ISO 18947-1:2021
(Main)Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance — Part 1: General rub testing methods
Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance — Part 1: General rub testing methods
This document specifies test methods to determine the rub resistance of analogue and digital prints. This includes photographic as well as graphic and office prints on all substrates. ISO 18947-1 provides information and general guidance relevant to the selection and operation of abrasion test methods and also describes general performance requirements for abrasion test devices used.
Matériaux pour l'image et les impressions — Résistance à l'abrasion — Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai de frottement générales
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18947-1
First edition
2021-11
Imaging materials and prints —
Abrasion resistance —
Part 1:
General rub testing methods
Matériaux pour l'image et les impressions — Résistance à
l'abrasion —
Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai de frottement générales
Reference number
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
© ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Test device . 4
5.1 Test device description . 4
5.2 Test device preparation . 4
6 Samples . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Preparation of samples and selection of the receptor material . 5
7 Test procedure .5
8 Evaluation . 6
8.1 General . 6
8.2 Visual evaluation . 6
8.3 Optical measurements . 7
9 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Examples of test equipment and corresponding procedures and
operating parameters . 9
Bibliography .18
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography, in cooperation with
ISO/TC 130, Graphic Technology and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28, Office equipment.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18947:2013), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— graphic prints and office prints are also covered,
— more test devices have been introduced,
— visual evaluation was added.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18947 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
iv
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Introduction
This method is one of a series relating to permanence and durability of image prints, which is the
resistance to physical, mechanical, chemical and/or environmental stresses in conditions of use. The
permanence of the image under environmental stresses is tested by each stress factor individually:
[11] [10] [12] [13]
light (ISO 18937 ), heat (ISO 18936 ), ozone (ISO 18941 ), and humidity (ISO 18946 ). These
stress factors are given by the ambient conditions, over which the user often has limited control. The
exposure to mechanical and physical stress may often be controlled by the user, unless intense handling
is integral to intended use. Tests for rubbing of prints resulting in abrasion or smearing of the image are
[8]
handled in the series 18947, scratch resistance is addressed in ISO 18922 (for film) and in the series
ISO 18951 (all parts) (for reflection prints, currently under development), respectively, and durability
[9]
tests to simulate accidental exposure to water or food spill is described ISO 18935 .
The process of rubbing a surface may result in different types of degradations, e.g. abrasion, scuffing,
smudging, and others. They may be observed as loss of colour intensity, scratches, changes in gloss,
coloration of former uncoloured areas, (coloured) material transfer to a receptor and others.
This document provides standardized requirements to evaluate the abrasion resistance of image prints
in their various formats.
Abrasion and smudge can include both accidental and repeating stresses resulting from handling of the
image. The following are some examples of sources of abrasions:
— dirt particles rubbing on printed surface;
— sheet-to-sheet abrasion (sliding motion of sheets relative to each other);
— prints sliding on tables or other flat surfaces;
— interaction with dirt or components inside of printers;
— magnets or other items used in the display of images.
This second edition transforms ISO 18947 into a multipart standard to extend the applicability of
this standard to analogue and digital photographic, graphic and office prints. In addition, this second
edition allows for the use of additional types of rub testers. The level of abrasion observed in a test
depends on the combination of many factors, including factors of the print material under test as well as
the test apparatus.
Different test devices show different levels of rub work, depending on the force of the device, relative
movement of the samples (direction and speed), test length on the device and the selection of the
material and geometry of the abrading receptor.
Material factors that contribute to friction coefficients and therefore influence the susceptibility of
printed image to abrasive conditions include surface roughness, surface elasticity, substrate porosity of
samples and the chemical formulation, mobility as well as localization of the colorants on the surface or
within a receiver layer.
[23]
A research project performed to develop content for the expansion of the applicability of this
standard to prints of all kinds tried to link the magnitude of abrasion to a combination of surface
roughness, surface elasticity, substrate porosity, direction of the paper fibres and ingredients of
inks. The samples used were black sheet-fed offset prints. Substrates, prints and tested samples were
investigated with respect to the mentioned properties. Receptors were investigated with respect to
the degree of material transfer using scanning densitometry, colour measurement using diffuse sample
illumination and two different scanner based image analysis systems. Unfortunately, no correlation of
the optical measurements to the visual assessments could be established. This is the background that
this document also requires visual assessments of rub sample series.
