ISO/ASTM 51275:2013
(Main)Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system
Practice for use of a radiochromic film dosimetry system
ISO/ASTM 51275:2013 is a practice for using radiochromic film dosimetry systems to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water. Radiochromic film dosimetry systems are generally used as routine dosimetry systems. The radiochromic film dosimeter is classified as a Type II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities. ISO/ASTM 51275:2013 is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ASTM E2628 for a radiochromic film dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ASTM E2628.
Pratique de l'utilisation d'un système dosimétrique à film radiochromique
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INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51275
Third edition
2013-06-01
Practice for use of a radiochromic film
dosimetry system
Pratique de l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique à film
radiochromique
Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the
requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
E-mail copyright@iso.org E-mail khooper@astm.org
Web www.iso.org Web www.astm.org
Published in the Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Referenced documents . 1
3 Terminology . 1
4 Significance and use . 2
5 Overview . 2
6 Influence quantities . 2
7 Dosimetry system and its verification . 3
8 Incoming dosimeter stock assessment . 3
9 Calibration . 4
10 Routine use . 4
11 Documentation requirements . 4
12 Measurement uncertainty . 4
13 Keywords . 5
Bibliography . 5
Annex A1. Information on Radiochromic Film Dosimeters . 5
© ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A pilot project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this pilot project, ASTM Committee E61,
Radiation Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry standards with
unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51275 was developed by ASTM Committee E61, Radiation Processing,
through Subcommittee E61.02, Dosimetry Systems, and byTechnical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy,
nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This third edition of ISO/ASTM 51275 cancels and replaces ISO/ASTM 51275:2004(E).
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope E2628 Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
E2701 Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
1.1 This is a practice for using radiochromic film dosimetry
etersandDosimetrySystemsforUseinRadiationProcess-
systems to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by
ing
photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water.
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
Radiochromic film dosimetry systems are generally used as
51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
routine dosimetry systems.
tems for Radiation Processing
1.2 The radiochromic film dosimeter is classified as a Type
51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence
Radiation Processing
quantities. See ASTM Practice E2628.
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
Measurements (ICRU) Reports:
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
ICRU Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
Ionizing Radiation
compliance with the requirements of ASTM E2628 “Practice
ICRU Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
forDosimetryinRadiationProcessing”foraradiochromicfilm
Processing
dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with
2.4 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
ASTM E2628.
Reports:
1.4 This practice covers the use of radiochromic film
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,
dosimetry systems under the following conditions:
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is 1 Gy to 150 kGy.
-2 13
sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is 1 3 10 to 1 3 10
-1 2
JCGM 200:2008,VIM, International vocabulary of metrol-
Gy·s (1-4).
ogy – Basis and general concepts and associated terms
1.4.3 The photon energy range is 0.1 to 50 MeV.
1.4.4 The electron energy range is 70 keV to 50 MeV.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 calibration curve—expression of the relation between
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
indication and corresponding measured quantity value.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(VIM)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In radiation processing dosimetry stan-
2. Referenced documents dards, the term ‘dosimeter response’ is generally used rather
than ‘indication’.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.2 dosimeter—device having a reproducible, measurable
E170 TerminologyRelatingtoRadiationMeasurementsand
response to radiation that can be used to measure the absorbed
Dosimetry
dose in a given system.
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
3.1.3 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a
of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated
in a single production run under controlled, consistent condi-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation tions, and having a unique identification code.
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
3.1.4 dosimetry response—reproducible, quantifiable effect
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
produced in the dosimeter by ionizing radiation.
Current edition approved April 9, 2012. Published June 2013. Originally
ϵ1
published asASTM E 1275–88. Last previousASTM edition E 1275–98 .ASTM
E 1275–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO
15557:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51275:2013(E)
replaces ISO 15557 and is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-
51275:2004(E). ments, 7910 Woodmont Ave., suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
2 5
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this Document produced byWorking Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
standard. Metrology (JCGM/WG 1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.bipm.org).
www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Document produced byWorking Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Metrology (JCGM/WG 2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
Document Summary page on the ASTM website. www.bipm.org).
© ISO/ASTM International 2013– All rights reserved
3.1.4.1 Discussion—For radiochromic film dosimeters, the 5.2 Ionizing radiation induces chemical reactions in the
absorbance, specific absorbance or specific net absorbance is material, which create or enhance absorption bands in the
the dosimeter response. visible or ultraviolet regions, or both, of the optical spectrum.
