ISO/DIS 2415

Forged shackles for general lifting purposes -- Dee shackles and bow shackles

Manilles forgées pour levage -- Manilles droites et manilles lyres

Standards Content (sample)

DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 2415
ISO/TC 111/SC 3 Secretariat: JISC
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-06-27 2019-09-19
Forged shackles for general lifting purposes — Dee
shackles and bow shackles
Manilles forgées pour levage — Manilles droites et manilles lyres
ICS: 53.020.30
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 2415:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019
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ISO/DIS 2415:2019(E)
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© ISO 2019

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

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Contents

1 Scope .................................................................................................................................................................... 1

2 Normative references .................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions.................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Form and dimensions .................................................................................................................................... 3

5 Mechanical properties ................................................................................................................................... 8

6 Material ............................................................................................................................................................... 9

7 Heat treatment .............................................................................................................................................. 11

8 Workmanship ................................................................................................................................................ 12

9 Screw threads ................................................................................................................................................ 12

10 Type testing .................................................................................................................................................... 12

11 Manufacturing testing................................................................................................................................. 14

12 Marking ............................................................................................................................................................ 15

13 Manufacturer’s certificate ......................................................................................................................... 15

14 Instructions for use ...................................................................................................................................... 16

Annex A (informative) Designation .................................................................................................................... 17

Annex B (informative) Safe use of shackles ..................................................................................................... 18

Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................. 25

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO

collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any

patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on

the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the World

Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL:

www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.

This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 111, Round steel link chains, chain slings,

components and accessories, Subcommittee SC 3, Components and accessories.

This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition (ISO 2415:2004), which has been technically

revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— xxx xxxxxxx xxx xxxx
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Forged shackles for general lifting purposes — Dee shackles and
bow shackles
1 Scope

This International Standard specifies the general characteristics of forged dee and bow shackles in a

range of sizes having working load limits from 0,5 t to 120 t and in Grades 6, 8 and 10, and presents their

performance and preferred dimensions necessary for their interchangeability and compatibility with

other components for use in the temperature range of -20 °C to 200 °C.

In case of dee shackles for use with forged steel lifting hooks in conformance with ISO 4779 and ISO 7597,

an intermediate component may be necessary for making the connection.
2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content

constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For

undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 148-1, Metallic materials — Charpy pendulum impact test — Part 1: Test method

ISO 261, ISO general purpose metric screw threads — General plan

ISO 263, ISO inch screw threads — General plan and selection for screws, bolts and nuts — Diameter range

0,06 to 6 in
ISO 643, Steels — Micrographic determination of the apparent grain size

ISO 4948-1, Steel — Classification — Part 1: Classification of steels into unalloyed and alloy steel based on

chemical composition
ISO 6506-1, Metallic materials — Brinell hardness test — Part 1: Test method

ISO 6508-1, Metallic materials — Rockwell hardness test — Part 1: Test method (scales A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H,

K, N, T)

ISO 7500-1, Metallic materials — Calibration and verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:

Tension/compression testing machines — Calibration and verification of the force-measuring system

ISO 10474, Steel and steel products — Inspection documents
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
shackle
component consisting of two readily separable parts, the body and the pin
3.2
body

one of the two parts of a shackle, consisting of a bar of suitable cross section formed or forged to the

appropriate shape and terminating in coaxial eyes
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3.3
crown
that part of the shackle body opposite the pin
3.4
eye
boss on each end of the body with coaxial holes through which the pin passes
3.5
pin

straight bar of circular cross section which passes through the eye, holes and secured in a manner that

can be readily disassembled. Some types may have additional components for example: a nut

3.6
dee shackle

shackle, the crown of which forms a semicircle with an inner radius of half the width between the eyes