For photographic prints on coated photo-grade papers, a correlation between abrasion results on
reciprocating, flat abrasion testers was found in a round robin study (several laboratories tested
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
samples of the same origin) of TC 42/WG 5, that included imaging technologies such as silver halide,
[22]
inkjet, electro-photographic and dye diffuse thermal transfer. Together with results from IPI
this round robin study serves as background for ISO 18947-2, which is dedicated to (quasi-) linear,
reciprocating, abrasion testing of photographic prints on photo-grade papers, including resin coated
(RC photo-grade), barrier coated (water impermeable) paper and coated (water permeable) paper, as
well as photo-grade films. The term (quasi-)linear considers that the test movement on the Sutherland
type tester (see A.1) follows an arc segment of a circle with a large diameter, resulting in a mainly linear
motion with a small orthogonal component.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance —
Part 1:
General rub testing methods
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods to determine the rub resistance of analogue and digital prints.
This includes photographic as well as graphic and office prints on all substrates. ISO 18947-1 provides
information and general guidance relevant to the selection and operation of abrasion test methods and
also describes general performance requirements for abrasion test devices used.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes — Determination of gloss value at 20°, 60° and 85°
ISO 2834 (all parts), Graphic technology — Laboratory preparation of test prints
ISO 8254-1, Paper and board — Measurement of specular gloss — Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a converging
beam, TAPPI method
ISO 18947-2, Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance — Part 2: Rub testing of photographic
prints
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface or deformation of a surface, with changes in gloss, colour, or density, due
to frictional forces as a result of rubbing
Note 1 to entry: Surface deformations can result in changes in gloss and colour.
3.2
analogue print
print, where the image is printed from the analogue domain
Note 1 to entry: In graphic printing, the marking information of an analogue print is generated by means of an
off-line produced forme with which the ink is printed on the media. Examples of traditional forme-based printing
as defined in ISO 12637-1 are flexographic, letterpress, letterset, (offset) lithographic, gravure, intaglio, pad-
transfer printing, screen and stencil printing.
1
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: Ambiguous use also for chromogenic (silver-halide) print, where image information is exposed
conventionally (“analogue”) through a film negative or positive, or actual scene images are exposed through
camera lenses.
3.3
digital print
print where the image is printed directly from the digital domain
Note 1 to entry: Digital print is a print made directly from digital data when there is no intermediate image
carrier, or when the image carrier is refreshed for each impression and thus each impression can be different in
content if desired.
Note 2 to entry: Graphic printing in its various forms as defined in the ISO 12647 (all parts) is typically categorized
as “analogue printing” even though data may stem from the digital domain as in the case of computer-to-plate
systems.
Note 3 to entry: There is substantial confusion around the definition of this term by users, particularly in the
consumer market where it may be taken to mean a print where the original image is produced or manipulated in
the digital domain.
3.4
interval scale
scale established by a psychophysical method, which, in addition to possessing the
attributes of rank order (3.7), is distinguished by the fact that equal differences between numerical
values correspond to equal differences between properties measured (in sensory analysis, perceived
intensities)
Note 1 to entry: Larger values correspond to larger perceived intensities and the size of the difference between
two values reflects the size of the difference in perceived intensity of the property being measured. However, a
numerical value of zero may not indicate a total absence of the property and the ratio of two values cannot be
assumed to reflect the ratio of the perceived intensities.
3.5
minimum density
D
min
optical density corresponding to the maximum transmittance (film) or reflectance (paper) that a
printed product can achieve
Note 1 to entry: The representation of the minimum density level of a print depends on the printing technology
and includes (a) non-printed area of the print material, i.e. a substrate with or without a specific image receiving
or image forming layer, (b) coated or printed pre-white area (wherein a white layer is applied before the image
is printed such that a coloured or transparent substrate is covered) or (c) a printed area of the material, where a
transparent and/or white process colour (e.g. ink or toner) is printed image-wise.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, transparent substrates are evaluated in reflection mode by use of a white or
black backing, as suitable.
[SOURCE: ISO 12641-2:2019, 3.6, narrowed to prints observed in reflection mode]
3.6
quasi-linear
curvilinear motion with a small component of total displacement orthogonal to its
main movement
Note 1 to entry: The Sutherland type abrasion tester provides an arc motion, where the length of the arc is much
shorter than the radius of the circle, resulting in a mainly linear motion with a small orthogonal component. The
Martindale type tester using a Lissajous-Figure as the rub schema also has a mainly linear motion with a small
orthogonal component.
