ISO 21994:2007
(Main)Passenger cars — Stopping distance at straight-line braking with ABS — Open-loop test method
Passenger cars — Stopping distance at straight-line braking with ABS — Open-loop test method
ISO 21944:2007 specifies an open-loop test method to determine the stopping distance of a vehicle during a straight-line braking manoeuvre, with the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) fully engaged. It applies to passenger cars as defined in ISO 3833 and light trucks. ISO 21944:2007 specifies a reference method and is especially designed to ensure high repeatability.
Voitures particulières — Distance d'arrêt de freinage en ligne droite avec ABS — Méthode d'essai en boucle ouverte
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21994
First edition
2007-06-15
Passenger cars — Stopping distance at
straight-line braking with ABS — Open-
loop test method
Voitures particulières — Distance d'arrêt de freinage en ligne droite
avec ABS — Méthode d'essai en boucle ouverte
Reference number
ISO 21994:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Principle. 1
5 Variables . 2
5.1 Reference system . 2
5.2 Variables to be measured . 2
6 Measuring equipment. 2
6.1 Description . 2
6.2 Transducer installation . 3
6.3 Calibration . 3
6.4 Data processing. 3
7 Test conditions . 3
7.1 General test conditions. 3
7.2 General data . 4
7.3 Test track . 4
7.4 Environmental conditions. 4
7.5 Test vehicle . 4
8 Test procedure . 5
8.1 Test preparation. 5
8.2 Measurements. 6
9 Data evaluation and presentation of results. 7
9.1 General. 7
9.2 Nomenclature of distances and decelerations . 8
9.3 Determination of normalized stopping distance s . 8
A100,norm
9.4 Determining of ABS-braking distance s (100) (optional) . 10
L90,norm
9.5 Determination of normalised build-up distance s (optional). 10
F10,norm
Annex A (informative) Test report — General data. 11
Annex B (informative) Test report — Test conditions and results. 12
Annex C (informative) Test sequence, specific terms and background information. 14
Annex D (normative) Method for determination of F_ABS . 18
Annex E (normative) Requirements for measurements and measuring equipment. 22
Annex F (normative) Structure of the stopping distance calculation. 24
Bibliography . 25
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 21994 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 22, Road vehicles, Subcommittee SC 9, Vehicle
dynamics and road-holding ability.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
Introduction
The stopping distance of a road vehicle is an important part of vehicle performance and active vehicle safety.
Any given vehicle, together with its driver and the prevailing environment, constitutes a unique closed-loop
system. The task of determining the stopping distance is therefore very difficult, since there is a significant
interaction between these driver-vehicle-environment elements, each of which is complex in itself.
Test conditions and tyres have a strong influence on test results. Therefore, only vehicle stopping distances
obtained under comparable test and tyre conditions are comparable to one another.
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21994:2007(E)
Passenger cars — Stopping distance at straight-line braking
with ABS — Open-loop test method
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies an open-loop test method to determine the stopping distance of a vehicle
during a straight-line braking manoeuvre, with the Anti-lock Braking System (ABS) fully engaged. This
International Standard applies to passenger cars as defined in ISO 3833 and light trucks.
This International Standard specifies a reference method and is especially designed to ensure high
repeatability.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3833, Road vehicles — Types — Terms and definitions
ISO/TR 8349, Road vehicles — Measurement of road surface friction
ISO 8855, Road vehicles — Vehicle dynamics and road-holding ability — Vocabulary
ISO 15037-1:2006, Road vehicles — Vehicle dynamics test methods — Part 1: General conditions for
passenger cars
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 8855 and the general conditions
given in ISO 15037-1 shall apply. For specific terms see Annex C.
4 Principle
This International Standard specifies a method to determine the braking distances characterizing the
deceleration build-up phase at the beginning of a braking manoeuvre and at full braking until the vehicle
comes to a standstill.