3.1.5 dosimetry stock—partofadosimeterbatchheldbythe Absorbance determined at appropriate wavelengths within
user. these radiation-induced absorption bands is quantitatively re-
3.1.6 measurement management system—a set of interre- lated to the absorbed dose. ICRU Report 80 provides technical
lated or interacting elements necessary to achieve metrological information and historical development of the radiochromic
confirmation and continual control of measurement processes. film dosimetry systems in current use.
3.1.7 radiochromic film dosimeter—specially prepared film
5.3 The radiation-induced change in absorbance of the
containing ingredients that undergo change in optical absor-
radiochromic film depends on the wavelength of the light
bance under ionizing radiation, which can be related to
which is used to make the measurement.
absorbed dose to water.
3.1.8 reference standard dosimetry system—dosimetry sys-
6. Influence quantities
tem, generally having the highest metrological quality avail-
6.1 Factors other than absorbed dose which influence the
able at a given location or in a given organization, from which
dosimeter response are referred to as influence quantities.
measurements made there are derived.
Examples of such factors are temperature and dose rate. See
3.1.9 response—see dosimeter response.
ASTMGuideE2701.SeeRefs(2-14)forexamplesofthetypes
3.1.10 routine dosimetry system—dosimetry system cali-
and magnitudes of the effects.
brated against a reference standard dosimetry system and used
6.2 Pre-Irradiation Conditions:
for routine absorbed dose measurements, including dose map-
6.2.1 Dosimeter Conditioning and Packaging—Dosimeters
ping and process monitoring.
may be conditioned by the manufacturer to optimize water
3.1.11 specific absorbance (k)—optical absorbance, A,ata
λ
content in the film, and then sealed in vapor and light tight
selected wavelength λ, divided by the optical path length, d:
pouches to maintain that condition.
k 5 A /D (1)
l
6.2.2 Time since Manufacture—Theshelf-lifeofsometypes
3.1.12 specific net absorbance (∆k)—net absorbance, ∆A ,
λ
ofradiochromicfilmdosimetershasbeenshowntoexceednine
at a selected wavelength, λ, divided by the optical pathlength,
years. However, it is recommended that users carry out
d, through the dosimeter material as follows:
performance verification of pre-irradiation absorbance and
Dk5DA /D (2)
post-irradiation response stability over the useful life of the
l
dosimeter batch.
3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this practice that
6.2.3 Temperature—Exposure to extreme temperature dur-
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
ing shipment and storage at the user’s facility might affect
in ASTM Terminology E170. Definitions in E170 are compat-
dosimeter response. The manufacturer should be consulted for
ible with ICRU Report 85a; that document, therefore, may be
specific recommendations for dosimeter shipment and storage.
used as an alternative reference.
6.2.4 Relative Humidity—Dosimeters may be packaged so
4. Significance and use
they are not affected by environmental changes in humidity;
4.1 The radiochromic film dosimetry system provides a
dosimeters without protective packaging might be affected.
meansformeasuringabsorbeddosebasedonradiation-induced
The manufacturer should be consulted for specific recommen-
change in color using spectrophotometers, densitometers or
dations for dosimeter shipment and storage.
scanned images.
6.2.5 Exposure to Light—Dosimeters may be packaged so
4.2 Radiochromic film dosimetry systems are commonly
they are not affected by exposure to light; dosimeters without
used in industrial radiation processing, for example in the
protective packaging might be affected. The manufacturer
sterilization of medical devices and the irradiation of foods.
should be consulted for specific recommendations for dosim-
eter shipment and storage.
5. Overview
6.3 Conditions During Irradiation:
5.1 Radiochromic film dosimeters are manufactured by
6.3.1 Irra
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO/ASTM
STANDARD 51275
Third edition
2013-06-01
Practice for use of a radiochromic film
dosimetry system
Pratique de l’utilisation d’un système dosimétrique à film
radiochromique
Reference number
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
© ISO/ASTM International 2013
Allrightsreserved.Unlessotherwisespecified,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicormechanical,
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of the
requester. In the United States, such requests should be sent to ASTM International.
ISO copyright office ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700,
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20 West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, USA
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Tel. +610 832 9634
Fax +41 22 749 09 47 Fax +610 832 9635
E-mail copyright@iso.org E-mail khooper@astm.org
Web www.iso.org Web www.astm.org
Published in the Switzerland
ii © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
1 Scope . 1
2 Referenced documents . 1
3 Terminology . 1
4 Significance and use . 2
5 Overview . 2
6 Influence quantities . 2
7 Dosimetry system and its verification . 3
8 Incoming dosimeter stock assessment . 3
9 Calibration . 4
10 Routine use . 4
11 Documentation requirements . 4
12 Measurement uncertainty . 4
13 Keywords . 5
Bibliography . 5
Annex A1. Information on Radiochromic Film Dosimeters . 5
© ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved iii
Foreword
ISO(theInternationalOrganizationforStandardization)isaworldwidefederationofnationalstandardsbodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for
voting. Publication as an International Standard requires approval by at least 75% of the member bodies
casting a vote.