2
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
3.7
rank order
result of a psychophysical method involving the arrangement by an observer of a series of stimuli in
order of increasing or decreasing image quality or an attribute thereof, in accordance with the set of
instructions provided
3.8
ratio scale
scale established by a psychophysical method, which has the properties of an interval
scale (3.4) but for which, in addition, the ratio between the values allocated to the two stimuli is equal
to the ratio between the perceived intensities of these stimuli
Note 1 to entry: With this scale, a numerical value of zero designates total absence of the property.
Note 2 to entry: The ratio scale is the only case for which it is meaningful to say that one result is, for instance,
ten times as great as another.
3.9
receptor
substrate used to rub the test specimen and onto which ink or other material that
is removed from the specimen is transferred
Note 1 to entry: An example of a receptor is the back side of the printed media (printed or D area) being
min
evaluated or a standard reference paper.
3.10
rub resistance
ability and/or degree of a substrate or a print to withstand rubbing, as evidenced by abrasion (3.1)
effects
3.11
scuff
surface mark caused by rubbing or abrasion (3.1)
3.12
smudge
result of rubbing leading to the displacement of colorants into adjacent areas as a result of the re-
deposition of abraded material
4 Principle
Depending upon their intended use applications, rub resistance is a desirable and sometimes critical
property of prints. The result of rub may be degradation in both image quality and physical properties.
This practice can be used to evaluate the abrasion, smudge, and scuff resistance of prints under
laboratory conditions.
The key intrinsic property of a print that affects its abrasion resistance is the internal cohesion strength,
the loss elastic module, the elastic module, etc. which relates to plastic deformation of the materials that
make up the imaging layer of the print. The secondary property in a print that also affects the abrasion
resistance is the strength of adhesion between the imaging layer material and its substrate. Finally,
the condition of the substrate surface itself (such as sizing, or coating, or porosity) will also impact the
abrasion resistance of a print.
This method provides a reasonably simple procedure that can be used to set specifications for prints
and determine whether a product meets a predetermined standard for abrasion, smudge, or scuff
resistance for a given use application.
NOTE 1 It is not the purpose of this document to define limits of acceptability or failure.
This method utilizes either a reciprocating, a rotating, a combined reciprocating and rotating, or
a swing arm rubbing device. The test specimen is placed in contact with a receptor surface under a
3
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
specified load and is rubbed with a defined motion at a specified frequency and for a specified number
of cycles. In case of a reciprocating device, a cycle consists of 2 strokes, namely forth stroke and back
stroke.
The test results are significantly influenced by the pressure applied and the number of rub movements.
They may also be influenced by the speed of rubbing. The pressure results from the force applied and
the effective contact area determined both by the geometry of the instrument and on the roughness/
smoothness of both the print or substrate and receptor, which may change during the test.
During tests particulates may be separated from the print/substrate or from the receptor. If these are
trapped between print/substrate and receptor, severe damages to the print/substrate may result.
While test results of devices using the same pressure are comparable, the commercial devices described
in A.1, A.4, A.5, and A.6 use different pressures and different rub movements. Test results between test
devices with different pressures and different rub movements will not necessarily be the same.
[16] [18]
NOTE 2 Different instruments are described in ASTM D 5264 , ISO 105-X19, ISO 7784-3, ASTM F 1319 ,
[21]
BS 3110 , ISO 12947-1 or in A.6.
Results are compared to equivalent, unabraded specimen and receptor. After the test the specimen
is removed from the test device and evaluated for degree of degradation by visual assessment, and if
appropriate by measuring the change in gloss, optical density, colorimetry, and/or change in physical
appearance in both printed and D areas.
min
The receptor is analysed for the amount of colorant or coating transferred from the specimen as
evidenced by an increase in optical density or change in colorimetry. For more severe tests, mass
differences may also be considered.
NOTE 3 Measuring optical density or colour or using image analysis based on scanner systems is usually
insufficient to meet visual rank orders of sample series.