See Figure 1.
3.7
bow shackle

shackle, the crown of which forms more than a semicircle with an inner radius of more than half the width

between the eyes
See Figure 2.
3.8
breaking force

maximum force reached during a static tensile test before the assembly being tested fails to retain the

load
3.9
proof force
force applied as a test to a finished shackle
See Table 2.
3.10
working load limit
WLL
maximum mass a shackle is designed to sustain in general service
3.11
working load
maximum mass a shackle may sustain in a particular stated service
3.12
finished condition

finished condition of a shackle shall include any surface finish. Shackles are supplied in various surface

finishes including descaled, electroplated, hot dip galvanized or painted. If shackles are to be hot dip

galvanized or subjected to similar processes, such processing should only be carried out under the control

of the shackle manufacturer
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4 Form and dimensions
4.1 Dee shackles
The dimensions of dee shackles shall be in accordance with Figure 1 and Table 1.
Key
1 crown
2 body
3 screwed pin with eye and collar — Type W (see Figure 3)
4 eye

5 bolt-type pin with hexagon head, hexagon nut and split cotter pin — Type X (see Figure 3)

NOTE This diagram is intended only to show where dimensions are measured. It does not purport to indicate any detailed

design of any part of the shackle.
Figure 1 — Dimensions of dee shackles
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4.2 Bow shackles
The dimensions of bow shackles shall be in accordance with Figure 2 and Table 1.
Key
1 crown
2 body
3 screwed pin with eye and collar — Type W (see Figure 3)
4 eye

5 bolt-type pin with hexagon head, hexagon nut and split cotter pin — Type X (see Fcigure 3)

NOTE This diagram is intended only to show where dimensions are measured. It does not purport to indicate any detailed

design of any part of the shackle.
Figure 2 — Dimensions of bow shackles
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Table 1 — Preferred Dimensions of Dee and Bow Shackles
Dimensions in millimetres
Working Load Limit
(WLL)
d D W e S 2r
Grade Grade Grade
min. typ. max. min. typ. max. min. typ. max. min. typ. max. min. typ. min.
6 8 10
0,5 0,75 5,5 7 8 7 8 9 9,5 12 14,5 15,5 17 18,5 20 27 19
0,75 1 7 9 10 8,5 9,5 10,5 11 13,5 16 18,5 20 21,5 25 29 20
1 1,5 2 9 10 11,5 10 11 12 14 16,5 19 22 23,5 25 27 32 24
1,5 2 2,5 10,2 11 12,7 11,2 12,2 13,2 16,5 19 21,5 25 26,5 28 33 39 27
2 2,5 3,3 12,5 13,5 15 15 16 17 19 21,5 24 29,5 32 34,5 38 44 30
3,25 4 5 14 16 19 17 19 21 24 27 30 38 40 43 47 57 39
4,75 6,3 7 17,5 19 22,5 20 22 24 28,5 31,5 34,5 44 46 49 52 65 48
6,5 8,5 9,5 20,5 22 25,5 23 25 27 33,5 36,5 39,5 50 52 55 65 76 55
8,5 9,5 12,5 23 25 28 26 28 30 40 43 46 56 59 62 74 88 64
9,5 12 15 26,5 28 31,5 30 32 34 43,5 46,5 49,5 64 67 70 83 101 70
12 13,5 18 30,5 32 35,5 33 35 37 47,5 51,5 55,5 70 73 76 87 108 78
13,5 17 21 33,5 35 39,5 36 38 40 53 57 61 76 80 84 104 126 85
17 25 30 36,5 38 42,5 40 42 44 56 60 64 84 88 92 115 139 94
25 35 40 43 45 49 49 51 53 70 74 78 100 104 108 139 168 119
35 42,5 50 48 50 52 56 58 60 79 83 87 108 112 116 155 182 130
42,5 50 55 55 57 59 63 65 67 90 95 100 126 130 134 170 205 150
55 70 85 62 65 68 68 70 72 100 105 110 140 145 150 185 240 170
85 100 120 72 75 78 80 83 86 122 127 132 157 162 167 205 300 180
120 87 90 95 92 95 98 142 147 152 205 210 215 250 370 225

NOTE Sizes, tolerances and loads in other standards are not specifically excluded by this table and may be deemed compliant.

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4.3 Hole diameter

The maximum diameter of the unthreaded hole or holes in the body of the shackle shall be either 1,1 x D

or D + 1,5 mm, whichever is greater, where D is the actual pin diameter.