The driving situation represents an emergency or panic braking phase (pushing the brake pedal with a very
high activation speed) during straight-ahead driving on an even and dry road surface with a high coefficient of
friction.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
Using this International Standard, three results become available:
⎯ stopping distance from initial brake pedal contact until vehicle comes to a standstill (s );
A100
⎯ ABS-braking distance describing the distance travelled under full ABS-controlled braking from 90 km/h
until vehicle comes to a standstill (s ); and
L90
⎯ estimation of the build-up distance from initial brake pedal contact until a velocity reduction of 10 km/h is
achieved (s ).
F10
Apart from the technical equipment and especially the braking characteristics of the vehicle, the distance
travelled after the first pedal contact very strongly depends on the individual pedal actuation of the driver. To
minimize this influence, this International Standard specifies rules for brake pedal actuation.
To achieve reproducible, reliable and comparable measurement results, a multitude of further test conditions
shall be observed.
Measurement results can only be compared if measurements took place under identical conditions. In
particular, this means:
⎯ same track (see also Annex C); and
⎯ very similar weather and ambient conditions (wind, temperature, etc.).
5 Variables
5.1 Reference system
The reference system specified in ISO 15037-1 shall apply.
5.2 Variables to be measured
The following variables shall be measured:
⎯ longitudinal velocity: (v );
X
⎯ time of brake pedal actuation: (t );
0
⎯ longitudinal distance: (s);
⎯ brake pedal actuation force: (F ).
P
The variable longitudinal velocity is defined in ISO 8855.
6 Measuring equipment
6.1 Description
All variables shall be measured by means of appropriate transducers, and their time histories shall be
recorded by a multi-channel recording system. Alternatively, data measured may be recorded and processed
directly in a calculation unit of the measuring system without the possibility to access time histories. Typical
operating ranges, and recommended maximum errors of the transducer and recording system, are given in
Table 1. If initial longitudinal velocities different from 100 km/h are chosen, the following operating ranges shall
be changed accordingly, but maximum errors shall be unchanged.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
Table 1 — Variables, their typical operating ranges and recommended maximum errors —
Additions and exceptions to ISO 15037-1
Recommended maximum error
Variable Typical operating range of the combined transducer
and recorder system
a
Initial longitudinal velocity 102 km/h – 98 km/h ± 0,5 km/h
b
Longitudinal velocity 93 km/h – 5 km/h ± 0,5 km/h
± 1 % (u 50 m)
Longitudinal distance 100 m
± 0,50 m (> 50 m)
Brake force trigger u 10 N (triggering point) ± 5 N
c
Brake pedal actuation force 0 N – 1 000 N (max. 1 500 N) ± 2 %
a
Determined in averaging interval 0,2 s-0 s before brake pedal contact.
b
Deviations of the measured velocity are normally found in the transition area from steady state driving to full braking.
c
It is recommended to use a lateral force compensated brake force transducer.
The trigger signal for brake pedal contact shall be activated at a pedal force of 10 N or less. The time delay of
the trigger signal shall be 5 ms or less. If the pedal force transducer does not fulfil this specification, it is
recommended to use a contact switch on the brake pedal’s step pad.
To monitor test preparation (run-in) and test conditions, the following measuring devices are required:
⎯ brake (disc/drum or pad/lining) temperature sensor; and
⎯ device for measuring and displaying vehicle deceleration (run-in).
6.2 Transducer installation
The requirements of 4.2 of ISO 15037-1:2006 shall apply. In addition, it shall be ensured that transient vehicle
pitch angle changes during braking do not affect the measurement of the velocity and distance variables for
the chosen transducer system.
6.3 Calibration
All transducers shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The transducer manufacturer’s
recommended application software and firmware version shall be used. If parts of the measuring system used
can be adjusted, such calibration shall be performed immediately before the beginning of the tests.
For a detailed procedure of calibration, see Annex E.
6.4 Data processing
The recording system and data processing requirements contained in 4.3 of ISO 15037-1:2006 shall apply.