It should be noted that there are several alternative standard test methods that attempt to characterize
other degradation aspects of imaging materials due to frictional contact with various surfaces under
[20]
different loads and geometries. Specifically, the user of this document is directed to ASTM F 1486
[17] [19]
(GA-CAT), ASTM D 6037 (Taber), and ASTM F 1478 (Taber). Depending on the specific end-user
application, one or more alternative methods may produce a more relevant result.
5 Test device
5.1 Test device description
1)
This document uses test devices , such as described in ASTM D 5264, ISO 105 X19, ISO 7784-3, and
ASTM F 1319 or in BS 3110, or in ISO 12947-1 or A.6. See Annex A for a more complete description of the
different abrasion testers mentioned in these referenced documents. Equipment that applies a similar
reciprocating abrasive force in a similar manner as described in the preceding standards may also be
used.
5.2 Test device preparation
The test device shall be set on a stable laboratory bench, in a room conditioned to the desired test
temperature and relative humidity. Conditions of (23 ± 3) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity shall be
used for testing, unless specific product end-use requires different conditions.
Examples of test devices are the Sutherland® Rub Tester (Danilee Co.), the AB-3D1 Colour Fastness Rubbing Tester (Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.), the
1)
NUS-ISO 3 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), the FR-2 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), the TRIBOGEAR TYPE 32 (Shinto Scientific Co., Ltd.), Martindale
(James Heal), RT 4 (IGT or Hanatek), and Quartant (prüfbau). This information is given for the convenience of users of this Document and does not
constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products.
4
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
6 Samples
6.1 General
Photographic images printed on “photo-grade” media, including coated or surface treated papers shall
be tested in accordance with ISO 18947-2.
Samples to be tested may be prints from regular print runs or test prints. Samples may also be prints
treated at either side (varnished, laminated, bonded, backed, etc.). Samples shall be of a size appropriate
for the test device to be used.
The evaluation of rub on printed receptor surfaces may be difficult. Therefore, standard (unprinted)
receptor substrates (recommended for third party evaluation) or backsides of front side printed
substrates (to simulate rubbing resistance for real production runs) are recommended.
Samples shall be tested in two directions perpendicular to each other. If there is proof of non-directional
rub testing, then testing in one direction is sufficient.
NOTE Samples can show different properties depending on the rub direction. These differences in rub test
directions can be caused by fibre orientation, texture or other. Rub resistance tests perpendicular to the fibre
direction of graphic prints result in higher rub-off and therefore more reliable evaluation for offset printed
samples.
Both the test specimen and the receptor shall be a flat sample with no surface irregularities, such as
scoring or creases.
If testing multiple samples, it is important that each has comparable, if not, identical colorant coverage
and colorant density. If the purpose of the test is to compare the print technologies, select appropriate
substrates and minimize substrate differences whenever possible.
Care shall be taken to avoid contaminating the sample with fingerprints during handling, as this can
influence the test results.
6.2 Preparation of samples and selection of the receptor material
The method of printing and handling of printed samples shall be consistent with the anticipated product
end use, including the presence of an image overcoat or laminate if the print will generally be supplied
with an overcoat or laminate.
Test prints for conventional printing processes shall be uniform and shall be prepared in accordance
with the ISO 2834 (all parts) with agreed upon density or colour coordinates. Test prints for digital
printing processes including photographic prints may contain special test targets.
Printed samples shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to rub
testing. Water based inkjet-printed samples shall be left face-open under the standard environmental
condition at least 14 days prior to rub testing. A shorter conditioning time may be agreed upon when
the purpose of the test is to evaluate the abrasion resistance at a shorter time after printing. During
drying, curing and conditioning dust deposition on the surface to be tested shall be avoided.
Samples and receptor material shall be conditioned at (23 ± 3) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity
for 24 h or longer. A shorter conditioning time may be agreed upon when the purpose of the test is to
evaluate the abrasion resistance at a shorter time after printing.
If tests need to be performed under different climatic conditions, samples also shall be conditioned in
this climate and the conditions shall be recorded.
7 Test procedure
The test shall be conducted under environmental conditions of (23 ± 3) °C and at a relative humidity
of (50 ± 10) %. The test procedure for each of the test devices referenced in 5.1, and described in more
5
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ISO 18947-1:2021(E)
detail in Annex A is slightly different, based on the specific design and capabilities of each of the test
devices. The following are the key parameters that need to be controlled and reported relative to the
specific test device being used:
— the size of the sample specimen and the dimensions of the printed colour patches;
— the specific receptor material, its fibre
...
FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 18947-1
ISO/TC 42
Imaging materials and prints —
Secretariat: ANSI
Abrasion resistance —
Voting begins on:
2021-08-16
Part 1:
Voting terminates on:
General rub testing methods
2021-10-11
Matériaux pour l'image et les impressions — Résistance à
l'abrasion —
Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai de frottement générales
Member bodies are requested to consult relevant national interests in
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28,ISO/TC 130 before casting their ballot to the e-Balloting
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO-
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN-
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2021
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2021
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Test device . 4
5.1 Test device description . 4
5.2 Test device preparation . 4
6 Samples . 5
6.1 General . 5
6.2 Preparation of samples and selection of the receptor material . 5
7 Test procedure . 5
8 Evaluation . 6
8.1 General . 6
8.2 Visual evaluation . 6
8.3 Optical measurements . 7
9 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Examples of test equipment and corresponding procedures and
operating parameters . 9
Bibliography .18
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ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 42, Photography, in cooperation with
ISO/TC 130, Graphic Technology and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 28, Office equipment.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 18947:2013), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— graphic prints and office prints are also covered,
— more test devices have been introduced,
— visual evaluation was added.
A list of all parts in the ISO 18947 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2021 – All rights reserved
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Introduction
This method is one of a series relating to permanence and durability of image prints, which is the
resistance to physical, mechanical, chemical and/or environmental stresses in conditions of use. The
permanence of the image under environmental stresses is tested by each stress factor individually:
[11] [10] [12] [13]
light (ISO 18937 ), heat (ISO 18936 ), ozone (ISO 18941 ), and humidity (ISO 18946 ). These
stress factors are given by the ambient conditions, over which the user often has limited control. The
exposure to mechanical and physical stress may often be controlled by the user, unless intense handling
is integral to intended use. Tests for rubbing of prints resulting in abrasion or smearing of the image are
[8]
handled in the series 18947, scratch resistance is addressed in ISO 18922 (for film) and in the series
ISO 18951 (all parts) (for reflection prints, currently under development), respectively, and durability
[9]
tests to simulate accidental exposure to water or food spill is described ISO 18935 .
The process of rubbing a surface may result in different types of degradations, e.g. abrasion, scuffing,
smudging, and others. They may be observed as loss of colour intensity, scratches, changes in gloss,
coloration of former uncoloured areas, (coloured) material transfer to a receptor and others.
This document provides standardized requirements to evaluate the abrasion resistance of image prints
in their various formats.
Abrasion and smudge can include both accidental and repeating stresses resulting from handling of the
image. The following are some examples of sources of abrasions:
— dirt particles rubbing on printed surface;
— sheet-to-sheet abrasion (sliding motion of sheets relative to each other);
— prints sliding on tables or other flat surfaces;
— interaction with dirt or components inside of printers;
— magnets or other items used in the display of images.
This second edition transforms ISO 18947 into a multipart standard to extend the applicability of
this standard to analogue and digital photographic, graphic and office prints. In addition, this second
edition allows for the use of additional types of rub testers. The level of abrasion observed in a test
depends on the combination of many factors, including factors of the print material under test as well as
the test apparatus.
Different test devices show different levels of rub work, depending on the force of the device, relative
movement of the samples (direction and speed), test length on the device and the selection of the
material and geometry of the abrading receptor.
Material factors that contribute to friction coefficients and therefore influence the susceptibility of
printed image to abrasive conditions include surface roughness, surface elasticity, substrate porosity of
samples and the chemical formulation, mobility as well as localization of the colorants on the surface or
within a receiver layer.
[25]
A research project performed to develop content for the expansion of the applicability of this
standard to prints of all kinds tried to link the magnitude of abrasion to a combination of surface
roughness, surface elasticity, substrate porosity, direction of the paper fibres and ingredients of
inks. The samples used were black sheet-fed offset prints. Substrates, prints and tested samples were
investigated with respect to the mentioned properties. Receptors were investigated with respect to
the degree of material transfer using scanning densitometry, colour measurement using diffuse sample
illumination and two different scanner based image analysis systems. Unfortunately, no correlation of
the optical measurements to the visual assessments could be established. This is the background that
this document also requires visual assessments of rub sample series.
