ISO 10788:2014

Space systems — Lunar simulants

ISO 10788:2014 is a reference for quantitative measures of lunar simulants.

Systèmes spatiaux — Simulation de la poussiére lunaire

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 18-May-2014
• ICS: 49.140 - Space systems and operations
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 14 - Space systems and operations
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 20/SC 14/WG 4 - Space environment (natural and artificial)
• Current Stage: 9020 - International Standard under periodical review
• Start Date: 15-Oct-2024
• Completion Date: 15-Oct-2024

Standards Content (Sample)

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10788
First edition
2014-05-15
Space systems — Lunar simulants
Systèmes spatiaux — Simulation de la poussiére lunaire
Reference number
©
ISO 2014
© ISO 2014
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
2.1 Terms and definitions . 1
2.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
©
3 Characteristics of lunar regolith previously defined in the Lunar Sourcebook .2
3.1 Minerologies . . 2
3.2 Physical and chemical properties . 3
4 Quantitative measurement properties of lunar simulants . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Comparative baseline . 4
4.3 Impurities and contamination . 4
4.4 Validation of figures of merit . 4
4.5 Composition figure of merit . 5
4.6 Size distribution figure of merit . 7
4.7 Shape figure of merit . 8
4.8 Density figure of merit . 8
Bibliography .10
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 14, Space systems and operations.
iv © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This International Standard provides lunar systems developers and operators with a specific quantitative
measure for lunar regolith simulants in comparison to other simulants and with relation to sampled
lunar materials from Apollo and Lunakhod missions. Developers of lunar systems will use simulants as
test materials. This International Standard is a reference for quantitative measures of lunar simulants
finer than 10 cm. It describes four properties (composition, size, shape, and density) which are the
minimum number of properties needed for such uses as comparative testing involving simulants or civil
engineering. The quantitative measures of lunar dust simulants are based on the quantitative measures
of lunar regolith samples collected at multiple lunar landing sites of the Apollo missions.
This International Standard provides communication of the geological quality of the simulant between
developing organizations and systems operations organizations.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10788:2014(E)
Space systems — Lunar simulants
1 Scope
This International Standard is a reference for quantitative measures of lunar simulants.
2 Terms and definitions and abbreviated terms
2.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1.1
agglutinate
vesiculated glass bonded particle containing other particles (lithic fragments), of which the bonding
glass contains spherical particles of iron
Note 1 to entry: The lunar spherules are typically 3 – 100 nanometers in diameter and formed contemporaneous
with the glass.
Note 2 to entry: Six features characterize lunar agglutinates: size, surface area with relation to volume,
composition, nanophase iron content, flow banding, and multiple generations.
2.1.2
angularity
an expression of roundness
EXAMPLE A poorly rounded grain is described as angular.
Note 1 to entry: This definition has been taken from the Glossary of Geology (see Reference [5]).
2.1.3
aspect ratio
ratio of the maximum Feret diameter divided into the orthogonal Feret diameter
Note 1 to entry: Values range from > 0 to 1 and equal to 1 for a circle.
2.1.4
Feret diameter
distance between two parallel lines which are tangent to the perimeter of a particle
Note 1 to entry: The maximum Feret diameter is defined as the greatest distance between two parallel lines
which are still tangent to the perimeter of the particle.
2.1.5
figure of merit
degree to which a sample matches a reference
Note 1 to entry: Scaling (normalization) forces the norm of the difference of two composition vectors to lie between
0 and 1, and subtraction from unity results in a figure of merit of 1 for a perfect match and 0 for not match at all.
2.1.6
Heywood circularity factor
expression of the complexity of a particle’s perimeter
Note 1 to entry: Formally, the Heywood circularity factor is equal to 1 divided by particle perimeter divided by
the circumference of a circle with the same area as the particle. This is numerically equal to the “circularity”
defined by Waddell (1933). It is expressed in this manner to make it apparent that the Heywood factor is the
inverse of a common definition of “circularity”, another common measure.
Note 2 to entry: Values range from > 0 to 1 and equal 1 for a circle.
2.1.7
lithic fragments
physically discrete solids of any rock type whose normative composition is within the range of the target
terrain
Note 1 to entry: Lithic fragments have texture and mineralogy. Texture is a more important feature than
mineralogy for lithic fragments. Texture describes the grain to grain connectivity boundary. Lunar textures
cannot be replicated on Earth.
2.1.8
lunar terrains
mare and highlands
2.1.9
regolith
all particulate surface material including rocks, soils, and dust
Note 1 to entry: As stated in the Introduction, this International Standard is limited in scope to regolith 10 cm and
smaller. Rocks, soils, and dust are not differentiated on the basis of size.
2.1.10
re-use
after a simulant volume is used (any sequence of events in which a simulant volume is removed from a
storage container) then placed back into storage, any future use constitutes re-use
2.1.11
sphericity
degree to which the shape of a particle approaches a sphere
2.2 Abbreviated terms
th
c concentration or portion of a sample for the x item in the sample
x
FoM Figure of Merit
RFD Relative Frequency Distribution
w weighting factor. w is a value between one and zero. i is an index which refers to the charac-
i
teristic being weighted, such as glass (a grain type)
©
3 Characteristics of lunar regolith previously defined in the Lunar Sourcebook
3.1 Minerologies
The lunar surface mineralogy is variable across major terrain. These properties are qualitative; they
cannot be described in a quantitative manner related to any known spatial distribution across the lunar
surface. The listing of the primary minerologies in Reference [3] includes
2 © ISO 2014 – All rights reserved