7 Test conditions
7.1 General test conditions
The test conditions shall be in accordance with Clause 5 of ISO 15037-1:2006, unless otherwise specified in
this International Standard.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
7.2 General data
General data on the test vehicle and test conditions shall be recorded as specified in ISO 15037-1:2006, 5.4.1
and Annexes A and B, with the additions of the braking system and tyre data as listed in Annex A of this
International Standard.
7.3 Test track
All tests shall be carried out on a smooth, clean, dry and uniform paved road surface.
The gradient of the test surface to be used shall not exceed 1 % longitudinal inclination and 2 % transversal
inclination when measured over any distance interval between that corresponding to the vehicle track and
25 m.
It is recommended to use a lane width of 3,5 m or more.
The friction coefficient of the test surface shall be a minimum of 0,9, and its variation shall not exceed ± 5 %
over the length of the test surface. These requirements are generally fulfilled on concrete and rough asphalt
surfaces. (See also C.2.2 and C.2.3.)
7.4 Environmental conditions
The weather conditions shall remain unchanged during a sequence of measurements. The ambient wind
velocity (regardless of the wind direction) shall either not exceed 3 m/s or, if the wind velocity ranges between
3 m/s and 5 m/s maximum, an equal number of measurements specified shall be carried out in both driving
directions. The total number of measurements shall remain the same (see 8.2.5).
The ambient temperature shall be between + 5 °C and + 35 °C and its variation during a sequence of
measurements shall not exceed 10 °C.
The surface temperature of the test track shall be between + 10 °C and + 40 °C and its variation during a
sequence of measurements shall not exceed 10 °C.
Additionally, the variation in surface temperature along the length of the test track (e.g. due to changes from
sunlit to shaded areas) shall not exceed 10 °C.
Measurements performed within acceptable temperature ranges as specified above can only be compared if,
additionally, the temperature difference between one another is below 10 °C. Special tests with specific
structural components such as tyres may require much smaller tolerance ranges in order to become
comparable.
7.5 Test vehicle
7.5.1 General vehicle condition
The condition of the test vehicle shall be in accordance with the vehicle manufacturer’s specifications,
particularly with respect to the complete brake system, the suspension geometries, power train (e.g.
differentials and locks) configuration and tyres used.
7.5.2 Tyres
Generally, all measurements shall be conducted with summer tyres.
For a general tyre condition, new tyres shall be fitted on the test vehicle according to the manufacturer’s
specifications. If not specified otherwise by the tyre manufacturer, they shall be run in on the test vehicle for at
least 150 km on a road surface with high friction or on an equivalent vehicle without excessively harsh use, for
example braking, acceleration, cornering, hitting the kerb, etc. Therefore, longitudinal and lateral accelerations
2
shall not exceed 3 m/s during run-in. After run-in the tyres shall be used at the same vehicle locations for the
tests.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
The existing tread depth and the type of wear have an impact on the length of the braking distance (see C.2.5).
Therefore, when comparing vehicles or tyres, new tyres shall be used for the measurements as a general rule.
If no new tyres are used, the tyre parameters and tread widths should show a steady wear condition with a
tread depth of at least 90 % of the original value across the whole breadth of the tread and around the whole
circumference of that of the new tyre.
Tyres shall be manufactured not more than one year before the test. The date of manufacturing (DOT-stamp)
shall be noted in the presentation of test conditions (see Annex A).
Tyres shall be inflated to the pressure as specified by the vehicle manufacturer for the test vehicle
configuration. The tolerance for setting the cold inflation pressure is ± 5 kPa for pressures up to 250 kPa and
± 2 % for pressure above 250 kPa.
Tyre data, the inflation pressure and tread depth of the tyres determined before tyre warm-up and after the
test runs shall be recorded in the test report (see Annex B).