For photographic prints on coated photo-grade papers, a correlation between abrasion results on
reciprocating, flat abrasion testers was found in a round robin study (several laboratories tested
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ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
samples of the same origin) of TC 42/WG 5, that included imaging technologies such as silver halide,
[24]
inkjet, electro-photographic and dye diffuse thermal transfer. Together with results from IPI
this round robin study serves as background for ISO 18947-2, which is dedicated to (quasi-) linear,
reciprocating, flat abrasion testing of photographic prints on photo-grade papers, including resin
coated (RC photo-grade), barrier coated (water impermeable) paper and coated (water permeable)
paper, as well as photo-grade films. The term (quasi-)linear considers that the test movement on the
Sutherland type tester (see A.1) follows an arc segment of a circle with a large diameter, resulting in a
mainly linear motion with a small orthogonal component.
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance —
Part 1:
General rub testing methods
1 Scope
This document specifies test methods to determine the rub resistance of analogue and digital prints.
This includes photographic as well as graphic and office prints on all substrates. ISO 18947-1 provides
information and general guidance relevant to the selection and operation of abrasion test methods and
also describes general performance requirements for abrasion test devices used.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2813, Paints and varnishes — Determination of gloss value at 20°, 60° and 85°
ISO 2834 (all parts), Graphic technology — Laboratory preparation of test prints
ISO 8254-1, Paper and board — Measurement of specular gloss — Part 1: 75 degree gloss with a converging
beam, TAPPI method
ISO 18947-2, Imaging materials and prints — Abrasion resistance — Part 2: Rub testing of photographic
prints
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
abrasion
loss of material from a surface or deformation of a surface, with changes in gloss, colour, or density, due
to frictional forces as a result of rubbing
Note 1 to entry: Surface deformations can result in changes in gloss and colour.
3.2
analogue print
print, where the image is printed from the analogue domain
Note 1 to entry: In graphic printing, the marking information of an analogue print is generated by means of an
off-line produced forme with which the ink is printed on the media. Examples of traditional forme-based printing
as defined in ISO 12637-1 are flexographic, letterpress, letterset, (offset) lithographic, gravure, intaglio, pad-
transfer printing, screen and stencil printing.
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ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
Note 2 to entry: Ambiguous use also for chromogenic (silver-halide) print, where image information is exposed
conventionally (“analogue”) through a film negative or positive, or actual scene images are exposed through
camera lenses.
3.3
digital print
print where the image is printed directly from the digital domain
Note 1 to entry: Digital print is a print made directly from digital data when there is no intermediate image
carrier, or when the image carrier is refreshed for each impression and thus each impression can be different in
content if desired.
Note 2 to entry: Graphic printing in its various forms as defined in the ISO 12647 (all parts) is typically categorized
as “analogue printing” even though data may stem from the digital domain as in the case of computer-to-plate
systems.
Note 3 to entry: There is substantial confusion around the definition of this term by users, particularly in the
consumer market where it may be taken to mean a print where the original image is produced or manipulated in
the digital domain.
3.4
interval scale
scale established by a psychophysical method, which, in addition to possessing the
attributes of rank order (3.7), is distinguished by the fact that equal differences between numerical
values correspond to equal differences between properties measured (in sensory analysis, perceived
intensities)
Note 1 to entry: Larger values correspond to larger perceived intensities and the size of the difference between
two values reflects the size of the difference in perceived intensity of the property being measured. However, a
numerical value of zero may not indicate a total absence of the property and the ratio of two values cannot be
assumed to reflect the ratio of the perceived intensities.
3.5
minimum density
D
min
optical density corresponding to the maximum transmittance (film) or reflectance (paper) that a
printed product can achieve
Note 1 to entry: The representation of the minimum density level of a print depends on the printing technology
and includes (a) non-printed area of the print material, i.e. a substrate with or without a specific image receiving
or image forming layer, (b) coated or printed pre-white area (wherein a white layer is applied before the image
is printed such that a coloured or transparent substrate is covered) or (c) a printed area of the material, where a
transparent and/or white process colour (e.g. ink or toner) is printed image-wise.
Note 2 to entry: In this document, transparent substrates are evaluated in reflection mode by use of a white or
black backing, as suitable.
