prints for conventional printing processes shall be uniform and shall be prepared in accordance

with the ISO 2834 (all parts) with agreed upon density or colour coordinates. Test prints for digital

printing processes including photographic prints may contain special test targets.

Printed samples shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to rub

testing. Water based inkjet-printed samples shall be left face-open under the standard environmental

condition at least 14 days prior to rub testing. A shorter conditioning time may be agreed upon when

the purpose of the test is to evaluate the abrasion resistance at a shorter time after printing. During

drying, curing and conditioning dust deposition on the surface to be tested shall be avoided.

Samples and receptor material shall be conditioned at (23 ± 3) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity

for 24 h or longer. A shorter conditioning time may be agreed upon when the purpose of the test is to

evaluate the abrasion resistance at a shorter time after printing.

If tests need to be performed under different climatic conditions, samples also shall be conditioned in

this climate and the conditions shall be recorded.
7 Test procedure

The test shall be conducted under environmental conditions of (23 ± 3) °C and at a relative humidity

of (50 ± 10) %. The test procedure for each of the test devices referenced in 5.1, and described in more

detail in Annex A is slightly different, based on the specific design and capabilities of each of the test

devices. The following are the key parameters that need to be controlled and reported relative to the

specific test device being used:

— the size of the sample specimen and the dimensions of the printed colour patches;

— the specific receptor material, its fibre
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 18947-1
ISO/TC 42
Imaging materials and prints —
Secretariat: ANSI
Abrasion resistance —
Voting begins on:
2021-08-16
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
General rub testing methods
2021-10-11
Matériaux pour l'image et les impressions — Résistance à
l'abrasion —
Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai de frottement générales
Member bodies are requested to consult relevant national interests in
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28,ISO/TC 130 before casting their ballot to the e-Balloting
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021

be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting

on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address

below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Contents Page

5.1 Test device description .................................................................................................................................................................... 4

5.2 Test device preparation ................................................................................................................................................................... 4

6.2 Preparation of samples and selection of the receptor material ................................................................... 5

8.3 Optical measurements ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7

Annex A (informative) Examples of test equipment and corresponding procedures and

© ISO 2021 – All rights reserved iii
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography, in cooperation with

ISO/TC 130, Graphic Technology and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28, Office equipment.

This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18947:2013), which has been technically

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Introduction

This method is one of a series relating to permanence and durability of image prints, which is the

resistance to physical, mechanical, chemical and/or environmental stresses in conditions of use. The

permanence of the image under environmental stresses is tested by each stress factor individually:

[11] [10] [12] [13]

light (ISO 18937 ), heat (ISO 18936 ), ozone (ISO 18941 ), and humidity (ISO 18946 ). These

stress factors are given by the ambient conditions, over which the user often has limited control. The

exposure to mechanical and physical stress may often be controlled by the user, unless intense handling

is integral to intended use. Tests for rubbing of prints resulting in abrasion or smearing of the image are

[8]

handled in the series 18947, scratch resistance is addressed in ISO 18922 (for film) and in the series

ISO 18951 (all parts) (for reflection prints, currently under development), respectively, and durability

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tests to simulate accidental exposure to water or food spill is described ISO 18935 .

The process of rubbing a surface may result in different types of degradations, e.g. abrasion, scuffing,

smudging, and others. They may be observed as loss of colour intensity, scratches, changes in gloss,

coloration of former uncoloured areas, (coloured) material transfer to a receptor and others.

This document provides standardized requirements to evaluate the abrasion resistance of image prints

in their various formats.

Abrasion and smudge can include both accidental and repeating stresses resulting from handling of the

This second edition transforms ISO 18947 into a multipart standard to extend the applicability of

this standard to analogue and digital photographic, graphic and office prints. In addition, this second

edition allows for the use of additional types of rub testers. The level of abrasion observed in a test

depends on the combination of many factors, including factors of the print material under test as well as

the test apparatus.

Different test devices show different levels of rub work, depending on the force of the device, relative

movement of the samples (direction and speed), test length on the device and the selection of the

material and geometry of the abrading receptor.

Material factors that contribute to friction coefficients and therefore influence the susceptibility of

printed image to abrasive conditions include surface roughness, surface elasticity, substrate porosity of

samples and the chemical formulation, mobility as well as localization of the colorants on the surface or

within a receiver layer.
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