7.5.3 Braking system
The braking system shall be in a technically perfect condition (see also C.2.9). Any newly installed wheel
brakes (brake discs, brake drums, brake pads) must be burnished in accordance with vehicle manufacturer
specifications. Alternatively, the burnishing procedure for brakes as specified in C.2.5.2 may be applied.
Hydraulic systems shall be fully bled (free of air residuals) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
7.5.4 Loading conditions of the vehicle
The fuel tank shall be full and, in the course of the measurement sequence, the indicated fuel level should not
drop below “half-full”.
The total load of the driver plus instrumentation should not exceed 150 kg.
If the vehicle is to be tested in any other load condition (e.g. GVM), then the additional payload shall be evenly
distributed such that cross-axle variations do not exceed 50 kg (see C.2.6).
8 Test procedure
8.1 Test preparation
8.1.1 Defining the measurement distance
To ensure constant friction characteristics, all test runs shall be performed on the same track section.
It shall be ensured that neither tread wear nor frequent braking can cause a relevant change of the track
surface and hence a different road friction coefficient.
Comparative measurements should always be started at the same spot to avoid different friction coefficients.
However, to avoid punctual road contamination or damage in the long run, the initial braking point should vary
along the track when carrying out entirely different measuring sequences.
Since friction coefficients often vary considerably across the driving track, it shall be ensured that the tests are
all performed on the same driving track in order to achieve reproducible test results.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
8.1.2 Conditioning tyres and brake system
The tyres and at the same time the brakes are submitted to a two-step conditioning procedure on the test
track directly before the braking distance measurements:
1) 5 (five) ABS controlled brakings from about 100 km/h to a stop without excessively heating the brake,
i.e. the brake disc temperatures must not exceed 120 °C at the beginning of each braking; and
2) cooling down the tyres (normal ride for about 10 km recommended).
8.2 Measurements
8.2.1 Brake disc temperature
Before each measurement, the temperature of the front brake discs shall be between 80 °C and 120 °C and
that of the rear brake discs (brake drums) below 120 °C (100 °C). If required, cooling phases shall be provided.
8.2.2 Initial driving condition
The initial driving condition is a steady-state straight ahead run (see 6.2.2 of ISO 15037-1). The longitudinal
2
acceleration shall not exceed ± 0,3 m/s .
The specified vehicle velocity at the beginning of the braking is 100 km/h with a maximum tolerance of
± 2 km/h. To minimize dynamic effects, the vehicle should be driven at a steady velocity for at least 1,5 s
(about 50 m) before braking is initiated (see also C.2.7).
Depending on the vehicle transmission type, one of the following driving conditions shall be selected:
⎯ automatic transmission: standard drive mode D;
⎯ manual transmission: starting; usually with the fourth or a higher gear engaged, disengaging in the course
of the braking, i.e. it should be disengaged at the latest at a velocity of about 80 km/h.
The gear chosen (for automatic transmissions, selected driving range) shall be documented in the test record.
Alternatively, neutral gear may be selected before commencing the brake application. Comparisons of braking
distances are only possible if the condition of engagement is the same (gearbox: disengaged/declutched,
respectively in neutral mode “N”; or gearbox: engaged, respectively drive mode “D”).
On vehicles equipped with a vacuum brake booster, the brake force depends on the vacuum level of the
vacuum brake booster. Therefore, a sufficient vacuum shall be ensured at the beginning of braking. To
achieve a sufficient vacuum level, it is recommended to move the vehicle in a drag operation for a short time
during the cooling phases between the individual brakings. When doing so, the driving pedal can be released
for at least 10 s at high engine speed (e.g. by engaging a suitable gear). Afterwards, the brake shall not be
operated before the next measurement because this will reduce the vacuum level that was established before.
8.2.3 Brake pedal actuation
8.2.3.1 Determination of the minimum brake pedal force
The brake pedal shall be applied very fast and with sufficient pedal force. The brake pedal force must be high
enough to guarantee ABS-control throughout the whole braking phase of the test run. Therefore, a minimum
force of 500 N shall be applied. This force shall be at least 1,5 times F_ABS or higher. F_ABS shall be
determined for the test vehicle as described in Annex D.
