ISO/TS 19022:2016

Plastics — Method of controlled acceleration of laboratory weathering by increased irradiance

ISO/TS 19022:2016 specifies a test method which allows predicting the aging rate of material specimens, e.g. plastics, under interest independent of the aging mechanisms as a function of radiant exposure. The UV irradiance of a simulated solar radiation (with a laboratory radiation source) will be extended above the normal maximum level on earth surface while keeping all relevant temperature parameters fixed. NOTE For translucent plastics, the surface temperatures are below the white standard temperature. In addition, the maximum temperature is not on the irradiated surface, it is somewhere inside the plastic material.

Plastiques — Méthode d'accélération contrôlée du vieillissement en laboratoire par irradiance accrue

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 25-Jan-2016
• ICS: 83.080.01 - Plastics in general
• Technical Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 6 - Ageing, chemical and environmental resistance
• Drafting Committee: ISO/TC 61/SC 6 - Ageing, chemical and environmental resistance
• Current Stage: 9093 - International Standard confirmed
• Completion Date: 06-Sep-2022

Standards Content (Sample)

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19022
First edition
2016-02-01
Plastics — Method of controlled
acceleration of laboratory weathering
by increased irradiance
Plastiques — Méthode d’accélération contrôlée du vieillissement en
laboratoire par irradiance accrue
Reference number
ISO/TS 19022:2016(E)
©
ISO 2016

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2016(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2016(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Principle . 2
6 Apparatus . 2
6.1 General . 2
6.2 Test chamber . 2
6.3 Laboratory radiation source . 3
6.3.1 General. 3
6.3.2 Spectral irradiance . 3
6.3.3 Irradiance uniformity . 3
6.4 Radiometer . 4
6.5 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity . 4
6.6 Black-standard/black-panel thermometer . 4
6.7 Wetting and humidity-control equipment . 4
6.7.1 General. 4
6.7.2 Relative-humidity control equipment . 4
6.7.3 Spray system . 4
6.8 Specimen holders . 4
6.9 Apparatus to assess changes in properties . 5
7 Test specimens. 5
8 Test method . 5
9 Exposure conditions . 6
9.1 Radiation . 6
9.2 Temperature . 6
9.2.1 Black-standard and black-panel temperature . 6
9.2.2 Chamber air temperature . 6
9.2.3 Specimen surface temperature. 6
9.3 Humidity of chamber air . 7
9.3.1 Relative humidity of chamber air . 7
9.3.2 Spray cycle . 7
10 Procedure. 7
10.1 General . 7
10.2 Mounting the test specimens . 7
10.3 Exposure . 7
10.4 Measurement of radiant exposure . 8
10.5 Determination of changes in properties after exposure . 8
11 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Principle of reciprocity . 9
Bibliography .10
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2016(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 6, Ageing, chemical
and environmental resistance.
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2016(E)