Holes in shackle bodies shall be generally aligned coaxially with each other and concentric to the outside

diameter of the eyes. Centre of the shackle eye and centre of the hole to be the same within a tolerance

of ±5% of the nominal diameter of the shackle pin.
4.4 Types of shackle pin

The threaded shackle pins shown in Figure 3 illustrate only typical examples of pins; other suitable forms

of pins are acceptable.
The pins illustrated are of the following types:
- A)Type V: screwed with eye;
- B)Type W: screwed with eye and collar;

- C)Type X: bolt with hexagon head, hexagon nut and a retainer, for example a split pin;

- D)Type Y: countersunk and slotted head.

For the purpose of the designation system (see Annex A), all other types of pins are designated as being

of Type Z.
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a) Type V: screwed with eye
b) Type W: screwed with eye and collar

c) Type X: bolt with hexagon head, hexagon nut and a retainer: for example a split pin

d) Type Y: countersunk and slotted head
Figure 3 — Typical examples of shackle pin types
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5 Mechanical properties
5.1 General

The mechanical properties of the shackles in terms of proof force and breaking force shall be as specified

in Table 2.
Table 2 — Mechanical properties
Working load limit Proof force Breaking force
WLL F F
e b
t kN kN
Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade Grade
6 8 10 6 8 10 6 8 10
See Table 1 Min. 2 times WLL Min. 5 times WLL

In the tests specified in 5.2 to 5.4, the force shall be applied to the shackle axially without shock to the

crown of the body, using a test machine fixture having a dimension not greater than 60 % of the

maximum internal width of the shackle, and to the centre of the shackle pin, using a testing machine

fixture having a width not exceeding the diameter of the pin. The fixtures that are used for the

deformation resistance test, break force test and fatigue test shall be the same.

The test machine used in the tests specified in 5.2 to 5.4 shall comply with ISO 7500-1 Class 1.

5.2 Deformation resistance test

Each shackle, when tested in accordance with 10.2, shall be capable of sustaining the manufacturing proof

force to 2 x WLL without exceeding the deformation requirement, i.e. no dimension shall alter by more

than 2% (or 0,5 mm whichever is greater), of the initial dimension (in both directions X and Y) after the

proof force has been applied. After removal of the test force, the pin, when loosened, shall turn freely (see

Figure 4). Small indents from the test tools are allowed.

To remove deformation due to “setting” from a real deformation result, it is allowed to apply an initial

load as big as the WLL of the shackle being tested and measure initial dimensions after release of this first

load.
Figure 4 — Positions for measuring deformation
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5.3 Breaking force

Each shackle, when tested in accordance with 10.3, shall have a breaking force at least equal to that

specified in Table 2.

On completion of the breaking force test, the shackle shall show evidence of ductility. Dee shackles shall

have a minimum inside length increase of 5 % for Grade 6 and 8, and 2 % for Grade 10. Bow shackles

shall have a minimum inside length increase of 10 % for Grade 6 and 8, and 5 % for Grade 10.

Measurements are taken from bearing point to bearing point.

If the pin breaks, it shall show a permanent bend of not less than 20 degrees for Grades 6 and 8, and Grade

10 shall show a permanent bend of not less than 10 degrees. A shackle bow shall show a diameter

reduction (contraction) after breaking and there shall be a fine grained structure in the fracture area.

NOTE 1 This test may be carried out on the same shackles that have been subjected to the deformation test.

NOTE 2 It is not necessary to test the shackle up to its actual breaking force for the mechanical properties specified to be

demonstrated.
5.4 Fatigue resistance

Each shackle of Grade 6, 8 and 10 with a working load limit up to and including 32 t, when tested in

accordance with 10.4, shall, after at least 20 000 cycles, be capable of retaining the load.

Fatigue resistance testing may be conducted on shackles that have passed a proof load test.

6 Material
6.1 General
The steel shall be produced by an electric, or by an oxygen-blown process.

In its finished state, as supplied to the shackle manufacturer, the steel shall comply with the requirements

specified in 6.2, as determined by a cast or check analysis on the bar or on the finished shackle.