[SOURCE: ISO 12641-2:2019, 3.6, narrowed to prints observed in reflection mode]
3.6
quasi-linear
curvilinear motion with a small component of total displacement orthogonal to its
main movement
Note 1 to entry: The Sutherland type abrasion tester provides an arc motion, where the length of the arc is much
shorter than the radius of the circle, resulting in a mainly linear motion with a small orthogonal component. The
Martindale type tester using a Lissajous-Figure as the rub schema also has a mainly linear motion with a small
orthogonal component.
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ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
3.7
rank order
result of a psychophysical method involving the arrangement by an observer of a series of stimuli in
order of increasing or decreasing image quality or an attribute thereof, in accordance with the set of
instructions provided
3.8
ratio scale
scale established by a psychophysical method, which has the properties of an interval
scale (3.4) but for which, in addition, the ratio between the values allocated to the two stimuli is equal
to the ratio between the perceived intensities of these stimuli
Note 1 to entry: With this scale, a numerical value of zero designates total absence of the property.
Note 2 to entry: The ratio scale is the only case for which it is meaningful to say that one result is, for instance,
ten times as great as another.
3.9
receptor
substrate used to rub the test specimen and onto which ink or other material that
is removed from the specimen is transferred
Note 1 to entry: An example of a receptor is the back side of the printed media (printed or D area) being
min
evaluated or a standard reference paper.
3.10
rub resistance
ability and/or degree of a substrate or a print to withstand rubbing, as evidenced by abrasion (3.1)
effects
3.11
scuff
surface mark caused by rubbing or abrasion (3.1)
3.12
smudge
result of rubbing leading to the displacement of colorants into adjacent areas as a result of the re-
deposition of abraded material
4 Principle
Depending upon their intended use applications, rub resistance is a desirable and sometimes critical
property of prints. The result of rub may be degradation in both image quality and physical properties.
This practice can be used to evaluate the abrasion, smudge, and scuff resistance of prints under
laboratory conditions.
The key intrinsic property of a print that affects its abrasion resistance is the internal cohesion strength,
the loss elastic module, the elastic module, etc. which relates to plastic deformation of the materials that
make up the imaging layer of the print. The secondary property in a print that also affects the abrasion
resistance is the strength of adhesion between the imaging layer material and its substrate. Finally,
the condition of the substrate surface itself (such as sizing, or coating, or porosity) will also impact the
abrasion resistance of a print.
This method provides a reasonably simple procedure that can be used to set specifications for prints
and determine whether a product meets a predetermined standard for abrasion, smudge, or scuff
resistance for a given use application.
NOTE 1 It is not the purpose of this document to define limits of acceptability or failure.
This method utilizes either a reciprocating, a rotating, a combined reciprocating and rotating, or
a swing arm rubbing device. The test specimen is placed in contact with a receptor surface under a
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ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
specified load and is rubbed with a defined motion at a specified frequency and for a specified number
of cycles. In case of a reciprocating device, a cycle consists of 2 strokes, namely forth stroke and back
stroke.
The test results are significantly influenced by the pressure applied and the number of rub movements.
They may also be influenced by the speed of rubbing. The pressure results from the force applied and
the effective contact area determined both by the geometry of the instrument and on the roughness/
smoothness of both the print or substrate and receptor, which may change during the test.
During tests particulates may be separated from the print/substrate or from the receptor. If these are
trapped between print/substrate and receptor, severe damages to the print/substrate may result.
While test results of devices using the same pressure are comparable, the commercial devices described
in A.1, A.4, A.5, and A.6 use different pressures and different rub movements. Test results between test
devices with different pressures and different rub movements will not necessarily be the same.
[22] [17] [21]
NOTE 2 Different instruments are described in ASTM F 2497 , ASTM D 5264 , ASTM F 1571 , ISO 105-
[18] [23]
X19, ISO 7784-3, ASTM F 1319 , BS 3110 , ISO 12947-1 or in A.6.
Results are compared to equivalent, unabraded specimen and receptor. After the test the specimen
is removed from the test device and evaluated for degree of degradation by visual assessment, and if
appropriate by measuring the change in gloss, optical density, colorimetry, and/or change in physical
appearance in both printed and D areas.
min
The receptor is analysed for the amount of colorant or coating transferred from the specimen as
evidenced by an increase in optical density or change in colorimetry. For more severe tests, mass
differences may also be considered.