Introduction
A realization of the acceleration of laboratory weathering under controlled conditions is an essential
requirement for delivering reliable and fast prediction of material durability. In this connection, the
correlation to real use aging behaviour is being checked constantly.
The fundamental parameters of a weathering test are simulated solar radiation, heat and moisture. The
induced change in the material properties, among other things, is determined by the irradiance level
and relative spectral irradiance of simulated solar radiation incident on the material surface during
the test, the surface temperature, and the level of moisture. An increase in some well-known weather
parameters, continuously monitored outdoors, offers opportunities to speed up the weathering process
outdoors and in the laboratory. Since 1967, acceleration of outdoor weathering with instruments for
intensified weathering using concentrated solar radiation (according to ISO 877-3) became a common
practice. By concentrating the natural solar radiation with Fresnel mirrors, irradiances of five to six
times higher than the maximum natural level has been reached. Already in 1996, a screening procedure
with very high irradiances for dyed textiles were developed which enabled the reduction of the test
[5]
duration for lightfastness grades from five days to seven days to two and a half days.
However, the applicability of an increased irradiance for deterministic acceleration of weathering
without a specific knowledge of material properties requires that the degradation of material (at
constant temperature and moisture conditions) has to be dependent on the applied radiant exposure
only, irrespective of the irradiance level and resulting exposure duration used during the test. For some
materials fulfilling this criterion, the acceleration of weathering has been demonstrated successfully.
[6][7][8][9]
This criterion is not always fulfilled since an increase in the irradiance might not always
produce the expected increase in the weathering acceleration due to possible and a priory unknown to
the operator nonlinear dependence of the photochemical processes on the irradiance level. Moreover,
the overall material degradation might be strongly affected by the other weather parameters which
can be modified due to the increased irradiance.
There are limitations in using increased irradiances. Therefore, the applicability and the limits of this
weathering acceleration approach are determined by the properties of the specific material and have
to be investigated systematically in each particular case. In this respect, it is of essential importance
to validate an appropriate test procedure under controlled conditions in laboratory with an artificial
radiation source which can provide high irradiances above the natural level with the relative spectral
irradiance closely mimicking the natural solar radiation. Simultaneously, the temperature of the sample
specimen surface and of the chamber air is kept constant in a wide range of irradiance level. In addition,
the usual wetting and rain option have to be available.
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19022:2016(E)
Plastics — Method of controlled acceleration of laboratory
weathering by increased irradiance
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies a test method which allows predicting the aging rate of material
specimens, e.g. plastics, under interest independent of the aging mechanisms as a function of radiant
exposure. The UV irradiance of a simulated solar radiation (with a laboratory radiation source) will be
extended above the normal maximum level on earth surface while keeping all relevant temperature
parameters fixed.
NOTE For translucent plastics, the surface temperatures are below the white standard temperature. In
addition, the maximum temperature is not on the irradiated surface, it is somewhere inside the plastic material.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4582, Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to
daylight under glass, natural weathering or artificial light
ISO 4892-1, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 1: General guidance
ISO 9370, Plastics — Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests — General
guidance and basic test method
ISO 10640, Plastics — Methodology for assessing polymer photo ageing by FT-IR and UV-visible spectrometry
ISO/TR 17801, Plastics — Standard table for reference global solar spectral irradiance at sea level —
Horizontal, relative air mass 1
CIE Publication No. 85:1989, Solar spectral irradiance
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
radiant exposure
H
radiant energy per unit
Note 1 to entry: Radiant exposure is given by the following formula:
H = ∫ E × dt
where
−2
E is the irradiance, in watts per square metre (W × m );
t is the exposure time, in seconds (s).
-2
Note 2 to entry: H is therefore expressed in joules per square metre (J × m ).
© ISO 2016 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2016(E)

3.2
solar radiation
global solar radiation
solar radiant flux, both direct and diffuse, received on a horizontal plane unit area from a solid angle of
2π steradians
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 17801, 3.1, modified — irradiance has been replaced by radiation]
Note 1 to entry: In this Technical Specification, “solar radiation” always means “global solar radiation”.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
CHT chamber air temperature (ambient air temperature)
BST black-standard thermometer (insulated surface temperature sensor)
BPT black-panel thermometer (uninsulated surface temperature sensor)
WST white standard thermometer (insulated surface temperature sensor)
WPT white panel thermometer (uninsulated surface temperature sensor)
5 Principle
A xenon or fluorescent UV radiation source (other radiation sources are possible), fitted with filters (if
necessary), is used to simulate preferably the relative spectral irradiance of solar radiation according
to CIE Publication No. 85:1989, Table 4 or solar radiation filtered by window glass. A standard test
method (e.g. ISO 4892-2, ISO 4892-3) or a differing/non-standardized weathering test method shall be
conducted as a basis for further investigations. The base level test shall use weathering parameters
(irradiance, temperatures, relative humidity) which are not above a maximum natural level (e.g.
2
irradiance in the wavelength range 300 nm to 400 nm smaller than 66 W/m ). As a second step, the
irradiance is increased step by step above the natural level. While the irradiance is increased above
the maximum level (at least three levels) or decreased, all other test parameters (relative spectral
irradiance, chamber air temperature, relative humidity) shall be kept constant (unchanged). If used,
the influence of a spray/dry cycle shall be carefully considered. The test results (e.g. colour change,
carbonyl formation) shall be plotted as a function of the radiant exposure.
6 Apparatus
6.1 General
The equipment comprises a climate chamber with a chamber air temperature and relative humidity
measurement device. In the climate chamber, included is a radiation source. The radiation source may
generate UV, visible radiation, and infrared radiation similar to solar radiation with appropriate filter
systems. A cooling system for the laboratory simulated solar radiation source and a fixture for the
specimens are included in the chamber as well.
6.2 Test chamber
The design of the test chamber may vary, but it shall be constructed from inert material. In case of
radiation sources including VIS and IR, it shall be equipped with a blow
...