ASTM International is one of the world’s largest voluntary standards development organizations with global
participation from affected stakeholders. ASTM technical committees follow rigorous due process balloting
procedures.
A pilot project between ISO and ASTM International has been formed to develop and maintain a group of
ISO/ASTM radiation processing dosimetry standards. Under this pilot project, ASTM Committee E61,
Radiation Processing, is responsible for the development and maintenance of these dosimetry standards with
unrestricted participation and input from appropriate ISO member bodies.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. Neither ISO nor ASTM International shall be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent
rights.
International Standard ISO/ASTM 51275 was developed by ASTM Committee E61, Radiation Processing,
through Subcommittee E61.02, Dosimetry Systems, and byTechnical Committee ISO/TC 85, Nuclear energy,
nuclear technologies and radiological protection.
This third edition of ISO/ASTM 51275 cancels and replaces ISO/ASTM 51275:2004(E).
iv © ISO/ASTM International 2013 – All rights reserved
An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51275; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope E2628 Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing
E2701 Guide for Performance Characterization of Dosim-
1.1 This is a practice for using radiochromic film dosimetry
etersandDosimetrySystemsforUseinRadiationProcess-
systems to measure absorbed dose in materials irradiated by
ing
photons or electrons in terms of absorbed dose to water.
2.2 ISO/ASTM Standards:
Radiochromic film dosimetry systems are generally used as
51261 Practice for Calibration of Routine Dosimetry Sys-
routine dosimetry systems.
tems for Radiation Processing
1.2 The radiochromic film dosimeter is classified as a Type
51707 Guide for Estimating Uncertainties in Dosimetry for
II dosimeter on the basis of the complex effect of influence
Radiation Processing
quantities. See ASTM Practice E2628.
2.3 International Commission on Radiation Units and
1.3 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
Measurements (ICRU) Reports:
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
ICRU Report 85a Fundamental Quantities and Units for
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
Ionizing Radiation
compliance with the requirements of ASTM E2628 “Practice
ICRU Report 80 Dosimetry Systems for Use in Radiation
forDosimetryinRadiationProcessing”foraradiochromicfilm
Processing
dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with
2.4 Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM)
ASTM E2628.
Reports:
1.4 This practice covers the use of radiochromic film
JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995, with minor corrections,
dosimetry systems under the following conditions:
Evaluation of measurement data – Guide to the Expres-
1.4.1 The absorbed dose range is 1 Gy to 150 kGy.
-2 13
sion of Uncertainty in Measurement
1.4.2 The absorbed dose rate is 1 3 10 to 1 3 10
-1 2
JCGM 200:2008,VIM, International vocabulary of metrol-
Gy·s (1-4).
ogy – Basis and general concepts and associated terms
1.4.3 The photon energy range is 0.1 to 50 MeV.
1.4.4 The electron energy range is 70 keV to 50 MeV.
3. Terminology
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 calibration curve—expression of the relation between
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
indication and corresponding measured quantity value.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(VIM)
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In radiation processing dosimetry stan-
2. Referenced documents dards, the term ‘dosimeter response’ is generally used rather
than ‘indication’.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.2 dosimeter—device having a reproducible, measurable
E170 TerminologyRelatingtoRadiationMeasurementsand
response to radiation that can be used to measure the absorbed
Dosimetry
dose in a given system.
E275 Practice for Describing and Measuring Performance
3.1.3 dosimeter batch—quantity of dosimeters made from a
of Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrophotometers
specific mass of material with uniform composition, fabricated
in a single production run under controlled, consistent condi-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation tions, and having a unique identification code.
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
3.1.4 dosimetry response—reproducible, quantifiable effect
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
produced in the dosimeter by ionizing radiation.