The steel shall be fully killed, shall be suitable for forging and shall be capable of being heat treated to

obtain the mechanical properties required by this International Standard. Its content of sulfur and

phosphorus shall be restricted in accordance with Table 3.
Table 3 — Maximum sulfur and phosphorus content
Maximum mass content
Element
Cast analysis Check analysis
Sulfur 0,025 0,030
Phosphorus 0,025 0,030

The steel shall be made in conformity with fine grain practice in order to obtain an austenitic grain size

of 5 or finer when tested in accordance with ISO 643.
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NOTE This could be achieved, for example, by ensuring that the steel contains sufficient aluminium or an equivalent

element to permit the manufacture of shackles stabilized against strain-age-embrittlement during service; a minimum value of

0,020 % of total aluminium is given for guidance.

Within the limitations specified above, it is the responsibility of the shackle manufacturer to select steel

such that the finished shackle, suitably heat-treated, complies with the requirements of the mechanical

properties specified in this International Standard.
6.2 Specific requirements for grade 8 and 10

The steel for Grade 8 and Grade 10 shackles shall contain at least two of the following elements, in

minimum mass content percentages. This is determined by cast analysis. The alloying proportions are:

- 0,4 % nickel;
- 0,4 % chromium;
- 0,15 % molybdenum.
For Grade 6 there is no alloying element required
6.3 Grade
Definition of grade:
Table 4 — Material strength
Minimum Ultimate Tensile
Strength of the Material
Grade
MPa
6 600
8 800
10 1000

Shackles comply with this standard if the minimum ultimate tensile strength of the material, in Table 4

combined with the basic requirements of this standard are documented by positive type test results of

the shackles, and at the same WLL, bow shackles shall not exceed the nominal stress at d of dee

min
shackles (see Table 1).
6.4 Charpy impact test

Samples shall be tested from both shackle pins and bodies at a temperature of -20 °C. They shall have a

minimum impact value as stated in Table 5. No individual test value shall be less than 27J.

The Charpy V-notch impact test shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 148-1 on shackles of all sizes

>=13 mm. The position of the notched specimen in the sample shall be as indicated in Figure 5.

For tests where the size of shackle is too small to provide a suitable test piece, tests may be carried out

on sample material which shall be of the same cast and heat treatment.
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Key:
1. Approx 1/3 r
2. Notch
Figure 5 — Position and orientation of the notched specimen in a sample
Table 5 — Charpy V-notch impact value
Charpy V-notch impact test at -20 °C
Grade minimum energy
6 27
8 27
10 27

NOTE In case a lower application temperature is used the minimum requirement for the impact value is still as stated in

Table 5, at that lower application temperature.
7 Heat treatment
7.1 Grades 6, 8 and 10

Each shackle shall be hardened from a temperature above the AC3 point and tempered before being

subjected to the manufacturing proof force. The tempering temperature shall be a minimum of 400 °C.

The tempering conditions shall be at least as effective as a temperature of 400 °C maintained for a period

of 1 h.

A method of verification is that after the shackles have been re-heated to, and maintained for 1 h at, 400 °C

and then cooled to room temperature; they should conform to the mechanical properties of Table 2.

If an alternative heat treatment method is used, the mechanical properties of Table 2 shall be proven by

performance testing on sample shackles after they have been heated to 420 °C and then cooled to room

temperature.
Surface hardening shall not be permitted for load bearing parts of the shackle.
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8 Workmanship
8.1 Manufacture

The shackle body shall be forged in one piece without welding. Neither the shackle body nor the pin shall

be cast or welded. Welding shall not be used during the manufacturing of the components unless:

a) none of the parts to be welded are load bearing; or

b) the area affected by the weld is not to be subjected to load under normal operating conditions or under any

foreseeable misuse of the shackle, and the welding is completed before heat treatment.

c) care should be taken during welding to ensure that the mechanical properties of any load bearing parts of the

finished shackle are not affected
d) all welds shall be smoothly finished

Excess metal from the forging operation shall be removed cleanly leaving the surface free from sharp

edges. After heat-treatment, furnace scale shall be removed.