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 19022
First edition
Plastics — Determination acceleration
of laboratory weathering
Plastiques — Détermination de l’accélération du vieillissement en
laboratoire
PROOF/ÉPREUVE
Reference number
ISO/TS 19022:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2015(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2015, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. [phone]
Fax [phone]
[e-mail]
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2015(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Principle . 2
6 Apparatus . 2
6.1 General . 2
6.2 Test chamber . 2
6.3 Laboratory radiation source . 3
6.3.1 General. 3
6.3.2 Spectral irradiance . 3
6.3.3 Irradiance uniformity . 3
6.4 Radiometer . 4
6.5 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity . 4
6.6 Black-standard/black-panel thermometer . 4
6.7 Wetting and humidity-control equipment . 4
6.7.1 General. 4
6.7.2 Relative-humidity control equipment . 4
6.7.3 Spray system . 4
6.8 Specimen holders . 4
6.9 Apparatus to assess changes in properties . 5
7 Test specimens. 5
8 Test method . 5
9 Exposure conditions . 6
9.1 Radiation . 6
9.2 Temperature . 6
9.2.1 Black-standard and black-panel temperature . 6
9.2.2 Chamber air temperature . 6
9.2.3 Specimen surface temperature. 6
9.3 Humidity of chamber air . 7
9.3.1 Relative humidity of chamber air . 7
9.3.2 Spray cycle . 7
10 Procedure. 7
10.1 General . 7
10.2 Mounting the test specimens . 7
10.3 Exposure . 7
10.4 Measurement of radiant exposure . 8
10.5 Determination of changes in properties after exposure . 8
11 Test report . 8
Annex A (informative) Principle of reciprocity . 9
Bibliography .10
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2015(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 6, Ageing, chemical
and environmental resistance.
iv PROOF/ÉPREUVE © ISO 2015 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2015(E)

Introduction
A realization of the acceleration of laboratory weathering under controlled conditions is an essential
requirement for delivering reliable and fast prediction of material durability. In this connection, the
correlation to real use aging behaviour is being checked constantly.
The fundamental parameters of a weathering test are simulated solar radiation, heat and moisture. The
induced change in the material properties, among other things, is determined by the irradiance level
and relative spectral irradiance of simulated solar radiation incident on the material surface during
the test, the surface temperature, and the level of moisture. An increase in some well-known weather
parameters, continuously monitored outdoors, offers opportunities to speed up the weathering process
outdoors and in the laboratory. Since 1967, acceleration of outdoor weathering with instruments for
intensified weathering using concentrated solar radiation (according to ISO 877-3) became a common
practice. By concentrating the natural solar radiation with Fresnel mirrors, irradiances of five to six
times higher than the maximum natural level has been reached. Already in 1996, a screening procedure
with very high irradiances for dyed textiles were developed which enabled the reduction of the test
[5]
duration for lightfastness grades from five days to seven days to two and a half days.
However, the applicability of an increased irradiance for deterministic acceleration of weathering
without a specific knowledge of material properties requires that the degradation of material (at
constant temperature and moisture conditions) has to be dependent on the applied radiant exposure
only, irrespective of the irradiance level and resulting exposure duration used during the test. For some
materials fulfilling this criterion, the acceleration of weathering has been demonstrated successfully.
[6][7][8][9]
This criterion is not always fulfilled since an increase in the irradiance might not always
produce the expected increase in the weathering acceleration due to possible and a priory unknown to
the operator nonlinear dependence of the photochemical processes on the irradiance level. Moreover,
the overall material degradation might be strongly affected by the other weather parameters which
can be modified due to the increased irradiance.
There are limitations in using increased irradiances. Therefore, the applicability and the limits of this
weathering acceleration approach are determined by the properties of the specific material and have
to be investigated systematically in each particular case. In this respect, it is of essential importance
to validate an appropriate test procedure under controlled conditions in laboratory with an artificial
radiation source which can provide high irradiances above the natural level with the relative spectral
irradiance closely mimicking the natural solar radiation. Simultaneously, the temperature of the sample
specimen surface and of the chamber air is kept constant in a wide range of irradiance level. In addition,
the usual wetting and rain option have to be available.
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 19022:2015(E)
Plastics — Determination acceleration of laboratory
weathering
1 Scope
This Technical Specification specifies a test method which allows predicting the aging rate of material
specimens, e.g. plastics, under interest independent of the aging mechanisms as a function of radiant
exposure. The UV irradiance of a simulated solar radiation (with a laboratory radiation source) will be
extended above the normal maximum level on earth surface while keeping all relevant temperature
parameters fixed.
NOTE For translucent plastics, the surface temperatures are below the white standard temperature. In
addition, the maximum temperature is not on the irradiated surface, it is somewhere inside the plastic material.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 4582, Plastics — Determination of changes in colour and variations in properties after exposure to
daylight under glass, natural weathering or artificial light
ISO 4892-1, Plastics — Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources — Part 1: General guidance
ISO 9370, Plastics — Instrumental determination of radiant exposure in weathering tests — General
guidance and basic test method
ISO 10640, Plastics — Methodology for assessing polymer photo ageing by FT-IR and UV-visible spectrometry
ISO/TR 17801, Plastics — Standard table for reference global solar spectral irradiance at sea level —
Horizontal, relative air mass 1
CIE Publication No. 85:1989, Solar spectral irradiance
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
radiant exposure
H
radiant energy per unit
Note 1 to entry: Radiant exposure is given by the following formula:
H = ∫ E × dt
where
−2
E is the irradiance, in watts per square metre (W × m );
t is the exposure time, in seconds (s).
-2
Note 2 to entry: H is therefore expressed in joules per square metre (J × m ).
© ISO 2015 – All rights reserved PROOF/ÉPREUVE 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO/TS 19022:2015(E)