— Silicate minerals such as Pyroxene, Plagioclase Feldspar, Olivine (Fo ), and Silica minerals,
— Oxide minerals such as Ilmenite, Spinels, and Armalcolite,
— Sulfide Minerals such as Troilite,
— Native Fe, and
— Phosphate Minerals.
3.2 Physical and chemical properties
3.2.1 General
Reference [3] provided a compilation of properties from Apollo and Lunakhod lunar samples of use
to the scientific community. These properties are listed since a large amount of data exists for lunar
regolith characterization using these properties. As demanded by scientific definitions, these properties
are qualitative and quantitative. This means some properties can be measured directly while others are
descriptive and are not readily measurable. While these properties are of value to planetary or lunar
scientists, they do not address the needs of lunar systems developers and operators with a specific
quantitative measure for lunar regolith simulants in comparison to other simulants and with relation to
sampled lunar materials.
3.2.2 Physical properties
3.2.2.1 Geotechnical properties
a) particle size distribution;
b) particle shapes;
c) specific gravity;
d) bulk density;
e) porosity;
f) relative density;
g) compressibility;
h) shear strength;
i) permeability and diffusivity;
j) bearing capability;
k) slope stability;
l) trafficability.
3.2.2.2 Electrical and electromagnetic properties
a) electrical conductivity;
b) photoconductivity;
c) electrostatic charging;
d) dielectric permittivity.
3.2.3 Chemical properties
a) major elements;
b) incompatible trace elements;
c) miscellaneous minor elements;
d) siderophile elements;
e) vapor-mobilized elements;
f) solar wind implanted elements.
4 Quantitative measurement properties of lunar simulants
4.1 General
Lunar simulants can be measured as lunar samples were measured and published using 22 listed
properties (see Clause 3). However, the quality of lunar simulants measured in this way cannot be
readily compared to lunar source material nor communicated across development and operational
communities. Comparison of these measures for simulants for other than scientific purposes is not
recommended.
The more useful qualification of lunar simulants is tied to lunar minerologies and is expressed most
concisely in four figures of merit: composition, size, shape, and density. The figures of merit for lunar
simulants range from zero to one. A figure of merit value of zero indicates no useful correlation to a
comparative sample. A figure of merit value of one indicates exact correlation as defined by the standard
measurements to a comparative sample. A specific quantitative measure for lunar reg
...