8.2.3.2 Brake pedal application
The measurement shall start at the instant of first foot contact with the brake pedal. This instant is defined by
either a signal of a contact switch or determined from the pedal force signal. The signal representing the initial
pedal contact shall be triggered at a pedal force of 10 N or lower.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
The brake pedal shall be applied with a minimum force of 500 N or 1,5 times F_ABS (whatever is higher). The
gradient shall be higher than 3333 N/s (i.e. 500 N in 150 ms). The minimum pedal force shall be maintained
until the vehicle comes to a standstill.
During the entire procedure, the pedal force shall not exceed a value of 1500 N.
8.2.4 Conditions during braking
To be able to keep the vehicle properly on track, no major steering corrections shall be applied during braking
(see C.2.8). Any minor steering corrections during braking shall be documented in the test report.
8.2.5 Number of measurements
One measurement sequence consists of 10 (ten) valid individual measurements (i.e. measurements
performed while observing all conditions specified).
9 Data evaluation and presentation of results
9.1 General
In the test report, general information should be presented as shown in Annex A. Each change in vehicle
equipment (e.g. different load conditions) shall be documented.
Applying this International Standard will deliver up to three results:
1) Normalized stopping distance s : Distance travelled between initial brake pedal contact
A100,norm
until the vehicle comes to a standstill. The stopping distance is normalized to the nominal initial
velocity (100 km/h).
2) Normalized ABS-braking distance s (100): Distance travelled under full ABS-controlled
L90,norm
braking from 90 km/h until vehicle comes to a standstill.
3) Normalised build-up distance s (100): Distance travelled during deceleration build-up,
F10,norm
defined as interval of a velocity decrease of 10 km/h (“First 10 km/h”): Distance between the point of
first brake pedal contact, normalized to the nominal velocity of 100 km/h, until the velocity 90 km/h is
reached.
Positions 2 and 3 are optional.
All calculated longitudinal decelerations shall be determined according to the following formula:
22
vv −
12
a = (1)
x
2⋅s
x
where
a is the calculated deceleration;
x
v is the initial velocity;
1
v is the velocity at end of measurement;
2
s is the measured distance (between v and v ).
x 1 2
The velocity at the end of the measurement shall be 5 km/h to stay in the range of high measuring accuracy of
many measuring systems.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
9.2 Nomenclature of distances and decelerations
Figure 1 — Nomenclature of distance and deceleration
Indices include:
⎯ First index:
⎯ A: Stopping distance (from brake pedal contact during the complete braking manoeuvre until
standstill);
⎯ F: First range (starting at initial brake pedal contact);
⎯ L: Last range from a specified velocity (here 90 km/h) until standstill;
⎯ Second index: Identifier for velocity range or velocity for start of measurement.
9.3 Determination of normalized stopping distance s
A100,norm
9.3.1 Determination of mean deceleration of a single test run
2
The mean deceleration a [m/s ] for every single brake test run is calculated according to the following formula:
i
22
vv −
0,i 2,i
a = (2)
i
2⋅s
i
where
a is the calculated deceleration from brake pedal contact to standstill;
i
v is the actual velocity at the instant of first brake pedal contact (target: 100 km/h);
0,i
v is the actual velocity at the end of the measurement (target: 5 km/h);
2,i
s is the measured braking distance.
i
In the equation, the actual velocities between which the distance measurement was performed shall be used.
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ISO 21994:2007(E)
NOTE Since data is measured in constant time intervals due to the sampling rate used, the braking distance
measurement is likely not to comprise the interval from 100,0 km/h to 5,0 km/h but instead will, for example, begin at
100,7 km/h and end at 4,9 km/h.
Additionally, it shall be ensured that t
...
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