3.2
solar radiation
global solar radiation
solar radiant flux, both direct and diffuse, received on a horizontal plane unit area from a solid angle of
2π steradians
[SOURCE: ISO/TR 17801, 3.1, modified — irradiance has been replaced by radiation]
Note 1 to entry: In this Technical Specification, “solar radiation” always means “global solar radiation”.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
CHT chamber air temperature (ambient air temperature)
BST black-standard thermometer (insulated surface temperature sensor)
BPT black-panel thermometer (uninsulated surface temperature sensor)
WST white standard thermometer (insulated surface temperature sensor)
WPT white panel thermometer (uninsulated surface temperature sensor)
5 Principle
A xenon or fluorescent UV radiation source (other radiation sources are possible), fitted with filters (if
necessary), is used to simulate preferably the relative spectral irradiance of solar radiation according
to CIE Publication No. 85:1989, Table 4 or solar radiation filtered by window glass. A standard test
method (e.g. ISO 4892-2, ISO 4892-3) or a differing/non-standardized weathering test method shall be
conducted as a basis for further investigations. The base level test shall use weathering parameters
(irradiance, temperatures, relative humidity) which are not above a maximum natural level (e.g.
2
irradiance in the wavelength range 300 nm to 400 nm smaller than 66 W/m ). As a second step, the
irradiance is increased step by step above the natural level. While the irradiance is increased above
the maximum level (at least three levels) or decreased, all other test parameters (relative spectral
irradiance, chamber air temperature, relative humidity) shall be kept constant (unchanged). If used,
the influence of a spray/dry cycle shall be carefully considered. The test results (e.g. colour change,
carbonyl formation) shall be plotted as a function of the radiant exposure.
6 Apparatus
6.1 General
The equipment comprises a climate chamber with a chamber air temperature and relative humidity
measurement device. In the climate chamber, included is a radiation source. The radiation source may
generate UV, visible radiation, and infrared radiation similar to solar radiation with appropriate filter
systems. A cooling system for the laboratory simulated solar radiation source and a fixture for the
specimens are included in the chamber as well.
6.2 Test chamber
The design of the test chamber may vary, but it shall be constructed from inert material. In case of
radiation sources including VIS and IR, it shall be equipped with a blower which generates a defined
airflow to be directed across the specimens. In ad
...