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 10788
ISO/TC 20/SC 14 Secretariat: ANSI
Voting begins on Voting terminates on

2012-04-05 2012-09-05
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION  •  МЕЖДУНАРОДНАЯ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПО СТАНДАРТИЗАЦИИ  •  ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE DE NORMALISATION

Space systems — Lunar simulants
Systèmes spatiaux — Simulation de la poussiére lunaire
ICS 49.140
To expedite distribution, this document is circulated as received from the committee
secretariat. ISO Central Secretariat work of editing and text composition will be undertaken at
publication stage.
Pour accélérer la distribution, le présent document est distribué tel qu'il est parvenu du
secrétariat du comité. Le travail de rédaction et de composition de texte sera effectué au
Secrétariat central de l'ISO au stade de publication.

THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY NOT BE
REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES, DRAFT
INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION.
©  International Organization for Standardization, 2012

ISO/DIS 10788
Copyright notice
This ISO document is a Draft International Standard and is copyright-protected by ISO. Except as permitted
under the applicable laws of the user’s country, neither this ISO draft nor any extract from it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission being secured.
Requests for permission to reproduce should be addressed to either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail [e-mail]
Web www.iso.org
Reproduction may be subject to royalty payments or a licensing agreement.
Violators may be prosecuted.
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO/DIS 10788
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions and abbreviated terms. 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 2
©
4 Characteristics of Lunar Regolith Previously Defined in the Lunar Sourcebook . 2
4.1 Minerologies . 2
4.2 Physical and chemical Properties . 3
5 Quantitative measurement properties of lunar simulants . 4
5.1 Comparative baseline . 4
5.2 Impurities and contamination . 4
5.3 Validation of Figures of Merit . 4
5.4 Composition Figure of Merit. 4
5.4.1 Composition Figure of Merit (FoM) Equation . 4
5.4.2 Particles . 6
5.4.3 Grain types . 6
5.5 Size Distribution Figure of Merit . 6
5.5.1 Size Distribution FoM Equation . 6
5.5.2 Particles from 4 cm to 75 microns . 7
5.5.3 Particles from 100 microns to 1 micron . 7
5.5.4 Particles finer than 2 microns . 7
5.6 Shape Figure of Merit . 8
5.6.1 Shape FoM Equation . 8
5.6.2 Shape . 8
5.7 Density Figure of Merit . 8
5.7.1 Density FoM Equation . 8
5.7.2 Measurement . 9

Bibliography .10

ISO/DIS 10788
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
ISO 10788 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 20, Aircraft and space vehicles, Subcommittee
SC 14, Space systems and operations.

iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO/DIS 10788
Introduction
This International Standard provides lunar systems developers and operators with a specific quantitative
measure for lunar regolith simulants in comparison to other simulants and with relation to sampled lunar
materials from Apollo and Lunakhod missions. Developers of lunar systems will use simulants as test
materials. This International Standard is a reference for quantitative measures of lunar simulants finer than
10cm. The quantitative measures of lunar dust simulants are based on the quantitative measures of lunar
regolith samples collected at multiple lunar landing sites of the Apollo missions.
This standard provides communication of the geological quality of the simulant between developing
organizations and systems operations organizations.
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 10788