NOTE 3 Measuring optical density or colour or using image analysis based on scanner systems is usually
insufficient to meet visual rank orders of sample series.
It should be noted that there are several alternative standard test methods that attempt to characterize
other degradation aspects of imaging materials due to frictional contact with various surfaces under
[20]
different loads and geometries. Specifically, the user of this document is directed to ASTM F 1486
[17] [19]
(GA-CAT), ASTM D 6037 (Taber), and ASTM F 1478 (Taber). Depending on the specific end-user
application, one or more alternative methods may produce a more relevant result.
5 Test device
5.1 Test device description
1)
This document uses test devices , such as described in ASTM D 5264, ASTM F 1571, ASTM F 2497,
ISO 105 X19, ISO 7784-3, and ASTM F 1319 or in BS 3110, or in ISO 12947-1 or A.6. See Annex A for a
more complete description of the different abrasion testers mentioned in these referenced documents.
Equipment that applies a similar reciprocating abrasive force in a similar manner as described in the
preceding standards may also be used.
5.2 Test device preparation
The test device shall be set on a stable laboratory bench, in a room conditioned to the desired test
temperature and relative humidity. Conditions of (23 ± 3) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity shall be
used for testing, unless specific product end-use requires different conditions.
Examples of test devices are the Sutherland® Rub Tester (Danilee Co.], the AB-3D1 Colour Fastness Rubbing Tester (Tester Sangyo Co., Ltd.], the
1)
NUS-ISO 3 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.), the FR-2 (Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.], the TRIBOGEAR TYPE 32 (Shinto Scientific Co., Ltd.), Martindale
(James Heal), RT 4 (IGT or Hanatek), and Quartant (prüfbau). This information is given for the convenience of users of this Document and does not
constitute an endorsement by ISO of these products.
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ISO/FDIS 18947-1:2021(E)
6 Samples
6.1 General
Photographic images printed on “photo-grade” media, including coated or surface treated papers shall
be tested in accordance with ISO 18947-2.
Samples to be tested may be prints from regular print runs or test prints. Samples may also be prints
treated at either side (varnished, laminated, bonded, backed, etc.). Samples shall be of a size appropriate
for the test device to be used.
The evaluation of rub on printed receptor surfaces may be difficult. Therefore, standard (unprinted)
receptor substrates (recommended for third party evaluation) or backsides of front side printed
substrates (to simulate rubbing resistance for real production runs) are recommended.
Samples shall be tested in two directions perpendicular to each other. If there is proof of non-directional
rub testing, then testing in one direction is sufficient.
NOTE Samples can show different properties depending on the rub direction. These differences in rub test
directions can be caused by fibre orientation, texture or other. Rub resistance tests perpendicular to the fibre
direction of graphic prints result in higher rub-off and therefore more reliable evaluation for offset printed
samples.
Both the test specimen and the receptor shall be a flat sample with no surface irregularities, such as
scoring or creases.
If testing multiple samples, it is important that each has comparable, if not, identical colorant coverage
and colorant density. If the purpose of the test is to compare the print technologies, select appropriate
substrates and minimize substrate differences whenever possible.
Care shall be taken to avoid contaminating the sample with fingerprints during handling, as this can
influence the test results.
6.2 Preparation of samples and selection of the receptor material
The method of printing and handling of printed samples shall be consistent with the anticipated product
end use, including the presence of an image overcoat or laminate if the print will generally be supplied
with an overcoat or laminate.
Test prints for conventional printing processes shall be uniform and shall be prepared in accordance
with the ISO 2834 (all parts) with agreed upon density or colour coordinates. Test prints for digital
printing processes including photographic prints may contain special test targets.
Printed samples shall be dried or cured and conditioned to the level of the intended use prior to rub
testing. Water based inkjet-printed samples shall be left face-open under the standard environmental
condition at least 14 days prior to rub testing. A shorter conditioning time may be agreed upon when
the purpose of the test is to evaluate the abrasion resistance at a shorter time after printing. During
drying, curing and conditioning dust deposition on the surface to be tested shall be avoided.
Samples and receptor material shall be conditioned at (23 ± 3) °C and (50 ± 10) % relative humidity
for 24 h or longer. A shorter conditioning time may be agreed upon when the purpose of the test is to
evaluate the abrasion resistance at a sh
...
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