Edges of machined surfaces shall be rounded to eliminate cutting edges and to ensure attainment of

mechanical properties of the shackle.

The pin shall be either forged or machine-finished. The collar or head of the pin shall fit closely against

the body of the shackle.

When a threaded pin is fully tightened, the length of thread which remains visible between the jaws of

the shackle shall not be greater than one and a half threads.

In all cases when the pin is correctly fitted in the body of the shackle, the jaw width, W (see Figures 1 and

2), shall not be significantly reduced.

For safety bolt shackles, pin type X (see Figure 3), the bolt should not have threads visible between the

shackle eyes.

The finished shackle body and pin shall be free from any harmful surface defects, including cracks.

Due to the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, care should be taken during electroplating or galvanizing to

ensure that the mechanical properties of any load bearing parts of the finished shackle are not affected.

9 Screw threads

Screw threads shall conform to either ISO 261 minimum class 7H/8g or to ISO 263 minimum class 1A/1B.

Alternative forms of thread may be used, provided that the performance of the shackle is not impaired.

NOTE It is allowed to use undercutting the threads for male and/or overcutting threads for female to make a hot dipped

galvanizing or other coating possible.
10 Type testing
10.1 General

Type tests demonstrate that shackles certified by the manufacturer complying with the requirements

laid down in this International Standard possess the mechanical properties specified in this International

Standard. The purpose of these tests is to prove the performance of the design, material, heat treatment

and method of manufacture of each size of finished shackle, including protective coating (if applied). Any

modification of the design, material specification, heat treatment or method of manufacture — including

protective coating (if applied) — or in any dimension outside normal manufacturing tolerances that could

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lead to a change of the mechanical properties according to Clause 5, shall require that the type tests

specified in 10.2 to 10.5 be carried out on the modified shackle.

All shackles to be type tested shall comply with all the other requirements laid down in this International

Standard. The tests specified in 10.2 to 10.5 shall be carried out on each shackle size, design, material,

heat treatment and method of manufacture, in its finished condition. This includes protective coating if

applied.

In the tests specified in 10.2 to 10.4, the force shall be applied as stated in 5.1

10.2 Deformation resistance test

Three samples shall be tested and each shall be capable of sustaining the proof force specified for the

shackle in Table 2.
The requirements for the state of deformation shall be as stated in 5.2.
NOTE See also Clause 11 for proof testing of shackles, where required.
10.3 Breaking force test

Three samples shall be tested. Each shackle shall reach the minimum value specified in Table 2. This test

may be carried out on the same shackles that have been submitted to the deformation resistance test.

10.4 Fatigue test

Shackles with a working load limit of up to and including 32 t shall be subjected to the fatigue test.

Three samples shall be tested and each shall be capable of sustaining at least 20 000 cycles of the force

range specified below without failing to retain the load.

The force range applied during each cycle shall be equal to 1,5 times the working load limit specified in

Table 1. The minimum force in each cycle shall be positive and less than or equal to 3 kN. The frequency

of force application shall be maximum 25 Hz
10.5 Charpy impact test

Three samples shall be tested from both shackle pins and bodies at a temperature of -20 °C. They shall

have a minimum impact value as stated in Table 5.
10.6 Acceptance criteria for type testing
10.6.1 Deformation resistance test

If all three samples pass the test, the shackle of the size submitted for type testing may be deemed to

conform to this International Standard.
10.6.2 Static strength test and fatigue test

If all three samples pass the test, the shackle of the size submitted for type testing may be deemed to

conform to this International Standard.

If one of the samples fails, two further samples shall be tested and both shall pass the test in order for the

shackle of the size submitted for type testing to comply with this International Standard. If two or three

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samples fail the test, the shackle of the size submitted for type testing shall not be deemed to conform

with this International Standard.
10.6.3 Charpy impact test

All three samples, for both body and pin, shall have a minimum impact value as stated in Table 5 in order

for the shackle of the size submitted for type testing to conform to this International Standard.

11 Manufacturing testing

The manufacturer shall carry out manufacturing testing for each produced batch of shackles in their

finished condition.
11.1 Visual examination
All shackles shall be visually exam
...