Space systems — Lunar simulants
1 Scope
This International Standard is a reference for quantitative measures of lunar simulants. The quantitative
measures of lunar simulants are based on the quantitative measures of lunar samples collected at multiple
lunar landing sites of the Apollo and Lunakhod missions.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions of this part of ISO 10788. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of
these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this part of ISO 10788 are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the normative documents
indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative document referred to applies.
Members of ISO and IEC maintain registers of currently valid International Standards.
©
Heiken, G., D. Vaniman, et al. (1991). Lunar Sourcebook: A User's Guide to the Moon . Cambridge
©
[England] ; New York, Cambridge University Press. ISSN No. 1540-7845. The Lunar Sourcebook is a
recognized international compendium of lunar information collected through the Apollo era.
th
Klaus K.E. Neuendorf, James P. Mehl, Jr., and Julia A. Jackson, editors. Glossary of Geology, 5 edition,
American Geological Institute, ISBN 0-922152-76-4
3 Terms and definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1.1
agglutinate
vesiculated glass bonded particle containing other particles (lithic fragments), of which the bonding glass
contains spherical particles of iron. The lunar spherules are typically 3 – 100 nanometers in diameter and
formed contemporaneous with the glass. Six features characterize lunar agglutinates: size, surface area with
relation to volume, composition, nanophase iron content, flow banding and multiple generations.
3.1.2
angularity
an expression of roundness (i.e., a poorly rounded grain is described as angular),from the Glossary of
Geology
3.1.3
aspect ratio
ratio of the maximum Feret diameter divided into the orthogonal Feret diameter. Values range from >0 to 1
and equal 1 for a circle.
3.1.4
feret diameter
distance between two parallel lines which are tangent to the perimeter of a particle. The maximum Feret
diameter is defined as the greatest distance between two parallel lines which are still tangent to the perimeter
of the particle.
ISO/DIS 10788
3.1.5
figure of merit
degree to which a sample matches a reference. Scaling (normalization) forces the norm of the difference of
two composition vectors to lie between 0 and 1, and subtraction from unity results in a figure of merit of 1 for a
perfect match and 0 for not match at all.
3.1.6
Heywood circularity factor
expression of the complexity of a particle's perimeter. Formally, the Heywood Circularity Factor is equal to 1
divided by particle perimeter divided by the circumference of a circle with the same area as the particle. This is
numerically equal to the "circularity" defined by Wadell (1933). It is expressed in this manner to make it
apparent that the Heywood factor is the inverse of a common definition of "circularity", another common
measure. Values range from >0 to 1 and equal 1 for a circle.
3.1.7
lithic fragments
physically discrete solids of any rock type whose normative composition is within the range of the target
terrain. Lithic fragments have texture and mineralogy. Texture is a more important feature than mineralogy for
lithic fragments. Texture describes the grain to grain connectivity boundary. Lunar textures cannot be
replicated on Earth.
3.1.8
lunar terrains
Mare and Highlands
3.1.9
regolith
all particulate surface material including rocks, soils and dust. As stated in the Introduction, this standard is
limited in scope to regolith 10cm and smaller. Rocks, soils and dust are not differentiated on the basis of size.
3.1.10
re-use
after a simulant volume is used (any sequence of events in which a simulant volume is removed from a
storage container) then placed back into storage, any future use constitutes re-use.
3.1.11
sphericity
degree to which the shape of a particle approaches a sphere
3.2 Abbreviated terms
th
c   the concentration, or portion, of a sample for the x item in the sample.
x
FoM  Figure of Merit
RFD  Relative Frequency Distribution
w a weighting factor. w is a value between one and zero. i is an index which refers to the
i
characteristic being weighted, such as glass (a grain type)
©
4 Characteristics of Lunar Regolith Previously Defined in the Lunar Sourcebook
4.1 Minerologies
The lunar surface mineralogy is variable across major terrain. These properties are qualitative; they cannot
be described in a quantitative manner related to any known spatial distribution across the lunar surface. A
©
listing of the primary minerologies in the Lunar Sourcebook is:
Silicate minerals such as Pyroxene, Plagioclase Feldspar, Olivine (Fo ), and Silica minerals.
2 © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

ISO/DIS 10788
Oxide minerals such as Ilmenite, Spinels, and Armalcolite
Sulfide Minerals such as Troilite
Native Fe
Phosphate Minerals
4.2 Physical and chemical Properties
©
The Lunar Sourcebook provided a compilation of properties from Apollo and Lunakhod lunar samples of use
to the scientific community. These properties are listed since a large amount of data exists for lunar regolith
characterization using these properties. As demanded by scientific definitions, these properties are q
...