Current edition approved April 9, 2012. Published June 2013. Originally
ϵ1
published asASTM E 1275–88. Last previousASTM edition E 1275–98 .ASTM
E 1275–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO
15557:1998(E). The present International Standard ISO/ASTM 51275:2013(E)
replaces ISO 15557 and is a major revision of the last previous edition ISO/ASTM Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-
51275:2004(E). ments, 7910 Woodmont Ave., suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
2 5
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the bibliography at the end of this Document produced byWorking Group 1 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
standard. Metrology (JCGM/WG 1). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
For referenced ASTM and ISO/ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.bipm.org).
www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Document produced byWorking Group 2 of the Joint Committee for Guides in
Annual Book of ASTM Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Metrology (JCGM/WG 2). Available free of charge at the BIPM website (http://
Document Summary page on the ASTM website. www.bipm.org).
© ISO/ASTM International 2013– All rights reserved
3.1.4.1 Discussion—For radiochromic film dosimeters, the 5.2 Ionizing radiation induces chemical reactions in the
absorbance, specific absorbance or specific net absorbance is material, which create or enhance absorption bands in the
the dosimeter response. visible or ultraviolet regions, or both, of the optical spectrum.
3.1.5 dosimetry stock—partofadosimeterbatchheldbythe Absorbance determined at appropriate wavelengths within
user. these radiation-induced absorption bands is quantitatively re-
3.1.6 measurement management system—a set of interre- lated to the absorbed dose. ICRU Report 80 provides technical
lated or interacting elements necessary to achieve metrological information and historical development of the radiochromic
confirmation and continual control of measurement processes. film dosimetry systems in current use.
3.1.7 radiochromic film dosimeter—specially prepared film
5.3 The radiation-induced change in absorbance of the
containing ingredients that undergo change in optical absor-
radiochromic film depends on the wavelength of the light
bance under ionizing radiation, which can be related to
which is used to make the measurement.
absorbed dose to water.
3.1.8 reference standard dosimetry system—dosimetry sys-
6. Influence quantities
tem, generally having the highest metrological quality avail-
6.1 Factors other than absorbed dose which influence the
able at a given location or in a given organization, from which
dosimeter response are referred to as influence quantities.
measurements made there are derived.
Examples of such factors are temperature and dose rate. See
3.1.9 response—see dosimeter response.
ASTMGuideE2701.SeeRefs(2-14)forexamplesofthetypes
3.1.10 routine dosimetry system—dosimetry system cali-
and magnitudes of the effects.
brated against a reference standard dosimetry system and used
6.2 Pre-Irradiation Conditions:
for routine absorbed dose measurements, including dose map-
6.2.1 Dosimeter Conditioning and Packaging—Dosimeters
ping and process monitoring.
may be conditioned by the manufacturer to optimize water
3.1.11 specific absorbance (k)—optical absorbance, A,ata
λ
content in the film, and then sealed in vapor and light tight
selected wavelength λ, divided by the optical path length, d:
pouches to maintain that condition.
k 5 A /D (1)
l
6.2.2 Time since Manufacture—Theshelf-lifeofsometypes
3.1.12 specific net absorbance (∆k)—net absorbance, ∆A ,
λ
ofradiochromicfilmdosimetershasbeenshowntoexceednine
at a selected wavelength, λ, divided by the optical pathlength,
years. However, it is recommended that users carry out
d, through the dosimeter material as follows:
performance verification of pre-irradiation absorbance and
Dk5DA /D (2)
post-irradiation response stability over the useful life of the
l
dosimeter batch.
3.2 Definitions of other terms used in this practice that
6.2.3 Temperature—Exposure to extreme temperature dur-
pertain to radiation measurement and dosimetry may be found
ing shipment and storage at the user’s facility might affect
in ASTM Terminology E170. Definitions in E170 are compat-
dosimeter response. The manufacturer should be consulted for
ible with ICRU Report 85a; that document, therefore, may be
specific recommendations for dosimeter shipment and storage.
used as an alternative reference.
6.2.4 Relative Humidity—Dosimeters may be packaged so
4. Significance and use
they are not affected by environmental changes in humidity;
4.1 The radiochromic film dosimetry system provides a
dosimeters without protective packaging might be affected.
meansformeasuringabsorbeddosebasedonradiation-induced
The manufacturer should be consulted for specific recommen-
change in color using spectrophotometers, densitometers or
dations for dosimeter shipment and storage.
scanned images.
6.2.5 Exposure to Light—Dosimeters may be packaged so
4.2 Radiochromic film dosimetry systems are commonly
they are not affected by exposure to light; dosimeters without
used in industrial radiation processing, for example in the
protective packaging might be affected. The manufacturer
sterilization of medical devices and the irradiation of foods.
should be consulted for specific recommendations for dosim-
eter shipment and storage.
5. Overview
6.3 Conditions During Irradiation:
5.1 Radiochromic film dosimeters are manufactured by
6.3.1 Irra
...
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